Archival Series Research Articles

Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region: Clinical Presentations, Prognostic Factors, Treatments, and Outcomes

: The pineal region is a rare site for primary tumors of the central nervous system. Papillary tumor of the pineal region (PTPR) is a relatively new phenomenon in this region. Considering the rarity of this tumor, the clinical course, treatment, and outcomes are not well studied. In the present study, we searched PubMed for relevant articles. A total of 72 articles were retrieved from PubMed. The exclusion criteria were autopsy and archive series, animal studies, and reports without clinical data. We had no access to the full - text of some articles; accordingly, 19 articles were excluded from the analysis. Data from 53 reports, including 50 case reports and three case series (a total of 73 patients), were collected and analyzed. The patients’ mean age was 33.5 (± 15.4) years. Forty - two cases were male and 31 were female. The most common symptom was headache in patients (80%). Other common symptoms included visual complaints (40%), nausea (31%), memory loss (7%), Parinaud’s syndrome (4%), and impaired gait (2%). Among 73 patients, 32 had undergone complete tumor resection. Twenty - nine patients had received conventional external beam radiotherapy, stereotactic radiosurgery (n, 10), brachytherapy (n, 5), and proton therapy (n, 1). Eight patients received no adjuvant therapy, and data presented in other reports were incomplete. Among the patients (n, 73), 11 received chemotherapy. Fifty patients had no evidence of recurrence at the time of report, while three patients had died. Local recurrence was the most common pattern of relapse (28%); nonetheless, parenchymal and meningeal involvement was also observed. The median disease - free survival (DFS) was 24 months, while five- and ten - year DFS rates were 50.1% and 25.0%, respectively. The median overall survival was 24 months. Generally, PTPR has an indolent course with a tendency towards local recurrence; nonetheless, an aggressive clinical course, associated with parenchymal and meningeal metastases, is well established.

Querying Queer African Archives: Methods and Movements

introductionThe as both repository and methodological concept has spawned increasing interdisciplinary exchanges, fueled by the development of digital forms of production. The has spurred further debates inspired by Michel Foucault's definition of the as system of discursivity (1982, 129) and Jacques Derrida's postmodern musings on archive fever (1996) as central the politics of individual and collective memory, desire, and interpretation.1 In mining various literary, performative, and visual materials and sexual subcultures, Ann Cvetkovich (2003) and Jack Halberstam (2005) in particular have stressed the importance of recovering queer archive of feelings that accounts not only for the past trauma of queer lives but also for the repression, ephemerality, and often spectral traces of queer experiences.Although some scholars have written on the and traditions of African same-sex practices, systematic and meticulous archival work on that topic has remained limited. In his research on male homosexuality in South African compounds and prisons at the turn of the twentieth century, Zackie Achmat, in his genealogical attempt to recover from the archives series of local knowledges for queers in contemporary South paved the way for other scholars engage in similar research (1993, 108). Marc Epprecht notably has worked on uncovering a pan-regional, proto-queer identity firmly rooted in history in southern Africa while acknowledging the many obstacles encountered in the process, from the silence or destruction of historical sources and documents, the prejudices laced with such accounts (2004, 4). Other historians have tackled the multidimensional complexity of archival work on the African continent, specifically South Africa, using feminist and social lens that highlights the controversial status of queer African archives (Hamilton et al. 2002; Mangcu 2011).The study of queer archives in African contexts is further problematized by number of indigenous and exogenous factors. The archival hubris of the colonial enterprise, intent on superimposing its own imperial of knowledge and fantasy, has jeopardized access African records and histories (Richard 1993). The colonial homophobia fostered by British antisodomy laws, for example, contributed the reinvention of the continent as hotbed of sexual perversions, which obscured indigenous same-sex in different ethnic groups. For Keguro Macharia, the political homophobia deployed by government leaders in countries like Cameroon, Uganda, and Nigeria has prompted activists engage in queer archival work: This turn the also subtends sexual minority organising in Africa: against claims that homosexuality is 'un-African,' activists, artists, and intellectuals have attempted produce archival evidence of same-sex acts in African pasts (2015, 141). Conversations about the role of archives in gender- and sexual-diversity organizing generate questions about such archives' goals. For instance, Western queer archivization of African lives may be motivated by ethnocentric taxonomies and identity politics, undermining African scholars and activists' own work of restoration (Epprecht 2008). In addition, theories of the queer deployed in the U.S. academy have had limited methodological applicability queer African archives, which require different understandings of temporality and subjectivity and should be approached with sense of urgency heightened by the necropolitics of homophobia enforced by some African leaders (Mbembe 2001, 2003).Our goal is not (re)locate same-sex or retrieve queer African agency from the past. Rather, we probe the discourses and best practices that can be implemented uncover queer African archives, broadly defined as methods and movements. The ethical protocol guiding archival projects enables wider conceptualization of transnational queer that, rather than dwelling in the porous uncertainty of its past, remains actively connected both its political present and future. …

