ARDS Turda Research Articles

Influence of Tillage Systems on the Degree of Weeding on Agricultural Crops at ARDS Turda

Plants of spontaneous flora are in constant competition with culture plants for water, nutrients and other vegetation factors. The degree of weeding was determined in 2014-2016, at four crops - winter wheat, maize, soybeans and peas, cultivated in conventional tillage system and conservation tillage. Temperatures and precipitations registered on the vegetation period in three year had a high influence on the number of weeds found in agricultural crops, so in 2015 there was a smaller number of weeds than in 2014 respectively 2016. Of the species determined in this period is noted for annual dicotyledonous (most of them Chenopodium sp., Veronica sp. and Xanthium strumarium), and among the species of monocotyledonous species Echinochloa sp. and Setaria sp. which are found in all four cultures. In the case of the application of conservative tillage systems there is an increase in the number of weeds compared to the conventional tillage system. The average yields obtained by maize, soybean and peas at application of conservative tillage systems are close to the classical tillage system, the winter wheat yield was higher in the no tillage system than in the classical tillage system.

Research Regarding the Influence of Folliar Fertilization on Plant Assimilation, Grain Yield and Quality of Wheat, in the Transylvanian Field Conditions

The researches were carried out during the 2016-2017 vegetation period using the wheat variety Andrada and the perspective line T. 123-11 created at ARDS Turda, which were treated with 3 types of foliar fertilizers: Folimax Gold (V2 -2 treatments, V3-3 treatments) Folimax Oleo (V4-2 treatments and V5-3 treatments) and Microfert U (V6-3 treatments) applied in two and three treatments in different phenophases of crop development. The measurements on the assimilation (An = μmol CO2 m-2s-1) and leaf evapotranspiration (Evap- mmol H2O m-2s-1) were performed on a stindard leaf, 5 days after the last foliar fertilizer treatment in June, for each variant, from the 3 reps. The application of nitrogen foliar fertilizers resulted in the increase of the leaf surface, the nitrogen content of the leaves, increasing net assimilation for all variants, evapotranspiration and production. Andrada wheat variety advanced a higher oscillation of net assimilation (An) (from 28.5-32.7 μmol CO2m-2s-1), higher evapotranspiration (Evap) (1.97-2.33 mmol H2O m-2s-1) and the production was over 7300 kg/ha in foliar fertilized variants in all three vegetation phenophases. The perspective line T. 123-11 recorded slightly lower assimilation values (An) than Andrada wheat, being more clustered (from 30-31.7 μmol CO2 m-2s-1) and evapotranspiration (1.60-1.90 mmol of H2O m-2s-1) and also productions of more than 8100 kg/ha in 3 foliar fertilization variants, using the foliar fertilizer more efficiently and water in tissues. The highest quality indices were obtained with 3 foliar fertilization variants, obtaining values between 10.9 and 11.3% for proteins, for gluten between 21.3 and 21.6% and for the Zeleny 30.8 and 34.1% for Andrada lower than T. 123-11 with protein values between 11.7 and 14.0 % and gluten content of 23.4 and 28.3%, respectively the Zeleny index from 40.0 to 54.4%.

Estimation of the Variability and Inheritance of Some Quantitative Traits in Two Rows Spring Barley in the Conditions of ARDS Turda

From the spring barley collection of ARDS Turda, a number of 60 genotypes were chosen and analysed in terms of variability parameters (the mean, minimum and maximum, coefficient of genetic, phenotypic and environmental variation and the heritability coefficient in broad sense). The morpho-productive characters analysed were: the number of grains/ear, ear length, grain weight/ear, TKW and harvest index. To estimate gene effects involved in the inheritance of quantitative traits, such as yield components, the genetic analysis model proposed by Hayman (1958) and applied by Gamble (1962) was used. The study was conducted to evaluate a number of six hybrid combinations. The parental forms were chosen on the basis of homozygosity and phenotypic differences in yield between parents c. To estimate additive gene effects, dominance and epistatic interaction of additive x additive (aa), additive x dominance (ad) and dominance x dominance (dd) types, involved in the heritability of a trait, we established the mean of: parental population, of F1, F2 and backcross (BCI and BCII). genetic populations.

