Arduino Programming Research Articles

Microscale Flow Control and Droplet Generation Using Arduino-Based Pneumatically-Controlled Microfluidic Device.

Microfluidics are crucial for managing small-volume analytical solutions for various applications, such as disease diagnostics, drug efficacy testing, chemical analysis, and water quality monitoring. The precise control of flow control devices can generate diverse flow patterns using pneumatic control with solenoid valves and a microcontroller. This system enables the active modulation of the pneumatic pressure through Arduino programming of the solenoid valves connected to the pressure source. Additionally, the incorporation of solenoid valve sets allows for multichannel control, enabling simultaneous creation and manipulation of various microflows at a low cost. The proposed microfluidic flow controller facilitates accurate flow regulation, especially through periodic flow modulation beneficial for droplet generation and continuous production of microdroplets of different sizes. Overall, we expect the proposed microfluidic flow controller to drive innovative advancements in technology and medicine owing to its engineering precision and versatility.

Design of locally cooled step-less fan for industrial use using Arduino programming

Under the background of the development of domestic and foreign manufacturing industries and the increasing demand for industrial products at home and abroad, and under the premise of ensuring and even further reducing the manufacturing cost of manufacturers, how to effectively detect and cool the local temperature of industrial parts is a problem worth studying. After analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of traditional manual control and gear adjustment to adjust the fan, the design will be programmed using Arduino. The fan combines infrared sensor technology to detect the presence and position of parts. A temperature sensor is also set up to detect local temperatures in real-time. A fan with automatic step-less speed change according to temperature is obtained. This fan is used for heat dissipation control of local parts in industrial production, thereby reducing the cost of manual control. It further improves control accuracy and efficiency, improves product quality, and ensures production safety.

Developing and Testing a Portable Soil Nutrient Detector in Irrigated and Rainfed Paddy Soils from Java, Indonesia

Data on the soil nutrient content are required to calculate fertilizer rate recommendations. The soil laboratory determines these soil properties, yet the measurement is time-consuming and costly. Meanwhile, portable devices to assess the soil nutrient content in real-time are limited. However, a proprietary and low-cost NPK sensor is available and commonly used in IoT for agriculture. This study aimed to assemble and test a portable, NPK sensor-based device in irrigated and rainfed paddy soils from Java, Indonesia. The device development followed a prototyping approach. The device building included market surveys and opted for an inexpensive, light, and compact soil sensor, power storage, monitor, and wire connectors. Arduino programming language was used to write scripts for data display and sub-device communication. The result is a real-time, portable soil nutrient detector that measures the soil temperature, moisture, pH, electrical conductivity, and N, P, and K contents. Field tests show that the device is sensitive to soil properties and location. The portable soil nutrient detector may be an alternative tool for the real-time measurement of soil nutrients in paddy fields in Indonesia.

Design & Development of Rescue Assistance Rover for Land-Based Operations

In the face of natural disasters like earthquakes and landslides, timely and efficient rescue operations are paramount to saving lives. However, these operations are often hindered by hazardous conditions and inaccessible terrain. This research focuses on the design and development of a Rescue Assistance Rover (RAR) aimed at enhancing the capabilities of rescuers in challenging environments. The RAR integrates advanced robotics, sensory systems, and communication technologies to navigate through debris, assess hazards, and provide crucial assistance to rescue teams. By leveraging autonomy and remote operation capabilities, the RAR aims to augment human efforts, improving overall response effectiveness and minimizing risks to both rescuers and survivors. This paper outlines the conceptualization, design considerations, development stages, and potential applications of the RAR, highlighting its potential to revolutionize disaster response efforts and save lives in critical situations. Key Words: Additive Manufacturing, 3D Printing, Rocker Bogie Mechanism, Arduino Programming, Rescue Operations, Robotics

Investigating the influence of temperature on salt solubility in water: a STEM approach with pre-university chemistry students

