Arduino Nano Research Articles

Human motion activity recognition and pattern analysis using compressed deep neural networks

ABSTRACT This work presents an on-device machine learning model with the ability to identify different mobility gestures called human activity recognition (HAR), which includes running, walking, squatting, jumping, and others. The data is collected through an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense board with a sampling rate of 119 Hz, which is embedded with an Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensor. The same board is used as a microcontroller to identify human gestures by developing an end-to-end edge computing application. A deep neural network model is trained and then compressed for deployment on the board to create a self-contained, embedded device capable of identifying the type of gesture performed. Three deep learning models, namely Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP), Convolutional Neural Network – Long Short Term Memory (CNN-LSTM) & CNN-Gated Recurrent Unit (CNN-GRU), are evaluated in the identification of the mobility gestures. The observed accuracy of the models is 96%, 97.1% and 97.8%, respectively, MLP, CNN-LSTM & CNN-GRU across the different gesture categories. The study shows the utility of embedded devices with deep neural network-based models, which can provide low cost, minimal power usage, and meet data privacy requirements in HAR.

Real Time Gesture Controlled Robotic Vehicle

Abstract: The complexity of controlling an automobile increases with the incorporation of more significant capabilities. Planning automobile-controlling frameworks that enable users to teach the car only to demonstrate whatit should do is the focus of numerous research efforts; yet, for non- expert users, using a switch or remote to operatethe car is difficult. In light of this, this paper proposes an Arduino-based automobile-controlling framework that eliminates the need for physical car control. This work exhibits two main commitments. First, we demonstrate thathand gestures maybe used to drive the car, with the vehicle agreeing to the hand's position and movement. An Arduino Nano, an accelerometer, and a radio-frequency (RF) transmitter are used by the hand-gesture framework.The Arduino Nano, which is attached to the hand glove, receives data from the accelerometer, which is connectedto the glove to sense the acceleration powers produced by hand movement .following data reception, Arduino Nano converts the data into unique angle values between 0 and 450° and transmits it to the Arduino Uno's RF receiver, which is mounted on the vehicle, via the RF sender. Moreover, a mobile application with unique modes based on Android will operate the suggested automobile framework. The hand-gesture framework was expanded with the addition of the Bluetooth module to become the mobile application framework. In this instance, the Arduino Uno receives the comparing signal whenever the user sends any commands. Once you've acknowledged thesignal, The Arduino will compare this to its pre-programmed commands for braking, left, right, forward, and back-ward motion before instructing the motor module to move the vehicle in that direction

Smart IoT Approach for Renewable Energy Monitoring System

Numerous factories, commercial establishments, and private residences require an uninterrupted power supply. The primary source of this supply is often the grid. Industries, businesses, and residential areas needing 24-hour power inevitably require backup systems to ensure continuous operation of essential electronic devices. Typically, diesel generators are employed as backup power sources, utilizing diesel oil to generate electrical energy. While this approach has been successfully employed for many years, it carries a significant drawback. Diesel oil falls under the category of non-renewable energy sources, unable to be regenerated and requiring an extensive period for renewal. Furthermore, diesel generators emit substantial amounts of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, contributing to air pollution in the vicinity. To address these challenges, a prototype implementing a smart Internet of Things (IoT) approach has been developed. This study introduces the utilization of an Arduino Nano microcontroller, allowing users to control their power supply source, choosing between the grid, solar panels, or water generation. This control process is facilitated through a smartphone application, granting users the ability to manage it remotely, enhancing monitoring capabilities. The system incorporates two environmentally friendly power sources: solar panels and a mini water turbine, both considered safe for ecological balance. The outcomes of this research demonstrate that users can effectively utilize the generated electricity supply for approximately 12 hours, thereby reducing reliance on the grid and harnessing the potential of renewable energy sources.

Design of Ammonia Concentration Monitoring System Using Radio Communication

The adverse effects of air pollution on human health, climate change, and ecosystems have made air pollution a major problem in the last four years. Ammonia is a pollutant that has an impact on human health. This study aims to develop a monitoring system for NH3 concentrations using radio communication. The radio module used in data communication is SX1278. The sensor used in this system is MICS-6814, which is integrated with Arduino Nano. The sensor used has been tested and can be used in emission detection. Monitoring results data is displayed on the LCD and serial monitor. Data communication performance for the monitoring process was tested at various distances. This system can reach a measurement distance of 80 meters, with the best distance used for monitoring being less than 50 meters. This system was tested to be able to monitor a different level building. The result shows that the system's performance is the RSSI at a distance of 0 meters is -28 dBm. At the same time, the farthest distance of 80 meters is -101 dBm. The data transmission has a delay time of 1,300 ms and an accuracy of 91%. The ambient NH3 concentration in the area of Malang is found in the range of 0.001 ppm.

