Archival Data Research Articles

Gone with the Molecular Wind: Photoevaporation in the Compact Dust Disk around CX Tau

We present Keck NIRSPEC+AO high-resolution (R ∼ 25,000), mid-infrared (M-band: 4.6–5.2 μm) spectra of the protoplanetary disk CX Tau. CX Tau provides an ideal laboratory to study inner disk chemistry in a disk where the signs of radial drift of pebbles are present in the form of a compact mm dust disk and extended gas disk. Our data covers many 12CO v = 1–0 ro-vibrational transitions, in addition to 13CO and 12CO v = 2–1. We find no evidence for CO emission in the inner disk of CX Tau at the level of 8 × 1016 cm−2, but do detect narrow, blueshifted absorption at ∼−6 km s−1. A rotation diagram analysis shows that the gas temperature ranges from about 10 to 350 K, with column densities ∼9 × 1015 and 3 × 1017 cm−2, respectively. In addition to our Keck-NIRSPEC spectra, we create line maps from archival JWST-MIRI IFU data using custom JDISCS reduction techniques. These maps show spatially extended (∼500 au) H2 and [ Ne ii]. The blueshifted CO absorption and extended H2 and [Ne ii] are evidence of a photoevaporative disk wind. We estimate a wind mass-loss rate from the H2 S(1) line of ∼10−9 M ⊙ yr−1, which is approximately equal to the stellar accretion rate and suggests that CX Tau is in the early stages of disk dispersal.

Advocating for rebellion – Rebel diplomacy and international advocacy in the Bougainville Crisis

ABSTRACT Solidarity movements, pressure groups, or support networks can be observed in most disputes about territory, sovereignty, and secession. Yet, international advocacy remains an under-researched aspect of secessionist conflict. What is the function of non-state support for secessionist rebellion? Drawing on archival and original data, I investigate the interactions between the Bougainville Revolutionary Army and its international support network. The analysis finds that secessionist rebels seek non-state assistance to compensate for their lack of state patronage and obtain various benefits. Fusing rebel diplomacy with transnational advocacy offers an innovative perspective on the international interactions of secessionist groups.

SAUNAS. II. Discovery of Cross-shaped X-Ray Emission and a Rotating Circumnuclear Disk in the Supermassive S0 Galaxy NGC 5084

Combining Chandra, Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array, EVLA, and Hubble Space Telescope archival data and newly acquired data from the Apache Point Observatory/Dual Imaging Spectrograph, we detect a double-lobed 17 kpc X-ray emission with plumes oriented approximately perpendicular and parallel to the galactic plane of the massive lenticular galaxy NGC 5084 at 0.3–2.0 keV. We detect a highly inclined ( i=71.2−1.7+1.8◦ ), molecular circumnuclear disk ( D=304−11+10 pc) in the core of the galaxy rotating (V rot(2−1)CO=242.7−6.4+9.6 km s−1) in a direction perpendicular to that of the galactic disk, implying a total mass of log10MBHM⊙=7.66−0.15+0.21 for NGC 5084's supermassive black hole. Archival EVLA radio observations at 6 and 20 cm reveal two symmetric radio lobes aligned with the galactic plane, extending to a distance of R¯=4.6±0.6kpc from the core, oriented with the polar axis of the circumnuclear disk. The spectral energy distribution lacks strong emission lines in the optical range. Three formation scenarios are considered to explain these multiwavelength archival observations: (1) active galactic nuclei (AGN) reorientation caused by accretion of surrounding material, (2) AGN-driven hot gas outflow directed along the galactic minor axis, or (3) a starburst/supernovae driven outflow at the core of the galaxy. This discovery is enabled by new imaging analysis tools including the Selective Amplification of Ultra Noisy Astronomical Signal, demonstrating the abundance of information still to be exploited in the vast and growing astronomical archives.

Pastoral culture in the economic space of the Kolyma region of Yakutia based on historical and ethnographic observations in the early twentieth century.