Abstract In a society heavily influenced by technological advancements, developing scientific and technological literacy among young people is essential. Along these lines, this research describes a STEM activity developed to promote the teaching of chemistry content related to the solubility of potassium nitrate in water. It also facilitated the mastery of technological skills such as programming Arduino microcontrollers and using Microsoft Excel as tools for automatic data acquisition and analysis. Eighty pre-university Chemistry students participated in this research. This pedagogical approach was divided into three main stages: (1) preliminary research on components used in the experimental apparatus; (2) introduction to the assembly of electrical circuits and Arduino programming; (3) experimental investigation of the dependence of potassium nitrate solubility on temperature. The activity allowed the students to successfully achieve the proposed chemistry learning objectives while mobilizing other scientific and technological knowledge and skills. Despite the students’ limited prior knowledge of programming and electronics, as well as their limited proficiency in data analysis software, the integration of programming in the Chemistry class proved to be a differentiating factor with a highly positive impact, particularly in terms of motivation and interest among most students.

Modelling and Control of a Magnetic Levitation System

Magnetic Levitation Systems (MLS), or Maglev for short, utilise magnetic fields to levitate objects. They find applications in various scientific fields, particularly transportation, materials science, and biomedical engineering. Due to the diverse applications, different modelling and control approaches are necessary. The operation of each Maglev system depends on specific physical parameters. These key variables include the weight of the object being levitated, the current supplied to the system, the internal resistance and inductance of the electromagnet, and the distance between the object and the electromagnet. This research aims to understand the working principles of MLS. We will design and simulate a model based on real MLS hardware using MATLAB & Simulink. Additionally, we will create a functional Maglev prototype and program its control system using Arduino IDE and an Arduino microcontroller. MATLAB & Simulink offer a powerful tool for creating behavioral models for MLS. This model will then be integrated with Arduino programming to control the Maglev prototype.

Enhanced Gene Expression in the Biosynthetic Pathway of 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline in “Hom Bon” Fragrant Native Rice in Response to Varied Light Wavelength Conditions

The development of the Automated Agricultural Cabinet (AAC) prototype was driven by the goal of improving the aromatic qualities of locally grown rice. This compact prototype, designed with attention, employed Arduino programming to investigate genes related to the production of aromatic compounds in rice seedlings under different light conditions, including red, blue and white light. To ensure the reliability of experiments, a controlled environment was maintained at 25 °C and 75 % humidity, and rigorous testing confirmed precise light intensity measurements within the AAC. Results indicated specific light values: 9.25 ± 0.602 for red light, 11.47 ± 0.055 for blue light and 0.91 ± 0.027 µmol·m−²·s−¹ for white light. The study focused on up-regulated genes in 7-day-old ‘Hom Bon’ rice seedlings, revealing a significant increase in P5CS and 1Δ-pyrroline gene expression. These genes are crucial in the biosynthesis pathway of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP), with P5CS acting as a precursor and 1Δ-pyrroline as the final step. Interestingly, the study discovered that when 7-day-old ‘Hom Bon’ rice seedlings were exposed to both red and blue light, gene expression rose dramatically, contrasting when exposed to white light. This finding demonstrates that the wavelength of light exposure influences gene expression in the 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) biosynthetic pathway of ‘Hom Bon’ rice seedlings throughout the 7-day growth stage. This study demonstrates the feasibility of improving the smell of indigenous rice varieties by changing pre-planting light conditions, giving a promising avenue for increased commercial appeal. Furthermore, this project aims to improve the local community’s financial well-being by supporting better farming methods. HIGHLIGHTS The Automated Agricultural Cabinet (AAC) prototype has the capability to select the optimal light wavelength, inducing the up-regulation of genes associated with the 2-AP biosynthetic pathway in “Hom Bon” a fragrant native rice variety In the fragrant native rice variety “Hom Bon” the up-regulated gene in the direct 2-AP pathway, P5CS, exhibited an expression level that was twice as high as that of the housekeeping gene The red and blue wavelengths directly elevated the expression of up-regulated genes associated with the 2-AP biosynthetic pathway GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