The Importance of Integrated Pest Control on Wheat Crops Production, during 2015-2016, at Agricultural Research-Development Station Turda

In the wheat crops of central Transylvania a rich complex of phytophagous insects species is reported. Species of thrips, aphids, leafhoppers, flies, cereal leaf beetle and cereal bugs, affects the level of production and quality indicators of wheat grains. In the period of 2015-2016, various integrated pest control models have been applied, watching their effect on the production and quality indicators of wheat, based on applied insecticide treatments, in the experimental lots at ARDS Turda. The results on the quantified production parameters showed oscillations over previous multiannual values, due to the special climatic conditions of 2015 and 2016, to the density of entomophagous and phytophagous insect populations, influenced by the applied treatment system. It is noted that in the years 2015-2016, characterized as exceptional years, with unfavorable thermal and pluviometric conditions, with much higher values than the multiannual average, the gluten and protein content, zeleny index have lower values than in the previous years, at ARDS Turda. The specific annual climate characteristics have a major influence on the production and quality of wheat. Also, pest control strategies have a major impact on the production parameters and qualitative indicators of wheat.

Wheat Pest Dynamics, Forecasting and Current Importance of the Attack, to Develop Integrated Control System in the Center of Transylvania (ARDS Turda, 2006-2016)

The paper presents data about wheat pest attack in Transylvania in the last 10 years, under the different climatic, phenological and technological conditions, with details of the correlations of the climatic factors with the bio-ecology of the species or pest groups. Such data may be important for modelling and forecasting wheat pest attacks. The climatic warming, represented strong environmental factors (R2 = 0.43), which led to changes in the species structure, favouring the development of the populations of a narrow spectrum of species becoming dominant and dangerous by numerical increases. In the years 2006-2015, the eudominance of thrips (58%), the dominance of aphids (14%) and of wheat flies (12%), the subdominant species of Chrysomelidae and the increase of entomophagus abundance were revealed. In the year 2016, the weight of the dominant groups of wheat flies (25%), aphids (21%), leafhoppers (18%), thrips (17%), of the subdominant group of Chrysomelidae (10.6%) and cereal bugs (4.5%) increased. Changes in entomocenotic interactions phytophagusentomophagus, changes in pest dynamics, and of optimal moments for treatments important in the development of integrated pest control systems, have occurred in wheat crops. In the conditions of the area, the annual abundance of entomophagus is determined by the annual abundance of phytophagous insects, as expressed by a positive correlation (R2 = 0.464 and D% = 46.4%). Under the conditions of the last 10 years, the annual ratio of the number of phytophagous / entomophagus fluctuated between 2.35 and 12.42. The size of the phytophagous / entomophagus ratio was strongly correlated with the increase of the average annual temperatures, with a percentage determination coefficient D% = 15.5%, having an optimum of the interactions at values of 6.3 phytophagous / 1 entomophagus, and less well correlated with the annual precipitations. These changes in wheat entomocenoses, the biological potential accumulated over the last 10 years and at the level of 2016 indicate the importance of adapting pest control strategies, which should include preventive methods (respecting the optimum sowing time, agro-technical and phytosanitary methods), insecticide treatments on seed and on vegetation, at optimal application times for the groups of pests whose attacks overlap, respectively the first treatment in the spring, no later than the end of tillering, for wheat flies, leafhoppers, Chrysomelidae etc.; the second treatment at the phenophase of flag leaf stage and ear appearance, for thrips, aphids, bugs etc.; and other treatments at warning. Given the importance of entomophagous arthropod fauna in limiting wheat pests it is necessary to protect and use the auxiliary entomophagus, flora biodiversity involved in achieving the productivity and stability of wheat crops.

Study Regarding the Efficacy of Unconventional Treatment Products Against the Main Wheat Kernels Pathogens

The raising of agriculture to European Union standards requires adaptation of agricultural production to quality standards that meet the demands and exigencies of consumers by obtaining healthy crops that fit into the rigors of food security. The biological material used was constituted of wheat kernels from three varieties cultivated at ARDS Turda. The biological control of wheat pathogens can be successfully achieved, in vitro, with plant extracts, and the maximum effect of this bioproducts was achieved in the case of the variants treated with, tee tree essential oil, garlic, arnica, Hypericum perforatum and propolis.