Automated system for intertidal mollusk keeping with tidal cycle imitation

The article describes a working prototype of an automated laboratory setup for intertidal mollusk keeping with tidal cycle imitation. The setup currently consists of two groups of five aquariums. At high tide, water is gravity fed into the aquariums from a common water tank; at low tide, water is gravity drained into a common collection tank. Water is transferred between the tanks using a special pump. The control unit consists of a networked Arduino Mega board and two Arduino Nano boards. The Arduino Mega board is responsible for the environmental monitoring systems, data logging, and automatic seawater change, as well as a software-based selfchecking and decision-making system. One of the Arduino Nano boards is responsible for realizing the tidal cycle; the other board is responsible for the remote monitoring and control of the setup via SMS. The results of pilot experiments indicate a significant reduction in labor costs in mollusk keeping. The developed setup can be used to keep a wide range of intertidal animals for studying their biology, assessing the impact of environmental factors, and biotesting, as well as for educational purposes.

DESIGN OF AN AUTOMATIC HANDWASHING TOOL USING INFRARED SENSOR BASED ON ARDUINO NANO IN PHYSICS DEPARTMENT OF SRIWIJAYA UNIVERSITY

The implementation of the New Normal forces people in Indonesia to be able to return to their activities outside the home, alongside the risk of the COVID19 outbreak. One of the health protocols that must be applied is hand washing, so that the use of automatic hand washing devices is very effective in use. The way this automatic hand washing tool works is simply pointing your hand near the sensor, the sensor will detect it. The Automatic Hand Washing Tool is designed using a sensor Infrared, Arduino nano, a module Relay, a water pump and a solenoid faucet. Where is the working principle when thesensor infrared detects an obstacle, it will send an input signal to arduino nano as a microcontroller center which is regulated through a program in the Arduino Ide software, then sends it to themodule relay as answitch on / off, When on it is, themodule relay will activate the solenoid faucet, if it is in thecondition off , the relay will deactivate the solenoid valve, while the pump is used for washing soapy water, where the automatic hand washing tool on water with soapy water is differentiated according to the respective distance that has been set on the arduino nano microcontroller.

An affordable and immersive virtual reality-based exercise therapy in forward head posture.

Forward Head Posture (FHP) is one of the most commonly occurring musculoskeletal abnormalities. Despite exercise therapy being an effective approach for FHP treatment, it can be long, monotonous, and tedious. Virtual reality (VR) can be used as an innovative solution to address these challenges. We designed an affordable and immersive VR-based exercise therapy (VRET) system for FHP correction. The VRET contents (i.e., exercises and VR scenarios) were determined by physiotherapists and game designers at the focus group meetings. Hardware requirements include a VR box, smartphone, and sensors (i.e., a smartphone accelerometer and an affordable Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU)) to measure head motions and transfer them via Wi-Fi to the VRET system. The IMU was designed using the MPU6050, Arduino Nano, and ESP8266-01S. Gwet's AC1, Game Experience Questionnaires (GEQ), and System Usability Scale (SUS) were used to measure intra-rater reliability, user experience, and system usability, respectively. The determined exercises, including Capital Flexion-Extension and Chin Tuck, were designed in the form of a shooting game. A physiotherapist and twenty-one FHP individuals took part in evaluating the system. High precision was obtained for the designed IMU (i.e., pitch and roll < 0.1° and yaw < 1.3 °). Gwet's AC1 and SUS results showed very good intra-rater reliability (coefficient = 0.892) and excellent usability (score = 87.14), respectively. According to the mean scores of the GEQ, participants were confident about competence, immersion, flow, and positive affect components. The development of low-cost VRET systems for FHP correction is a step towards facilitating rehabilitation challenges by providing positive experiences for users as well as helping them perform therapeutic exercises correctly.