Design and Development of Line Following Tour Guide Robot

The aim of this research project is to develop a Tour Guide Robot showing sufficient intelligence to work as a tourguide in different environments. In doing so, both a software and a hardware architecture are proposed, the different modules of which, such as a sensor, speaker, amplifier, motor(dc), and display, among others, control the different components of the robot. Those components are in turn used by other modules designed for navigation and interaction. A sensor fusion for the purposes of localization is implemented by means of an Arduino Uno Board, which is one of the control module components, together with the other sensors needed for path following. A speaker and amplifier system that controls the voice modules also forms part of this architecture for assisting interaction. Finally, all the modules are controlled with an Arduino Uno Board and programming language. The modules are optimized for immediate execution to achieve navigation and human–machine interaction. The interaction with visitors will be achieve through video display on an android tablet placed on top of the robot. The tour guide robot will display the video about the place it visits when the visitors press the video play button on the android tablet screen.

Arduino programming of an educational robotic platform applied in radiological accident simulation

This work aims to develop a robotic platform coupled to radiation detectors for application in radiological accident simulation experiments. To this end, a robot was assembled on a platform on six wheels with Arduino programming, seeking movement in different degrees of freedom. The robot was controlled by remote control and viewed by a camera so the operator could follow the path taken by the robotic platform. The radiation values were seen instantly from the display of the radiation monitor/detector (RadEye). This platform model used non-destructive tests with radioactive sources in the laboratory for an environmental radiometric survey simulating a radiological accident. The results showed the command synchronization between the controller and the platform in an environment with only the presence of the background and the visualization of the instantaneous dose rate in Sv/h. However, when faced with the radiation field, there was interference in the signals and communication controlling the robot's movements. However, due to the short exposure time to gamma rays, the electronic components did not show any damage. It can be concluded from this experience that the prototype should be improved by adding shielding to the electronic boards, which are sensitive to radioactivity. The relevance of this investigation lies in developing robotic platforms for exposure in environments that pose health risks and for the radiological protection of emergency teams in actions during radiological and nuclear accidents.

Analyzing the efficiency of Arduino UNO microcontroller in monitoring and controlling the microclimatic parameters of greenhouse

At present greenhouse farming has become more popular in contrast to traditional farming because of its adjustment capability of the environmental parameters such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, and soil moisture according to the requirements of the crops. Continuous monitoring and controlling facilities of the greenhouse system allow the farmers a good maintenance system with good quality and high yield of the crops. In this paper, an Arduino microcontroller was used in a greenhouse system for an automatic monitoring system for cultivation incorporating various sensors such as a temperature-humidity sensor, and soil moisture sensor to collect parameters for monitoring the environment of the greenhouse. The collected data were used to control the temperature using cooling fans which facilitated the greenhouse controlling the environment. For storage and processing the data the controller code was generated in the Arduino programming language, and finally inserted into the Arduino UNO R3 microcontroller. A solar power system with a rechargeable battery was installed as a source of energy to ensure continuous power supply to the greenhouse system. Implementation of a greenhouse with a microclimatic parameter monitoring and controlling system will result in mitigating land and labor requirement problems for small-scale farmers, and gardeners as well as supplying suitable data for agricultural researchers.

IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS: CREATING AN INTELLIGENT COMPUTER SCIENCE CLASSROOM AT THE UNIVERSITY

The purpose of this paper is to highlight the issues related to the creation of "smart" computer science classrooms based on microelectronics in higher education institutions. A "smart" computer science classroom is a fully automated educational environment that operates in three modes: "standard", "automatic" and "automatic energy saving". The smart classroom can be controlled using smartphones, personal computers, and remote controls. The "smart" cabinet, designed for computer science, is equipped with a number of sensors, electronic parts and indicators based on ArduinoUNO, MEGA and ESP8266- 12E WiFi modules. Built-in sensors and indicators of the smart office measure the microclimate in the office and classroom, and display information for demonstrations and laboratory work. The office consists of three modules: "Information", "Executive" and "Demonstration", which are controlled by an ATMEL microcontroller. The Demonstration module is designed to easily and quickly connect various sensors and components to solderless boards. It uses the open Arduino programming platform. Smart sensors can be used in computer science classrooms to monitor variable environmental parameters both indoors and outdoors (such as temperature, humidity, pressure, light level, carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere). In addition, you can remotely control peripheral devices such as TVs, projectors, lamps, electrical outlets, and curtains. All three modules are integrated into a wireless local area network using a star topology for radio communication between the modules. The main components of the system are executive modules that have access to the Internet, hardware, technology, and software tools. The use of the technical base in a higher education institution involves the creation of "smart" computer science classrooms for higher education institutions.