The Reaction of some Maize Hybrids, Created at ARDS TURDA, to Fusarium spp. Infection

The most important disease of maize in Romania are stalk and ear rot, which caused yield losses in average of 20%. The resistant hibrids represent one of the most efficient solution for reducing the field loses caused by Fusarium spp. on the maize (Nagy et al., 2006). Diseases caused by Fusarium spp. can affect the yield and grain quality of maize because of contamination with numerous mycotoxins produced by these fungi (Czembor et al., 2015). The purpose of this paper was to know more about the reaction of different maize hybrids to Fusarium and the evaluating the effect of ear rot on the yield ability and mycotoxins accumulation. The experiments carried out at ARDS Turda, during four years (2012-2015). The biological material was represented by 8 hybrids, from different maturity groups, tested in two infection conditions with Fusarium spp. (natural and artificial infections). The temperature and rainfalls of the four years of experiments corresponding to the vegetation of maize (april-september) are influenced favourably the pathogenesis of stalk and ear rot caused by Fusarium spp. and a good discrimination of the resistance reaction of genotypes. Fusarium ear rot has significantly affected production capacity and chemical composition of corn hybrids tested. In conditions of artificial infection with Fusarium spp. was a decrease in the content of starch, fat and increased protein content compared with artificially inoculated variants. The quantity of fumonizin B1+B2 has reached to 5630 μg/kg in conditions of artificial infection. There are negative correlations between production capacity and degree of attack of fusarium ear rot; depending on the reacting genotypes tested increasing disease causes production decrease. The response of maize hybrids to Fusarium infection is influenced by infection and climatic conditions. These factors affect production both in terms of quantity and quality and accumulation of mycotoxins.

Research on the Relationship Between the Degree of European Corn Borer (Ostrinia Nubilalis Hbn.) Attack and Maize Fusariosis (Fusarium spp.) at ARDS Turda

The European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübn.), which is found almost universally in Europe and America, is an extremely important pest from economic point of view (Szőke et al., 2005). European corn borer larvae cause physical injuries to stalks and ears, and promote infections with Fusarium, by carrying the fungus spores from the plant surface to the surfaces of damaged kernels or to the interior of stalks, where infection occurs (Czembor, 2015). On account of the fact that between Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. and Fusarium spp. there is a strong connection, and their presence lead to lower maize production, it’s purposed is reducing the corn borer attack, but also the occurrence of maize fusariosis, by applying treatments to the vegetation. The research was carried out at ARDS Turda, in the period 2014-2015 as a bifactorial experience, in which were performed two treatments on growing period, with insecticides, using the products: Avaunt 250 ml/ha (s.a. indoxacarb), Coragen 250 ml/ha (s.a. chlorantraniliprol), Proteus 400 ml/ha (s.a. tiacloprid + deltametrin), Calypso 150 ml/ha (s.a. tiacloprid) and Confidor 400 ml/ha (s.a. imidacloprid + deltametrin), and the biological material was used Turda 165 hybrid. Amid the climatic conditions in the two experimental years (2014-2015), regarding the frecquency attack of the Ostrinia nubilalis, 2015 proved to be a very favorable year for this pest, and by applying treatments to the vegetation, Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn. and Fusarium spp. attack has been reduced very significant. In order to combat the european corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hbn.) chemically, are recommended products based on: chlorantraniliprol and tiacloprid+deltametrin.

Study of the Behavior of Some Spring Barley Lines with Two Rows Created at A.R.D.S Turda Regarding Production Capacity and Quality

The spring barley is a variety of a superior quality for brewing compared with the feed barley due to several reasons. Research was conducted in the field of breeding of spring barley with two rows, within ARDS Turda, during 2013-2015. The trials were comparatively developed, and included 25 variants. The biological material was represented by four autochthonous genotypes: Turdeana, Daciana Romaniţa (A.R.D.S. Turda), and Adina (A.R.D.S. Suceava). The spring barley lines created by the S.C.D.A. Turda, meet the requirements of the beer industry in terms of protein content, starch, M.M.B. and germination energy.