Voice Activated Lamp using Arduino

In the realm of smart home automation, this project introduces a Voice-Controlled Lamp System utilizing Arduino Nano, a Bluetooth module, and a single-channel relay. The system enables remote lamp control through a dedicated mobile application, leveraging natural language voice commands for intuitive interaction. By integrating cutting-edge hardware and software components, the project aims to enhance user experience, convenience, and accessibility in home environments. Through rigorous testing and validation, the Voice-Controlled Lamp System demonstrates the potential of Arduino-based solutions in crafting user-friendly and efficient smart devices, contributing to the evolution of modern home automation technologies. This project presents the development of a Voice-Controlled Lamp System, utilizing Arduino Nano, a Bluetooth module, and a single-channel relay. The system offers users the ability to remotely control the lamp through a mobile application, employing natural language voice commands for seamless interaction. By integrating state-of-the-art hardware and software components, the project addresses the growing demand for intuitive and hands-free home automation solutions. Through extensive testing and validation, the Voice-Controlled Lamp System showcases the efficacy of Arduino-based technologies in creating innovative and user- centric devices for modern living environments.

Low-Cost Arduino Reverse Transcriptase Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (RT-LAMP) for Sensitive Nucleic Acid Detection.

This work presents a low-cost transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) instrument for nucleic acid detection, employing an Arduino Nano microcontroller. The cooling system includes customized printed circuit boards (PCBs) that serve as electrical resistors and incorporate fans. An aluminum block is designed to accommodate eight vials. The system also includes two PCB heaters-one for sample heating and the other for vial lid heating to prevent condensation. The color detection system comprises a TCS3200 color 8-sensor array coupled to one side of the aluminum heater body and a white 8-LED array coupled to the other side, controlled by two Multiplexer/Demultiplexer devices. LED light passes through the sample, reaching the color sensor and conveying color information crucial for detection. The top board is maintained at 110 ± 2 °C, while the bottom board is held at 65 ± 0.5 °C throughout the RT-LAMP assay. Validation tests successfully demonstrated the efficacy of the colorimetric RT-LAMP reactions using SARS-CoV-2 RNA amplification as a sample viability test, achieving 100% sensitivity and 97.3% specificity with 66 clinical samples. Our instrument offers a cost-effective (USD 100) solution with automated result interpretation and superior sensitivity compared to visual inspection. While the prototype was tested with SARS-CoV-2 RNA samples, its versatility extends to detecting other pathogens using alternative primers, showcasing its potential for broader applications in biosensing.

Goods Sorting Tool Based on Weight of Goods Using Arduino Nano

The use of conveyors with scales in industry as part of the quality control process has become an important requirement that increasingly dominates the manufacturing sector. Consistent product quality and accurate monitoring of weight or other parameters during production have become essential to meet stringent quality standards and customer expectations. Hence, many industries have prioritized investment in the manufacture of weighing conveyor. Scale-equipped conveyors enable continuous, real-time monitoring of product quality. Scales integrated on the conveyor enable quick identification of defective products or products that do not conform to standards. This helps in reducing the risk of defective products reaching the market and helps companies meet applicable industry standards. In addition, the use of conveyors with scales also improves production efficiency by avoiding error-prone manual work, thus supporting production cost control. This research uses a weight sensor that can double as a product count counter at each weight count set point. The weight set points are limited to 3 different types of product weight. After testing and analyzing the test results, it can be concluded that the tool can function properly which can classify 8 products per minute with 100% accuracy.

Analysis of Patient Health Using Arduino and Monitoring System

The proposed project is a health monitoring system using Arduino that measures key health parameters such as heart rate, blood oxygen level, and body temperature. The system consists of sensors such as DHT11 for temperature, MAX30100 for heart rate and blood oxygen level, and an Arduino Nano for processing the data. The measured results are displayed on an LCD screen and a buzzer sounds when the results are ready. The system has been designed with simplicity and ease-of-use in mind, making it accessible for personal use. While the system has limitations such as sensor accuracy and lack of IoT functionality, it still has potential for improving individual health monitoring and wellness. In the future, potential areas for development include the inclusion of more sensors, IoT functionality, and machine learning algorithms for personalized insights and recommendations. Overall, the proposed health monitoring system is a promising step towards empowering individuals to take a more active role in monitoring their health and wellness.