Entering a Clerical Career at the Roman Curia, 1458–1471 ed. by Kirsi Salonen and Jussi Hanska (review)

Reviewed by: Entering a Clerical Career at the Roman Curia, 1458–1471 ed. by Kirsi Salonen and Jussi Hanska Antonella Mazzon Entering a Clerical Career at the Roman Curia, 1458–1471. Edited by Kirsi Salonen and Jussi Hanska. [Church, Faith and Culture in the Medieval West.] (Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing. 2013. Pp. xii, 295. $134.96. ISBN 978-1-4094-2839-8.) This work presents a complete investigation of the established procedure to be ordained priest and then enjoy special economic benefits during the pontificates of Pius II (1458–64) and Paul II (1464–71). Not basing their research on narrative sources that usually portray the clerical world as ignorant and inept, the authors [End Page 922] focus their attention on papal documents, produced in particular by two institutions of the Church of Rome: the Apostolic Penitentiary and the Apostolic Chamber. Thanks to in-depth analysis of the sources, it is shown that for the clerical career, the Church of Rome wished to choose men who did not have physical defects, who were reliable in terms of moral qualities, who were well educated, and who had been invested in accordance with canon law. Any exception should have been authorized specifically. The Apostolic Penitentiary is one of the offices of the Papal Curia in charge of granting absolutions and dispensations. Starting from the pontificate of Martin V, it expanded its authority more and more. In this period, referring relevant matters to the Apostolic Penitentiary suggest a desire to enhance one’s career inside the Church. Several requests from the same diocese indicate the intention by the bishop to operate in compliance with legislation and to seek papal dispensations for many of his local candidates, even if such a step was not strictly necessary. Due to the need for priests who could celebrate the sacraments, bishops were often forced to ordain men too young for that role. This is the reason why many applications concern men under age twenty-five. Dispensations for physical defects especially concerned problems with eyes and hands. There were also particular requests for “absolution from being ordained to the priesthood with a false title, or with a falsified dimissory letter” (p. 162). The authors provide case studies, as well as comprehensive and varied examples, quotations of related legislation, and thorough analyses of the data collected. Requests for dispensations came from every part of Christendom, but for de promotis et promovendis the requests came mostly from northern Italy, southern Germany, and what are present-day Benelux countries; these regions had many vacant benefices and a crucial need for priests. As the editors note: … [T]wo petitioners out of three were not yet priests and wanted to be promoted to higher orders and therefore needed a dispensation, either because of a defect or in order to be ordained against the normal ordination practice. One third of the petitioners, in their turn, had already been (in some false way) ordained to the priesthood and therefore needed an absolution and dispensation that would allow them to continue in their orders and offices. (p. 114) Although some papal representative such as legates, nuncios, and collectors could grant dispensations and thus reduce the need to turn to the Penitentiary, many religious and pilgrims arrived in Rome during the spring (especially during the Easter period), intent on fixing their “legal and religious” situation. Sometimes these candidates made the journey to Rome because they could count on a special relationship with an official of the Papal Curia, because their bishop was absent from their diocese, or because they resided outside their home diocese for reasons such as academic study. The second part of the book concerns the ordinations in the Apostolic Chamber during the pontificate of Paul II, and the archival series investigated is represented [End Page 923] by Libri formatarum. There are two categories in this source: “the people who were ordained during the six actual ordination days and those who were ordained outside these days (extra tempora jure statuta)” (p. 168). Official ordinations had to take place in a sacred space (usually a church) and had to be celebrated by one of the eight bishops approved by the Apostolic Chamber and in presence of...