Use of Arduino and flute in teaching waves in a high school class

This work aims to use music as a teaching tool and, alongside it, utilize Arduino as a device to verify the components to be studied. The theoretical framework to be used is based on the Potentially Meaningful Teaching Units, UEPS approach, allowing for the construction of meaningful learning for students through problem-solving situations. A didactic sequence was developed for the study of the theme of sound waves and their components at the high school level. This sequence was applied over a period of four weeks, including an initial presentation of topics related to waves, the construction of an electronic system using Arduino, and the verification of phenomena based on musical notes. The data collection instruments for this research included questionnaires to assess students' prior knowledge, mind maps, and exercise lists. The Arduino programming board, which allows for the digitization of analog and digital electrical signals, was used in conjunction with a microphone module, enabling the integration of electronic physics with wave physics. As a result of this research, there were indications of learning through the interdisciplinary relationship between music and physics, which was made effective through the use of Arduino and the recorder flute.

A Comparative Management Analysis on the Performance of Different Solar Drying Methods for Drying Vegetables and Fruits

Drying is the process of moisture removal which is applied to many foodstuffs including fruits and vegetables for preservation and storage purposes. Since solar energy is one type of environmentally friendly renewable energy, open-type solar dryers, natural convective type solar dryers and greenhouse type solar dryers were designed and fabricated in this study for the preservation of fruits and vegetables. A comparative study among various solar drying methods was performed to study the drying performance by maintaining the quality and texture of the dried foodstuffs. Factors such as solar radiation, ambient temperature, moisture in the air, materials used for glazing, inclination, etc., were considered during the fabrication of the solar dryer so that a better estimate of the performance of the solar dryer could be obtained. The lowest drying rate was observed when convective drying was used as an indirect mode of heating. The maximum drying rate observed in open drying was 0.088 kg/kgh, whereas in convective drying under the same conditions, it was 0.03 kg/kgh, which was almost 65% less. This in turn also resulted in the dried samples displaying a better texture and better color. The shrinkage effect on the samples was less pronounced for those samples in the convective dryer than it was for those in the open and greenhouse dryers, as the method uses indirect drying. Comparing convective and greenhouse drying, more shrinkage and a greater browning effect were observed for the open drying method. Out of three types of solar dryers, the greenhouse dryer was selected to study thermal performance because of its better drying rate. DHT11 sensors controlled through Arduino programming were employed in this study to record the temperature and moisture at various locations in the greenhouse dryer setup. The range of energy efficiency of the greenhouse solar dryer was estimated to be from around 15% to 25% on average. This might be due to a greater extent of energy losses. No significant difference was observed in the energy efficiency with respect to the samples used for drying.

Digital-based Design Research on Interactive Installation Art--Taking the Ecological Diversity Development of Coral Reef as A Case

Surpassing traditional communications, interactive installations in the digital era prefer a sophisticated integration of sensing technologies and programming languages, so as to provide viewers with more profound experience. In this study interactive installations are taken as media to explore the ecological development of coral reef in further digital process through Arduino and Touch Designer programming. In this way, users can have immersive experience by two-way interactions with the device, thus expanding the understanding between humans and the natural environment. In addition, the innovative use of interactive installations in advancing ecological researches and potential new solutions to environmental problems through the art of programming are also discussed. Therefore, this study inspires new ideas from the harmonious coexistence of humans and the nature, providing insights into coral reef conservation and its sustainable ecological diversity.