Rancang Bangun Sistem Pemantau Ketersediaan Sabun dan Tisu pada Toilet Bandara Berbasis IoT

Public toilets, especially at airports, play an important role in ensuring the comfort and cleanliness of traveling passengers. The unavailability of tissue and soap in toilets is often a problem at airports. This research aims to develop a soap and tissue monitoring system in airport toilets based on the Internet of Things (IoT) using Narrowband IoT (NB-IoT) technology and the Thingsboard platform. The prototype system for monitoring the availability of airport soap and toilet tissue was successfully created using an Arduino Nano, SIM7000C and was able to communicate with the Thingsboard via the MQTT protocol, making it possible to monitor the availability of sanitation facilities in real-time. The measurement results show that the device can operate well using an IMR 18650 battery for up to 27 hours. This system is able to provide information on the level of contents of soap containers and the capacity of available tissue along with its location. This research underlines the potential of IoT technology in overcoming the problem of unavailability of soap and tissue, aimed at increasing user comfort and maintaining the cleanliness of public facilities at airports.

A charge emitter for use in evaluating aircraft rainfall enhancement

Charging of droplets is known to influence their properties and interactions, such as through modifying their evaporation, collisions or stability. Introducing additional charge into a droplet system, such as a natural fog or cloud may therefore provide a route to modify its behaviour. As aircraft are already used in rainfall enhancement activities by some national meteorological services, adapting their existing delivery systems to include charge release provides a convenient method with which to pursue this. Rainfall enhancement aircraft typically carry an array of under-wing tubes into which cloud seeding agents (e.g. salt or silver iodide) are contained in flares which are loaded pre-flight. Our approach for a charge release system is to construct a stand-alone device able to fit within an existing flare housing, to provide controlled release of ions by corona emission. The “flare emitter” device is battery powered and able to release either polarity of corona ions. It contains a programmable microcontroller (Arduino Nano) able to operate in a fixed sequence and record data to an internal memory card at 10Hz. Monitoring systems for the corona emission voltage and current are included, as well as environmental sensors for pressure, temperature and relative humidity.

Autonomous Quadruple Spider Robot for Surveillance and Exploration with Advanced 3D Mapping

This research introduces an advanced quadruple spider robot designed for 3D mapping, utilizing Arduino Nano, ESP32, and LIDAR sensor technology. The integration of these components allows the robot to navigate and scan its surroundings, producing precise three-dimensional maps in real-time. The Arduino Nano serves as the microcontroller, while the ESP32 provides robust wireless communication capabilities. LIDAR technology ensures accurate distance measurement, enabling the robot to adapt efficiently to various environments. This innovative platform showcases significant potential for applications in surveillance, exploration, and disaster response. By leveraging the synergy between Arduino, ESP32, and LIDAR, the robot enhances spatial understanding and decision-making processes, offering a versatile solution for autonomous operations. The robot's real-time 3D mapping capabilities make it a valuable asset in scenarios requiring detailed environmental analysis and prompt situational awareness. This research underscores the effectiveness of combining microcontroller technology with advanced sensors to develop autonomous robotic systems capable of operating in diverse and challenging conditions. The practical implications of this technology extend to improving safety, efficiency, and operational effectiveness in critical missions.

Development of cloud visualization a machining manufacturing system shop floor

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The industry is currently experiencing the fourth industrial revolution, characterized by the automation of cyber physical systems and advanced connectivity through the internet of things (IoT). This revolution enables real-time monitoring of machines status on the shop floor by leveraging cyber-physical and IoT technologies. This paper describes the results of research that develops IoT and cloud-based visualization for a machining manufacturing system shop floor. Our proposed solution involves an internet of things device equipped with two current sensors to detect machine and spindle current. The sensor connected to an Arduino Nano, which is then connected to Wemos D1 for wireless transmission of data to the cloud. The cloud has been developed to store data and provide visualization applications, in the form of machines layout map to monitor machines conditions in the form of machines ON, machines OFF, spindles ON and spindles OFF in real time.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Design and development of arduino-based automation home system using the internet of things

&lt;p&gt;&lt;span&gt;The home automation system described in this paper is low-cost, dependable, and versatile. It uses an Arduino microcontroller and Bluetooth internet protocol (IP) connectivity to allow authorized users to remotely access and control devices. The suggested system employs the internet of things (IoT), which is server-independent, to manage human-desired appliances ranging from industrial machinery to consumer products. In this project, we have taken a Bluetooth module that is programmed through an Arduino Nano to control various devices auto-switching of mechanical devices and monitoring of water level within a range of 130 m using an Android application. This is done to show the effectiveness and viability of this system. Each bulb was switched on/off remotely using a mobile phone successfully. The operation of the water pump attached to the source bucket were controlled from the phone while in manual mode and controlled by an ultrasonic sensor while in automatic mode. It enables remote control of a number of devices, including lights and pumps, and decision-making based on sensor feedback.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Design of Dodol Mixer on Based on Microcontroller Arduino Nano