Confronting Marginality in the North Atlantic: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives from the French Colony of Plaisance, Newfoundland

The French colony at Plaisance, Newfoundland, Canada—occupied from 1662 to 1714—was France’s only official colony in Newfoundland. It was a fishing settlement in which colonists caught, processed, and exported dried codfish to various European ports. Despite being the largest French settlement in Newfoundland, Plaisance (known to the English as Placentia) has typically been regarded as a peripheral and insignificant outpost in the northern region of French North America. In this historiographical tradition, the colony suffers in its remote, inhospitable environment, which contributed to the impoverishment of its residents and rendered them utterly dependent on overseas trade for their survival. Detailed analysis of a previously unstudied archival series reveals that this standard narrative exaggerates the situation. The Vieux Fort site (dating from 1662 to 1690) provides a well-preserved archaeological context with which the standard historiography of the colony can be confronted. Economic, social, and environmental marginality are relative concepts, and perceptions of Plaisance’s marginal status differ, depending on the interpreter and the interpretation.

The lung-restricted marker napsin A is highly expressed in clear cell carcinomas of the ovary.

We recently observed expression of the "lung" marker napsin A in ovarian clear cell carcinomas and therefore sought to determine the extent of napsin A expression in a subset of ovarian neoplasms. We identified an archival series of ovarian clear cell carcinomas (n = 36), serous borderline tumors (n = 21), high-grade serous carcinomas (n = 37), and endometrioid adenocarcinomas (n = 29). Using standard immunohistochemical techniques on whole sections of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens, we employed a panel of antibodies: napsin A (IP64), estrogen receptor (SP1), WT-1 (6F-H2), PAX-8 (BC12), and TTF-1 (SPT24). Thirty-six of 36 clear cell carcinomas showed napsin A expression, typically in a uniform pattern. None of the serous borderline tumors or high-grade serous carcinomas manifested napsin A expression. Napsin A was expressed in three (10%) of 29 endometrioid adenocarcinomas, generally in a focal pattern. Our study showed that napsin A is an extremely sensitive (100%) marker of ovarian clear cell carcinomas and exhibits very high specificity (100%) in distinguishing clear cell carcinomas from high-grade serous carcinomas and serous borderline tumors and 90% specificity in discriminating clear cell carcinomas from endometrioid carcinomas.

Rotuli Parisienses: Supplications to the Pope from the University of Paris, Vol. III : 1378–1394 ed. by William J. Courtenay, Eric D. Goddard (review)