Prototype Development for Solar Energy Tracking Based on Arduino in QUEST Campus Larkana

The utilization of solar energy has become increasingly popular due to its renewable and sustainable nature. However, one of the primary challenges in solar energy harvesting is the optimization of the amount of energy that can be captured from the sun. The implementation of solar trackers is an effective solution that enables the automatic adjustment of the solar panel's position to face the sun throughout the day. In this project, an Arduino-based solar tracker prototype was designed and implemented to optimize the solar energy harvesting process. The system employs Light-Dependent Resistors (LDRs) to detect sunlight intensity and a servo motor to adjust the position of the solar panel accordingly. The system was programmed using the Arduino programming language and was tested using a small-scale solar panel. The increasing demand for cost-effective and easy-to-install renewable energy systems has led to a growing interest in photovoltaic solar energy for residential use. To optimize energy production, a two-axis photovoltaic solar tracker that orients the solar panel toward the maximum solar radiation is proposed in this study. The use of Free Computer Aided Design (CAD) 0.15 for the prototype's design, combined with Arduino technology, provides an affordable solution for mounting the solar tracker on flat roofs and other horizontal building elements. The performance of the solar tracker was evaluated under various testing conditions, showcasing an enhanced level of accuracy and energy production when compared to traditional fixed systems. The prototype's successful demonstration represents a significant advancement in the field, providing a practical solution for small-scale and residential solar energy applications. This research prototype was developed and installed on the roof of the Electrical department of QUEST, Campus Larkana, and validated through simulation results.

DEVELOPMENT OF A PORTABLE MOTOR VEHICLE EMISSION TEST SYSTEM BASED ON ARDUINO WITH ANDROID INTERFACE

This study takes a comprehensive approach by proposing the design of an innovative emission test tool for motorized vehicles. The primary objective of this tool's design is to establish an alternative emission testing apparatus based on Arduino AT-Mega 2560, proficient in capturing vehicle exhaust emissions. The underlying methodology involves an in-depth investigation of various components, including the MQ2 and MQ7 sensors, microcontrollers, and supplementary sensors. This meticulous observational process aims to unravel the fundamental principles that govern the functionality of these components. Subsequently, the study advances to the prototyping phase, manifesting in the creation of an Android-based emission test system. This system capitalizes on the integration of Arduino programming and App Inventor technology. The integrated system is devised to facilitate sensor data acquisition. The empirical results of the tests indicate that the developed tool effectively measures hydrocarbon gas and carbon monoxide gas concentrations, yielding readings of 6.31% and 3.73%, respectively, under engine conditions ranging from 1500 to 3000 rpm with error in regions 1.4% and 5.1% compared to a commercial instrument. However, during the testing phase, certain challenges surfaced. Notably, the presence of water particles within the tool, coupled with the generation of heat due to the accommodated exhaust gases, increased the temperature within the tool's enclosure. Consequently, the sensors' temperature escalated, resulting in erratic sensor behavior and unstable readings. Nonetheless, a significant advantage of the proposed tool lies in its real-time data visualization capability, which is particularly accessible through Android smartphones. This feature enhances the immediacy of test results, facilitating prompt analysis and decision-making. In conclusion, this study lays the groundwork for an innovative emission testing tool that demonstrates promise in addressing the air quality degradation stemming from vehicular emissions.

2D of Robotic Arm Based on Inverse Kinematics Using Arduino

Abstract: The advancements and quick developments in the technology has made it possible to create a platform for the invention of new as well as great things. One of the concept that is being used lately to improve the technology is the concept of robotics. This project focuses on the implementation of inverse kinematics for a 2-DOF (two degrees of freedom) robot arm using an Arduino microcontroller. The inverse kinematics equations are derived and programmed to calculate the joint angles required to position the robot arm's end effector in a desired location within its workspace. The Arduino board is used to interface with the robot arm's actuators and control the movement of the arm. The Arduino programming aspect of the project involves developing a control algorithm that accepts target coordinates for the end effector and computes the necessary joint angles using inverse kinematics equations. Servo motors are manipulated through the Arduino Servo library to achieve the calculated angles, enabling the arm to reach the desired positions accurately and efficiently. To enhance the functionality and safety of the 2-DOF robotic arm, the project includes features such as calibration routines, testing procedures, and safety measures to avoid collisions and servo load. The project aims to demonstrate the application of inverse kinematics in controlling robotic manipulators for precise positioning tasks