In the process of cooking dodol dough requires the power of several people to continuously stir until the dough releases air bubbles. the process of making dodol generally takes time depending on how much dough you want to cook. If you want to cook 10 kg of dodol dough, then the time needed to cook it is approximately 8-10 hours with normal or medium heat. Currently, the household-scale dodol industry still uses the manual method for the dodol mixing process, which will require energy. more than one person to stir for a long time so that it will take time for one repetitive job and the production costs will be higher. With this tool, it is hoped that the household-scale dodol industry will become more efficient, because there is no need to manually stir and can do another work while the dodol dough is being stirred.

Perancangan Sistem Kontrol Pendingin Udara Otomatis Berbasis Suhu Ruangan Menggunakan Arduino

Air conditioning has become essential in the modern era, with nearly everyone worldwide owning an air conditioner in their homes. Its presence is crucial given the increasingly hot weather conditions due to global warming. However, we often forget to turn off the air conditioner, resulting in energy waste and potential damage to the device. Therefore, this writing aims to address these issues through the development of an automatic system using Arduino Nano, programmed in the C language, to regulate the operation of the air conditioner based on room temperature. This way, users do not need to bother manually turning the air conditioner on or off using a remote control or buttons.

Kinematic Analysis of Human Gait in Healthy Young Adults Using IMU Sensors: Exploring Relevant Machine Learning Features for Clinical Applications.

Gait is the manner or style of walking, involving motor control and coordination to adapt to the surrounding environment. Knowing the kinesthetic markers of normal gait is essential for the diagnosis of certain pathologies or the generation of intelligent ortho-prostheses for the treatment or prevention of gait disorders. The aim of the present study was to identify the key features of normal human gait using inertial unit (IMU) recordings in a walking test. Gait analysis was conducted on 32 healthy participants (age range 19-29 years) at speeds of 2 km/h and 4 km/h using a treadmill. Dynamic data were obtained using a microcontroller (Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense Rev2) with IMU sensors (BMI270). The collected data were processed and analyzed using a custom script (MATLAB 2022b), including the labeling of the four relevant gait phases and events (Stance, Toe-Off, Swing, and Heel Strike), computation of statistical features (64 features), and application of machine learning techniques for classification (8 classifiers). Spider plot analysis revealed significant differences in the four events created by the most relevant statistical features. Among the different classifiers tested, the Support Vector Machine (SVM) model using a Cubic kernel achieved an accuracy rate of 92.4% when differentiating between gait events using the computed statistical features. This study identifies the optimal features of acceleration and gyroscope data during normal gait. The findings suggest potential applications for injury prevention and performance optimization in individuals engaged in activities involving normal gait. The creation of spider plots is proposed to obtain a personalised fingerprint of each patient's gait fingerprint that could be used as a diagnostic tool. A deviation from a normal gait pattern can be used to identify human gait disorders. Moving forward, this information has potential for use in clinical applications in the diagnosis of gait-related disorders and developing novel orthoses and prosthetics to prevent falls and ankle sprains.

Cushy and Cheap Smart Health Monitoring System Incorporating a Ventilator

The handiness of mercantile mechanical ventilators is highly limited in low-income countries due to high rate in the price of its affordability. This factor affects the treatment of so many patients suffering from chronic respiratory syndrome. In this research, a low- cost and easy to use pressure ventilator coupled with a remote health monitoring system to assist the doctors check up on the patients is developed. There is need to maximize the availability of the ventilators in low-income countries at an affordable price tag. This system was developed with the aid of an Arduino nano, ESP8266 based NodeMcu microcontroller, high pressure blower, pressure transducers, humidity and temperature sensor. The developed system was evaluated and compared with existing one, using an actively breathing patient simulator as it mimics through a range of respiratory diseases. In the end, we were able to design a low-cost smart health monitoring system that incorporates ventilator and health vitals monitor. Our Design was implemented and verified to be working and equally satisfying all the specified requirements.