The main idea of the presented publication is to highlight the processes of spreading pastoral practices as a separate element of traditional Yakut culture in the Kolyma region of Yakutia in the first half of the twentieth century. The object of the study is the data of historical and ethnographic studies conducted in the 1950s by the staff of the Institute of Language, Literature and History of the Siberian Branch of the USSR Academy of Sciences. The materials they have collected are an important source on the ethnocultural history of the region, requiring a modern interpretation of the scientific data they have obtained. The subject of the study of this article is the reflection in these sources of the processes of expansion of pastoral practices to the northeast of Yakutia in the first half of the twentieth century and their adaptation to local natural, cultural and socio-economic conditions, which had not previously been considered in such a perspective and did not become the object of a separate study. The methodological basis of the article was the historical method of analyzing archival data and scientific literature related to the research topic. The use of historical-comparative, historical-systemic, problem-chronological and statistical methods allowed the most complete analysis of the studied processes. It has been revealed that studies conducted in the north-east of Yakutia in the middle of the twentieth century make it possible to more clearly understand the history and culture of its inhabitants, as well as identify the features of their daily life, traditions and customs. The works of scientists of that time are undoubtedly a valuable source of information about life and social relations in Kolyma. At the same time, the processes affecting the interaction of northern cultures in the conditions of adaptation and the formation of new economic models still remain insufficiently studied. Based on the collected materials, the main results of the ongoing integration economic processes in the north-east of Yakutia in the first half of the twentieth century were identified and it was noted that the modernization processes that took place during this period had an even more significant impact on the ethnic composition and economic activities of the indigenous population, accelerating the transition of local aboriginal ethnic groups to new, previously unusual for this region.

Liminality in Women and Men After Love-bombing on Social Media

This study aims to uncover the phenomenon of love-bombing and how it triggers liminality in victims, as well as analyze the love-bombing process experienced by men and women on social media. This study also explores the differences in psychological impacts after love-bombing on both genders, especially among teenagers and young adults in the context of Indonesian urban culture. The method used is qualitative with a virtual ethnography approach, which allows the author to understand cultural phenomena in online spaces, especially on platforms such as WhatsApp and TikTok. Data collection techniques include participant observation, in-depth interviews, literature studies, and digital data archiving. The results of the study show that victims of love-bombing, both men and women, receive excessive attention from the perpetrators who aim to gain control over the victim or simply overcome their boredom. Love-bombing causes profound psychological impacts: men experience trauma and decreased self-esteem, while women face a long recovery process to rebuild independence. The liminality phase is characterized by changes in the perpetrator's behavior that create confusion and uncertainty, making men feel lost and women experience emotional dependence.

The study of the Effect of Ionospheric Variables on the Astronomical Radio Signal

In this work, the effect of the ionospheric variables on the astronomical radio signal was studied. Florida station, for the year 2014, was selected and the actual observation data of the Jupiter signal from the Radio JOVE Data Archive was used. The Radio Jove Pro software was used to determine the number of radio emissions from Jupiter that were supposed to occur. The data of the electron density and temperatures of the ionosphere for altitudes 200-500 kilometers were taken from the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) site, where 116 supposed events were obtained, and after applying determinants for the angle of elevation of Jupiter and the elevation of the sun, this number was reduced to 45. This work aims to focus on the role of the ionosphere in blocking the radio signal coming from Jupiter. It was found that 28 events were actually observed, while 17 events were not observed. The possibility of observing is better after sunset and depends on Jupiter's height above the horizon relative to the observer. The value of F2 peak density during the night time and along the year was about 1011 to 1012 m-3 and at a height of about 270-360 km. Approximately 82% of the observations occurred when the F2 peak density was less than 6×1011 m-3 and the height was greater than 300 km, and approximately 82% of the cases of non-observation occurred when the F2 peak density was greater than 6×1011 m-3 and the height was less than 300 km. The probability of observation is greatly affected by the relationship between the value of the electron density and its height.

Insomnia Prevalence and Mental Health Correlates Among 18,646 Users of an Internet-Based Cognitive-Behavioural Therapy Website: Archival Real-World Data from the United States, 2017–2019