Study of Winter Wheat Yield Quality Analysis at ARDS Turda

The purpose of this research is to study the potential for yield and quality indicators for winter wheat genotypes in terms of pedological and climate condition and applied technology, at ARDS Turda during 2014 – 2015. Depending on the climatic conditions that are associated with applied technology is a decisive factor in successful wheat crop for all genotypes that were studied at Ards Turda during the 2014 – 2016. That’s wy each genotype responded differently to the conditions of the ARDS Turda also through the two levels of fertilisations applied in the winter with fertilizers 20:20:0, 250 kg/ha assuring 50 kg/ha N and P active substance and second level of fertilisations with 150 kg/ha ammonium nitrate assuring 50 kg/ha N active substance. All genotype that were studied in terms of yield and quality indicators were influenced by the fertilization level. The influence of pedo-climatic conditions, applied technologies and fertilizers level at ARDS Turda showed that all genotypes with small yield had higher protein and gluten content respectively Zeleny index.

The reaction of some winter wheat variety at cultivation in the conservative system in the Transylvanian Plain area

Introduction: In Europe between wheat cultivators countries, Romania ranks fifth with an area of 2.07 million hectares with a production of 7.45 million tonnes and production obtained is just 3601 kg /ha (www.ager.press.ro).Aims: Through the experience realised at ARDS Turda we follow the behavior of native varieties grȃu autumn, compared ȋn varieties of foreign origin, to make recommendations on their pretability to different systems of culture and levels of fertilization.Materials and Method: The experiment realized at the ARDS Turda, includes two ways to work the soil, a classic conventional system (with autumn ploughing, land preparation, sowing and fertilized) in parallel with the conservative ("no-tillage” with stubble crop directly into the preemergent plant). Experimental factors: A - soil tillage system; B - winter wheat variety; C - fertilization.Results: Of the eight winter wheat varieties, in the experiment is remarkable the variety Capo that registered highest values of the gluten content at the level of fertilization c2, c3 and c4 at cultivation in both work systems (classic and “no tillage”). At most varieties, the highest protein content is at the c2 level of fertilization, except Capo and Exotic that react the best at c3 level of fertilization, in the system "no tillage". Conclusion: The winter wheat indigenous Andrada, Dumbrava, Arieşan and line T-29-04 and cultivar Renan (Limagrain) reacts most favorable in gluten content at level of fertilization c2 (at sowing 250 kg/ ha NPK 20: 20: 0 + resumption spring vegetation ȋn 214 kg/ ha ammonium nitrate).The productions obtained at all varieties wheat, is not existlarge quantitative differences (200-700 kg/ha differences), but variety Apache, Exotic, Ariesan and Dumbrava had reached over 7,400 kg / ha. Acknowledgments: This work was supported by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNCS – UEFISCDI, project number PN-II-RU-TE-2014-4-0884. References*** www.ager.press.ro

Studies Concerning the Quality of Felix Soybean Breed

Soy protein is the most inexpensive source of high-nutritional quality protein and therefore is the world’s predominant commercially available vegetable protein. In order to keep this levels of fat and proteins at higher standards studies need to be develop in order to highlight the factors affecting soybean quality. The aim of our research was to analyse the variations in soybean protein and fat content and thru this to highlight the optimum management of nutrients for achieving high quality soy products. The experimental field was placed in the Agricultural Research Development Turda (ARDS) in 2013. The biological material consists in a genotype of soybean created at ARDS Turda – Felix variety. The experimental plots were installed after the subdivided parcel method and were fertilized with mineral and organic fertilizers in 4 different doses. In order to accomplish our goal we followed soy content in protein and fat under the influence of the inputs applied. Analysing the data recorded we observed a low influence of the experimental factors on soybean seeds content in fat substances. In the same time the protein content varies significantly under the influence of the technological inputs applied. The highest increases in protein content are achieved when organic fertilizer is applied. The results showed an interesting evolution of soybean chemical content under the influence of differentiated fertilization and also some interesting correlation between chemical content and some production indexes.

RESEARCH REGARDING THE INFLUENCE WEED CONTROL TREATMENTS ON PRODUCTION AND QUALITATIVE INDICATORS SOYBEAN CULTIVATED IN MINIMUM TILLAGE SYSTEM

The use of herbicides abused, without a thorough knowledge can be dangerous for the environment through the introduction of toxic waste in agricultural ecosystems. It is necessary to reduce the doses used in relation to the use of conservative technology, finding solutions optimized for effective weed control. Research conducted at ARDS Turda in the years 2013 and 2014 have followed the effect of 12 variants of herbicides used to control weeds in soybean crop, sown in two tillage systems (classical system and minimal tillage system), on the soybean production and quality indicators. Tillage system significantly influenced both qualitative indices and soybean crop production (being 2635 kg/ha to the classical and 2131 kg/ha minimum tillage system). The significant influence of tillage soybeans in fat content (20.34% in minimum tillage system; 19.94% to the classical) and on protein (39.89% minimum tillage system; 40.56% in the classic).