Reviewed by: Rotuli Parisienses: Supplications to the Pope from the University of Paris, Vol. III: 1378–1394 ed. by William J. Courtenay, Eric D. Goddard Thierry Kouamé Rotuli Parisienses: Supplications to the Pope from the University of Paris, Vol. III: 1378–1394. Edited by William J. Courtenay and Eric D. Goddard. 2 vols. [Education and Society in the Middle Ages and Renaissance, Vols. 44/1 and 44/2.] (Boston: Brill. 2013. Pp. xiv, 502 (vol. 44/1); 503–1152 (vol. 44/2). $346.00. ISBN 978-90-04-23378-2.) William Courtenay is one of the finest scholars who specialize in the prosopography of the Parisian academics in the Middle Ages. In 2002 and 2004 he edited the first two volumes of the rotuli that the University of Paris sent to the Avignon papacy between 1316 and 1378. The third volume, published in two parts and coedited by Eric Goddard, is completely devoted to the pontificate of Clement VII (1378–94), the first antipope of the Great Schism. The rotuli were made up of collective supplications to the Curia from princes, prelates, and certain institutions requesting papal benefices or promises thereof for their dependants or their staff. We are already familiar with a number of rotuli emanating from the University of Paris, which have been preserved in the Vatican Archives. These lists of supplicants were drawn up by the entire university, one faculty, one nation, one college, or a group of graduates. Heinrich Denifle and Émile Chatelain edited more than fifty examples from between 1342 and 1403 in volumes II to IV of their Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis (Paris, 1891–97). However, apart from the fact that these two scholars saw fit to publish mainly extracts, their research was limited by the very nature of their sources as the archive series of supplications begins only in 1342. For the earlier period we only have the registers of papal letters, which recorded the papal favors accorded in response to supplications received by the Curia. Courtenay’s important contribution has been to show that the earliest Parisian rotuli do not date from 1342 but go back as far as the pontificate of the Avignonese pope, John XXII (1316–34). From a close examination of the papal letters, he was able to identify groups of apostolic favors with exactly the same date that were dispensed to members of the University of Paris and that were probably from the same rotulus, a rotulus that was not registered, as there was no specific register for that purpose. Pushing his research beyond 1342, Courtenay has been able not only to reconstitute these lost rotuli but also to fill in the gaps in the supplications from the period when they were in fact preserved. Indeed, the papal letters contain more biographical details than the registered supplications. The third volume of the Rotuli Parisienses thus contains thirty-nine rotuli, sixteen more than those published by Denifle and Chatelain for the same period. Furthermore, Courtenay and Goddard have edited the complete content of the supplications in an abbreviated form and have analyzed the papal letters written in reply to them, when these could be found. This is a considerable advance on the previous incomplete versions of the Chartularium. There is also an appendix containing a large [End Page 337] number of individual supplications from the Parisian academics. This work is more than a work of pure scholarship—it is also one of great historical interest because of the specific context of the pontificate of Clement VII. The crisis of the Great Schism was responsible for an increase in the number and size of the rotuli, and the Avignonese pope, who wished to remain in the good graces of the powerful University of Paris, was eager to grant its requests whenever possible. This is why the third volume of Rotuli Parisienses is almost as long as the first two volumes combined and contains the supplications of almost 3000 scholars who provide us with information on their origins, their studies, and their ecclesiastical careers and benefits. It is easy to see that this publication, which is further enriched with a detailed index, constitutes an essential contribution to the prosopography of the University...

Multiple-clause petitions to the English parliament in the later Middle Ages: instruments of pragmatism or persuasion?

This discussion considers how and why some parliamentary private petitions were written as lists of separate requests or complaints between the late thirteenth and mid-fifteenth centuries. These petitions constitute a small, but visually distinctive, sub-group of The National Archives series SC 8 (‘Ancient Petitions’). Although the practicalities of writing complicated requests were often a key factor, the article argues that other more subtle considerations could lead to the adoption of a ‘multiple-clause’ petition: it could be part of a rhetorical strategy; it might have been determined by bureaucratic expediency; or it could indicate co-operation between petitioners with a common cause. Overall, the discussion contributes to our understanding of the mechanics of writing petitions in the late medieval period and it offers new insights into the strategies adopted by petitioners to gain a favourable outcome to their requests.