Sleep problems were examined in archival data from 18,646 users of a commercial service that provided online health risk screening, educational resources, and self-guided computerized therapy lessons for insomnia and other mental health disorders. The sample was split between college students and working adults and represents a growing modern segment of adults who voluntarily seek out digital support for common behavioral issues. The goals were to explore the prevalence and possible correlates of insomnia among this unique sample. The cognitive behavioral-based therapy from this service has evidence of its clinical effectiveness and value to users in past research. Results revealed that 36% of all users were at risk for a clinical insomnia disorder. The severity of insomnia was significantly (all _p _<.001) associated with the severity of depression (_r_ =.65; 43% clinical); anxiety (_r_ =.54; 40% clinical); stress (_r_ =.54; 25% clinical); social phobia (_r_ =.34; 27% clinical); and general health status (_r_ = -.26; 15% clinical). Younger age was weakly associated with insomnia (_r_ = -.14; avg. 32 years; range 18-83), while both gender (_r_ = -.05; 76% female) and race (_r_ =.00; 81% White) were unrelated to insomnia. More severe insomnia was associated with lower work performance and greater work absenteeism (_r_ = -.30; _r_ =.17, respectively). The conclusions are that insomnia was commonly experienced among users of digital tools, often comorbid with other common mental health conditions, and linked to work performance problems. Thus, online self-help health and related digital services should screen for multiple disorders, including insomnia, rather than focusing on the specific disorder emphasized in the care program.

Labour migration, mass unemployment and the state: Class, gender and work in the Land Settlement Association in inter-war rural England

This paper develops research on employment and class transitions in rural economies by arguing that migration policies and gendered divisions of labour need to be central to any explanation. The paper takes as its focus state responses to mass unemployment during the ‘great recession’ of the 1930s in the United Kingdom. Through an analysis of a corpus of archival material and data, the paper examines the role of one programme – the Land Settlement Association – in the process of transforming unemployed miners and industrial workers into a new rural ‘yeomanry’ of smallholder commodity producers. It argues that in order to understand this attempt at class transformation we need to appreciate the centrality of gender and domestic divisions of labour to the process of class transformation and to extend existing debates on precarity in seasonal, international agricultural workers programmes to consider transformation of unemployed industrial workers, who became internal migrants, into agrarian subjects.

Markarian Multiwavelength Data Center (MMDC): A Tool for Retrieving and Modeling Multitemporal, Multiwavelength, and Multimessenger Data from Blazar Observations

The Markarian Multiwavelength Data Center (MMDC) is a web-based tool designed for accessing and retrieving multiwavelength and multimessenger data from blazar observations. MMDC facilitates the construction and interactive visualization of time-resolved multiband spectral energy distributions of blazars by integrating (i) archival data from over 80 catalogs and databases, (ii) optical data from all-sky survey facilities such as the All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae, Zwicky Transient Facility, and Panoramic Survey Telescope and Rapid Response System, and (iii) newly analyzed data sets in the optical/UV band from Swift-UVOT, in the X-ray band from Swift-X-Ray Telescope and NuSTAR observations, and the high-energy γ-ray band from Fermi-Large Area Telescope observations. MMDC distinguishes itself from other online platforms by the large quantity of available data. For instance, it includes data from all blazar observations by Swift and NuSTAR, as well as the results of detailed spectral analysis in the γ-ray band during different emission states, covering the period from 2008 to 2023. Another important distinguishing feature of MMDC is its ability to enable precise, self-consistent theoretical modeling of the observed data using machine learning algorithms trained on leptonic and lepto-hadronic models, which consider the injection of particles and all relevant cooling processes. MMDC is an innovative tool that significantly enhances blazar research by providing a comprehensive framework for data accessibility, analysis, and theoretical interpretation, thereby advancing our understanding of blazar emissions and the underlying astrophysical processes.

Two Intriguing Transits of HIP 23309 Observed by TESS

Abstract We present two distinct dips in the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite light curves for HIP 23309, a young, active M0 dwarf, which has been previously identified as a potential exoplanet host candidate. We characterize both dips, and archival radial velocity data from ESO's High Accuracy Radial velocity Planet Searcher spectrograph, providing limits on a potential companion. Currently, we are unable to confirm the existence of a companion, or if the transits are caused by stellar variability.