Soy Culture in Minimum Tillage and the Influence on Soil Attributes, ARDS Turda, 2005-2014

The system of agriculture conservative comes must halt this process of degradation and soil protection with carpets plant debris and intervention minimal on the ground shall be avoided the process of compaction erosion by increasing fertility. Excessive processing of agricultural land with mechanical equipment and primarily the work of basic-till that mobilizes soil in depth damage to a greater extent pests and diseases in the soil but it also has negative effect by losses mineralization weaker plant debris, breaking continuity capillarity and if an angry crowd on side slopes should be done after the line of the greatest slope will promote erosion. By applying minimum tillage system soil at ARDS Turda, is intended primarily to combat soil erosion, keeping the water in the soil, increasing fertility, protection of the environment.

Answer of a Soybean Genotype Created on ARDS Turda to Different Fertilization

Soybean is cultivated from long time ago, being well apreciated due to its agricultural and nutritive values. On ARDS Turda there is a long tradition in cultivating and studying the soybean plant in order to highlight the most efficient genotypes. The aim of our study is to analyse the response of a soybean genotype created on ARDS Turda to the applied inputs and to highlight the most efficient management both from productive and qualitative point of view. The experimental field was installed in the year 2013 within ARDS Turda fields. In order to accomplish the objectives proposed we organized a bifactorial experience of type A (P= phosphorus doses) X B (gulle doses). The biological material consists in Felix genotype of soybean. The experimental factors studied are phosphorus in 3 doses (P1 (control variant, unfertilized), P2 ( fertilized with 50 kg/ha P 2 O 5 ) and P3 (fertilized with 100 kg/ha P 2 O 5 )) and gulle in 4 doses (G1 ((control variant, unfertilized), G2 (fertilizrd with 5 t/ha gulle), G3 (fertilized with 10 t/ha gulle) and G4 (fertilized with 15 t/ha gulle)). The results obtained showed a different reaction of the genotype studied under the influence of fertilization and allowed us to recommend the best technology for this genotype in order to achieve high yields and superior quality. All treatments showed differences when compared to the control variant (both on mineral and organic fertilization).

Influence of Some Abiotic Risk Factors on Parental Forms in Some Registered Corn Hybrids (Zea mays, L)

Corn is one of the most important crops, and yield may be affected by risks that manifest more strongly in recent years. In hybrid seed production activity, these risks are even greater importance for breeder and for hybrid seed multiplier. Considering the risks mentioned, the objectives are to test the reaction of certain genotypes in different phenophases with manifestation of abiotic factors (low temperatures and hail). Genotypes analyzed were parental forms of hybrids homologated by ARDS Turda, and inbred lines used in the creation of hybrids. The analyzed risk factors were frost in phenophases of 5-6 leaves and 7-8 leaves, and we simulated a soft hail in 8-10 leaves and after pollination, an average hail, a “defoliation” of 50% of the leaves and “defoliation” of 80-90% of the leaves. The effect of frost was almost insignificant in first phenophase, yield losses to 8% in hybrids, and 12% in inbred lines. In the second phenological phase, low temperatures losses of 51% in hybrids, and 70% in inbred lines. Hail causes insignificant losses before pollination of 1% in hybrids and 0.5% in inbred lines. Instead total defoliation of hail, produce 71% losses in hybrids, and 70% in inbred lines. If the phenomena occurring in the later phenophases, both hybrids and inbred lines respond negatively in terms of yield, thousand grain weight, and corn cob yield. For inbred lines, negative temperatures have a stronger effect compared to hail. For both hybrids and inbred lines, hail caused a greater damage compared with frost.