Performance Investigation on a Double-Slope Passive Solar Desalination System Targeting towards Sustainable Development of Oman

In recent times, academicians and scientists have developed many methods for purifying saline water into pure water that is suitable for drinking, as well as other suitable applications. Fortunately, solar desalination has been a very popular technique, which uses eco-friendly solar energy. In this work, a passive-type double-slope solar still was designed and fabricated according to the Global Positioning System (GPS) coordinates of Nizwa city in Oman. Economically and readily available materials, such as acrylic, glass, and foam insulation materials, were used in the construction of the double-slope solar still in addition to the conventional materials used for the supporting structure of the solar still. The climatic factors (such as the solar radiation and ambient temperature), design factors (such as the exposure surface area, inclination, insulation material and thickness, and glazing material), and operating parameters (such as the glass temperature, feed water temperature and yield) obtained were considered in the study to estimate the performance of the solar still. DHT 11 sensors with Arduino programming were used in the experiment to record the temperatures at specific locations on the solar still daily with regular time intervals for a period of 3 to 4 weeks. The solar still was designed to operate from February to March 2023. The temperatures were recorded every two hours daily, whereas the yield was recorded at the end of the day of operation. The quality of the yield was estimated through the measurement of pH and TDS (Total Dissolved Solids) values. The energy and exergy analysis of the desalination unit was carried out to estimate the thermal performance of the system. A significant effect of solar intensity and ambient temperature was observed on the thermal performance of the system and on the quality of the drinking water. An energy efficiency ranging between 30 to 45% and exergy efficiency ranging between 2 to 3.5% was obtained in the system, which was reasonably better for a thermal system involving a renewable source of energy.

A prototype sensorless dual axis solar tracker system based on Arduino programming technique

The research works on designing and manufacturing a device that can generate clean energy, taking into account the geographical location of Iraq, and be economical and cheap, this manufactured device addresses the permanent problems that this type of device encounters. Therefore, a solar tracker has been manufactured that tracks the sun’s rays, to reduce the number of solar panels used, and is an environmentally friendly generator, it works without the LDR photosensors. The work was done on different days, a sunny day, a partially cloudy day, and a cloudy day. Through the work, it was practically observed that the device responded to work and reduced the problem of dispersion, as it was directed by programming from the microcontroller, not by the sensors, from the obtained results, it was noted that the generation losses in the three days under study sequentially are (10.9%, 9%, 4.9% ) and the results are very acceptable, and the anticipated outcome was attained.

Proposed use of TinkerCad in primary school computer science classes to support Arduino programming

– Nowadays, there is a strong emphasis on practical teaching, on teaching with the possibility ofusing what has been learned in the home environment or in leisure activities. This also requires the use ofmodern educational methods and, above all, modern teaching aids. This includes the TinkerCadenvironment accessible via a web interface. It allows not only full-fledged simulation but also the creationof your own program whether with deeper programming knowledge or just basic. Its great advantage isthat it is freely accessible and without any large financial outlay spent on buying an Arduino board orother electronic components, it allows you to develop your own simpler and more complex projects.These can also be developed by pupils in teams, thus encouraging pupils to work collectively. Last butnot least, we can also mention that using the simulation environment does not risk damaging theequipment and there is no risk of electric shock. Many pupils are very lively and interested in manythings, and they can also accidentally damage equipment. In our work, we will focus on the design ofsuch a project, where the Arduino calculates the product and sum from the two variables loaded. This willteach students how to use Arduino, LCD display, serial port with the aim of course to promotealgorithmic thinking and increase interest in science among students. By managing all this withoutprogramming in a commonly used programming environment, it allows us to use this example in theupper primary school years, where pupils can use their existing knowledge creatively.