Romani Music Collections, the Ruptured Archive, and Epistemic Justice in the United States

Creating collections and archives of genres such as csardas, parallel to holdings of Romantic compositions based on those styles, affords a means for contemporary Romani performance to provoke institutional recognition of Roma’s historical influence on art music. This essay analyzes an instance of such a project at Oberlin College & Conservatory, while also advocating for a rupturing and resuturing of traditional archival data. A Storied People, an online Romani music project bridging collections of musical media and oral histories of csardas musicians in the Hungarian/Slovak Roma community around Cleveland, Ohio, USA, went public-facing in 2019, showcasing a Romani music collector’s donations and work by a Romani activist and historian in Cleveland, Oberlin Library staff and seminar students, and an ethnomusicologist. This article considers how acquiring the collection intervenes in 21st-century Romani music studies, musicological and archival practices, and their interrelations. Rather than having the collection sit for future research and pedagogical purposes, we connected it through two integrated online platforms to streamable, keyword-linked local oral histories relating to the collection’s traditions, performers, and compositions. The resulting online resource makes the music collection and oral histories more meaningful and accessible, at Oberlin and beyond. It thereby ruptures the collection, suturing its material resources to new musical performances and storytelling before it has a chance to reify into an institutionally contained unit. Addressing the sociopolitical context of this work and Roma’s ambiguous status within American epistemologies of race and ethnicity, the article analyses the successes and limitations of this approach to collaboration and the need for applied ethnomusicologists to learn from and integrate with applied community-making coming out of musical communities who have long been both wary of and invested in the processes of their public representation.

Exploring dynamic duality between formal and non-formal accountability processes in a public services context

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the dynamic relationship between formal and non-formal processes of accountability in a public services context.Design/methodology/approachThe paper presents a case study of the impact of the Health and Social Care Act (2012) on the practices of Health and Wellbeing Board (HWB) members. It draws upon multiple data sources, including in-depth interviews with the members, comprehensive archival data published by the HWB (2011–2019), and observations of HWB public meetings. We utilise the concept of dynamic duality (Li, 2008) to further theorise the relationship between formal and non-formal processes of accountability and how they mutually transform one another.FindingsThe case illustrates the role of formal and non-formal processes of accountability at a HWB in England. Moreover, the case study reveals the relationship and interaction between the formal and non-formal accountability processes and how they change and transform each other over time. We find that whilst non-formal accountability processes were strengthened by a historical legacy of partnership working, over time the dynamics at play led to the development of formal accountability processes through more sophisticated performance systems, which in turn transformed non-formal accountability processes.Originality/valueThe paper presents a more holistic conceptualisation than articulated in prior accountability literature, dynamic duality, on the relationship between formal and non-formal accountability processes. Through application of this conceptualisation to a HWB in England, the paper spotlights the inter-relationship between formal and non-formal processes of accountability, and how they have the potential to transform each over an extended time-period.

A 2.9 hr Periodic Radio Transient with an Optical Counterpart

We present a long-period radio transient (GLEAM-X J0704−37) discovered to have an optical counterpart, consistent with a cool main-sequence star of spectral type M3. The radio periodicity occurs at the longest period yet found, 2.9 hr, and was discovered in archival low-frequency data from the Murchison Widefield Array. High time resolution observations from MeerKAT show that pulsations from the source display complex microstructure and high linear polarisation, suggesting a pulsar-like emission mechanism occurring due to strong, ordered magnetic fields. The timing residuals, measured over more than a decade, show tentative evidence of a ∼6 yr modulation. The high Galactic latitude of the system and the M-dwarf star excludes a magnetar interpretation, suggesting a more likely M-dwarf/white dwarf binary scenario for this system.

Tentative Blazar Candidate EP240709A Associated with 4FGL J0031.5−5648: NICER and Archival Multiwavelength Observations

Abstract We report on follow-up observations of the recently discovered transient by the Einstein Probe, EP240709A, with the Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer. We also incorporated archival multiwavelength survey data from the Neil Gehrels Swift Observatory (X-ray), Gaia (optical), the Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope (gamma-ray), and the Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer (infrared) to distinguish between blazars and stellar systems. We suggest that EP240709A is likely an active blazar.