Phenotypic Variability of Some Maize Inbreed Lines from ARDS Turda

The inbreed lines collection from the Agricultural Reseach and Development Station Turda include inbreed lines created on the station, but also lines with a different origin.The aim of this paper is the study of the phenotypic variability between maize inbreed lines for vegetative traits of the plant and the traits of ear and kernels: plant height, ear height, number of leaves/plant, number of branches/tassel, reaction to different types of cms, ear lenght, number of rows, number of kernels/row, kernels type, kernels color, cob color and the chemical composition of the grains. Using the phenotypic characterisation there are identified new sources for some favorable traits that can be used for the breeding of competitive hybrids. The study also refered to the number of days between sowing to silking, and sowing to physiological maturity. On this study there were analyzed over 471 dent and flint inbreed lines from ARDS Turda. The inbreed lines were studied on the field regarding vegetative traits: the plant height, the ear height, number of leaves/plant and the number of branches/tassel. On the laboratory there were studied the ear and kernels traits. Using all the data obtained there will be choosen some inbreed lines that are used for the maize hybrids breeding programs. Most inbreed lines belong to the dent variety and most lines have a short or medium long ear. It was also noticed a high proportion of lines with 14-18 kernel rows. There is a high variability between the lines regarding the plant height, ear hight and the number of kernels/row, and a very high variability for the number of branches/tassel. The inbreed lines from ARDS Turda can be used as parents for the commercial hybrids. The variability between the lines makes them more valuable, due to the fact that there are a lot of sources for maize improvement programs.

STUDY OF SOME PRODUCTION AND QUALITY INDEX ON SOME WINTER WHEAT VARIETIES CREATED AT ARDS TURDA

Wheat occupies the largest area under cultivation due to its importance. In the Transylvanian Plateau conditions at ARDS Turda were have been conducted a series of experiments which aimed to highlight the way that most effectively leverages wheat the pedo-climatic conditions in terms of the application of different doses of fertilizers. Thus we studied the 10 wheat varieties 3 varieties (Ariesan, Apullum and Turda 2000) created at ARDS Turda and the other on other research stations in Romania following the way they have used certain production - quality indicators. The 10 varieties were placed in polifactorial experience over two years in 2013 respectively 2014. Was used the balanced grid method in six repetitions which allowed them to study the application of two doses of fertilizer 250 kg/ha N 50 P 50 K 0 and 200 kg/ha N 66. In the autumn after sowing were applied 250 kg/ha N 50 P 50 K 0 for the first 3 repetitions and repetitions in spring 4.5 and 6 was applied fertilizer dose of 200 kg/ha N 66. In the two years 2013 and 2014 the 10 experimental varieties responded differently to environmental conditions and fertilizers as revealed in the interpretation of data using statistical models that varieties created in the conditions of ARDS Turda have the best balance in terms that the production quality.

The Influence of Fungicide Treatment on the Production and the Quality of Several Autumn Wheat Varieties

The wheat production range from one year to another and is influenced by the climatic conditions, the cultivated variety and the presence of the pathogens which cause foliar and ear diseases . Also the quality of production ( protein and gluten ) is influenced by the pedological and climatic condition and diseases. The effect of the fungicide treatments in vegetation on the production and quality was studied in 2012-2013 at ARDS Turda, in the Phytopathology laboratory field . The study was conducted with five wheat varieties : Ariesan , Apullum, Turda 2000, Dumbrava and Andrada and the test variants were: no treatment ( T0), one treatment, ( T1) and two treatments (T2 ). The vegetation treatments have been carried out with the products Nativo ( 1l/ha) at the flag leaf appearance and Prosaro ( 1l/ha) at the end of the flowering . Since the Fusarium head blight, produced by different species of the genus Fusarium, is the most important disease in wheat crops and has a high impact on the quality and quantity of production, the percentage of diseased kernels was determined . The production was evaluated in kg/ha and the qualitative parameters were determined using the INSTALAB600 and AGRI CECK analyzer. Following the observations made and the statistical interpretation of data, we can say that applying vegetation treatments the percentage of diseased grains decreases compared to the control. The yield increases when treatment was applied. The gluten and the protein content recorded a slight decrease or increase , depending on the test variant ; the ash content decreased when the treatments were applied on the vegetation period . The application of fungicide treatment on the vegetation is an important link in the wheat cultivation technology , ensuring the achievement quantitative and qualitative higher production .

Effect of mineral fertilization on the yield of maize in the climatic conditions from ARDS Turda

The importance of the maize fertilization system consists in its directly involvement in the plant growth and development processes conditioning the quantity, quality and economic level of the crops as well as the soil fertility status. Application of unilateral and combined fertilization with different doses of fertilizers and zeolite showed significant variations between experimental variants.