Multiwavelength investigations of PKS 2300−18: S-shaped radio quasar with precessing jets and double peaked broad emission line spectrum

Abstract S-shaped radio galaxy jets are prime sources for investigating the dynamic interplay between the central active galactic nucleus, the jets, and the ambient intergalactic medium. These sources are excellent candidates for studying jet precession, as their S-shaped inversion symmetry strongly indicates underlying precession. We present a multiwavelength analysis of the giant inversion-symmetric S-shaped radio galaxy PKS 2300−18, which spans 0.76 Mpc. The host is a quasar at a redshift of 0.128, displaying disturbed optical morphology due to an ongoing merger with a companion galaxy. We conducted a broadband radio spectral study using multifrequency data ranging from 183 MHz to 6 GHz, incorporating dedicated observations with the uGMRT and JVLA alongside archival radio data. Particle injection model was fitted to the spectra of different regions of the source to perform ageing analysis, which was supplemented with a kinematic jet precession model. The ageing analysis revealed a maximum plasma age of ∼ 40 Myr, while the jet precession model indicated a precession period of ∼ 12 Myr. ROSAT data revealed an X-ray halo of Mpc size, and from Chandra the AGN X-ray spectrum was modelled using thermal and power law components. The optical spectrum displaying double peaked broad emission lines was modelled, indicating complex broad line region kinematics at the centre with the possibility of a binary SMBH. We present the results of our multiwavelength analysis of the source, spanning scales from a few light days to a few Mpc, and discuss its potential evolutionary path.

Forgotten Children

Fetal and infant skeletal remains in anatomical collections remain an underutilized yet important source of information on the interactions of gender, class, and religion during pregnancy and infant loss. The W. D. Trotter Anatomy Museum at the University of Otago in New Zealand, founded in the nineteenth century, houses more than 2,000 models and anatomical “specimens,” with many of the skeletal remains lacking provenience information. This research aimed to both provide an inventory of the fetal and infant skeletal remains and identify through archival analysis the social context of those whose remains were obtained by the museum. An osteological analysis was carried out to assess the minimum number of individuals (MNI), estimate age-at-death, and provide evidencefor pathology and dissection. The results are interpreted in the context of the archival accession data and historical information at the time to provide the social context in which these people lived and therefore information that may be related to their deaths and acquisition of their bodies by the university. Most of the infants within the collection died around the time of full-termbirth, and some individuals have evidence for developmental pathology, birth trauma, and/or postmortem dissection. The historical context and legislation around body donation suggests structural inequality played a role in the acquisition of these infants’ remains from mothers (primarily poor and/or unmarried women) and that these remains went through a process of commodification and objectification and were retained as developmental teaching “specimens” and examples of pathology.

WTP 19aalnxx: Discovery of a Bright Mid-infrared Transient in the Emerging Class of Low-luminosity Supernovae Revealed by Delayed Circumstellar Interaction

While core-collapse supernovae (SNe) often show early and consistent signs of circumstellar medium (CSM) interaction, some exhibit delayed signatures due to interaction with distant material around the progenitor star. Here we present the discovery in NEOWISE data of WTP 19aalnxx, a luminous mid-infrared (MIR) transient in the outskirts of the galaxy KUG 0022-007 at ≈190 Mpc. First detected in 2018, WTP 19aalnxx reaches a peak absolute (Vega) magnitude of ≈−22 at 4.6 μm in ≈3 yr, comparable to the most luminous interacting SNe. Archival data reveal a ≳5× fainter optical counterpart detected since 2015, while follow-up near-infrared observations in 2022 reveal an extremely red (Ks − W2 ≈ 3.7 mag) active transient. Deep optical spectroscopy confirm strong CSM interaction signatures via intermediate-width Balmer emission lines and coronal metal lines. Modeling the broadband spectral energy distribution, we estimate the presence of ≳10−2 M ⊙ of warm dust, likely formed in the cold dense shell. Together with the lack of nebular Fe emission, we suggest that WTP 19aalnxx is a missed, low (optical) luminosity SN in an emerging family of core-collapse SNe distinguished by their CSM-interaction-powered MIR emission that outshines the optical bands. Investigating the Zwicky Transient Facility sample of SNe with NEOWISE data, we find 16 core-collapse SNe (≳3% in a volume-limited sample) without early signs of CSM interaction that exhibit delayed IR brightening, suggestive of dense CSM shells at ≲1017 cm. We suggest that synoptic IR surveys offer a new route to revealing late-time CSM interaction and the prevalence of intense terminal mass loss in massive stars.

Periodic Gamma-Ray Modulation of the Blazar PG 1553+113 Confirmed by Fermi-LAT and Multiwavelength Observations

A 2.1 yr periodic oscillation of the gamma-ray flux from the blazar PG 1553+113 has previously been tentatively identified in ∼7 yr of data from the Fermi Large Area Telescope. After 15 yr of Fermi sky-survey observations, doubling the total time range, we report >7 cycle gamma-ray modulation with an estimated significance of 4σ against stochastic red noise. Independent determinations of oscillation period and phase in the earlier and the new data are in close agreement (chance probability <0.01). Pulse timing over the full light curve is also consistent with a coherent periodicity. Multiwavelength new data from Swift X-Ray Telescope, Burst Alert Telescope, and UVOT, and from KAIT, Catalina Sky Survey, All-Sky Automated Survey for Supernovae, and Owens Valley Radio Observatory ground-based observatories as well as archival Rossi X-Ray Timing Explorer satellite-All Sky Monitor data, published optical data of Tuorla, and optical historical Harvard plates data are included in our work. Optical and radio light curves show clear correlations with the gamma-ray modulation, possibly with a nonconstant time lag for the radio flux. We interpret the gamma-ray periodicity as possibly arising from a pulsational accretion flow in a sub-parsec binary supermassive black hole system of elevated mass ratio, with orbital modulation of the supplied material and energy in the jet. Other astrophysical scenarios introduced include instabilities, disk and jet precession, rotation or nutation, and perturbations by massive stars or intermediate-mass black holes in polar orbit.

Experimental characterization and similarity scaling of smooth-body flow separation and reattachment on a two-dimensional ramp geometry

The results of an experimental investigation of smooth-body adverse pressure gradient (APG) turbulent boundary layer flow separation and reattachment over a two-dimensional ramp are presented. These results are part of a larger archival smooth-body flow separation data set acquired in partnership with NASA Langley Research Center and archived on the NASA Turbulence Modeling Resource website. The experimental geometry provides initial canonical turbulent boundary layer growth under nominally zero pressure gradient conditions prior to encountering a smooth, two-dimensional, backward facing ramp geometry onto which a streamwise APG that is fully adjustable is imposed. Detailed surface and off-surface flow field measurements are used to fully characterize the smooth-body APG turbulent boundary layer separation and reattachment at multiple spanwise locations over the ramp geometry. Unsteady aspects of the flow separation are characterized. It is shown that the first and second spatial derivatives of the streamwise static surface pressure profile are sufficient to determine key detachment and reattachment locations. The imposed streamwise APG gives rise to inflectional mean velocity profiles and the associated formation of an embedded shear layer, which is shown to play a dominant role in the subsequent flow development. Similarity scaling is developed for both the mean velocity and turbulent stresses that is found to provide self-similar collapse of profiles for different regions of the ramp flow. Despite the highly non-equilibrium flow environment, a new similarity scaling proved capable of providing self-similar turbulent stress profiles over the full streamwise extent of flow separation and downstream reattachment.

SN 1885A and Supernova Remnants in the Centre of M31 with LOFAR

We present the first LOFAR image of the center of M31 at a frequency of 150 MHz. We clearly detect three supernova remnants, which, along with archival VLA data at 3 GHz and other published radio and X-ray data, allows us to characterize them in detail. Our observations also allow us to obtain upper limits of the historical SN 1885A, which is undetected even at a low frequency of 150 MHz. From analytical modeling, we find that SN 1885A will stay in its free-expansion phase for at least another couple of centuries. We find an upper limit of n H ≲ 0.04 cm−3 for the interstellar medium of SN 1885A, and that the SN ejecta density is not shallower than ∝r −9 (on average). From the 2.6σ tentative detection in X-ray, our analysis shows that nonthermal emission is expected to dominate the SN 1885A emission. Comparing our results with those on G1.9+0.3, we find that it is likely that the asymmetries in G1.9+0.3 make it a more efficient radio and X-ray emitter than SN 1885A. For Braun 80, 95, and 101, the other remnants in this region, we estimate ages of 5200, 8100, and 13,100 yr, and shock speeds of 1150, 880, and 660 km s−1, respectively. Based on this, the supernova rate in the central 0.5 kpc × 0.6 kpc of M31 is at least one per ∼3000 yr. We estimate radio spectral indices of −0.66 ± 0.05, −0.37 ± 0.03, and −0.50 ± 0.03 for the remnants, respectively, which match fairly well with previous studies.