HGF/c-met system targeting PI3K/AKT and STAT3/phosphorylated-STAT3 pathways in pituitary adenomas: an immunohistochemical characterization in view of targeted therapies

The ligand/receptor hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/c-met signaling system promotes cellular growth and angiogenesis through PI3K/phosphor-Akt and STAT3/phosphor-STAT3 downstream effectors. In this study, we have evaluated the expression of molecules of the HGF/c-met pathway in pituitary adenomas (PA). The expression of HGF, c-met, PI3K (p85αsubunit) pAkt, STAT3, and pSTAT3 was analyzed by immunohistochemistry in an archival series of 30 PA (12 non-functioning and 18 functioning; 25 macroadenomas and 5 microadenomas). PAs expressed all six proteins in tumor epithelial cells. The proportion of c-met(+ve) cells was greater than HGF(+ve) cells (49 ± 19 vs 34 ± 17 %, P < 0.01), the pAkt(+ve) cells greater than PI3K(+ve) cells (39 ± 16.0 vs 1.3 ± 0.5 %, P < 0.001), and the STAT3(+ve) cells greater than active pSTAT3(+ve) cells (14 ± 8 vs 7 ± 6 %, P < 0.01). Furthermore, endothelial Akt immunostaining was detected on the vascular surface area of 17 PAs, in macroadenomas more frequently than in microadenomas (82 vs 18 %). The percentage of immunostained endothelial cells was greater in macro than in microadenomas (19 ± 7 and 7 ± 3 %; P < 0.05). In conclusion, HGF and c-met are widely expressed in PA, and correlate with pAkt expression. These data, together with the finding of pAkt immunostaining on microvascular areas related to tumor size, suggest a major role of the pAKT signaling in tumor growth and angiogenesis. There might be practical implications for the targeted therapy of PA.

Ground zero: Nicholas Rothwell's natural history of destruction

In Wings of the Kite-Hawk (2003) and The Red Highway (2009), Australian travel writer Nicholas Rothwell describes his visits to a series of archives – libraries, memorials, history and natural history collections, art galleries, and antiquarian bookshops – in his quest for evidence of the great catastrophes of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries: these include the ongoing contact between European and Aboriginal Australia, the apparent extinction of traditional Aboriginal languages and cultures, desertification and the mass extinction of species, and that great engine of twentieth-century destruction and dispersal, the Second World War. In this paper I examine the role of the archive in Rothwell's writing by comparison with the work of German-born novelist, W.G. Sebald. In The Rings of Saturn (trans. 1998), Sebald uses the image of debris held in Saturn's gravitational field as a metaphor of the evidence of historical catastrophe, especially the great caesura of the Second World War and the Holocaust. In comparing Sebald and Rothwell, I examine Rothwell's sense of history: are the Second World War and the European colonisation of Australia singular events or part of an ongoing ‘natural history of destruction’? In examining the ethical implications of comparing these historical traumas, the article draws upon Dominick LaCapra's distinction between absence and loss, which has been influential both in work on the Holocaust and on reconciliation and the Stolen Generations in Australia.

Evaluating post-release behaviour modification in large pelagic fish deployed with pop-up satellite archival tags

Hoolihan, J. P., Luo, J., Abascal, F. J., Campana, S. E., De Metrio, G., Dewar, H., Domeier, M. L., Howey, L. A., Lutcavage, M. E., Musyl, M. K., Neilson, J. D., Orbesen, E. S., Prince, E. D., and Rooker, J. R. 2011. Evaluating post-release behaviour modification in large pelagic fish deployed with pop-up satellite archival tags. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 880–889.Post-release behaviour modification, possibly a result of capture and handling stress, was evaluated using empirical eigenfunction analysis to detect changes in vertical movement patterns recorded by 183 pop-up satellite archival tags (PSATs) deployed on large pelagic fish. Argos-transmitted summary, timed interval, and some archival data were included. Scoring of irregular post-release behaviour was based on a separation of plotted eigenfunction coefficient values by their mean, with the transection across the mean reference line denoting the duration of irregular behaviour. In all, 67 (36.6%) individual fish exhibited irregular behaviour, lasting from 3 to 60 d (mean = 15.8, s.d. = 10.4). An additional 27 (14.8%) displayed patterns suggestive of irregular behaviour. Data quality and quantity were important criteria for revealing behaviour patterns. Irregular behaviour was detected in 32.6% of Argos-transmitted dataseries, increasing to 60.6% in the higher-resolution archival series. Decreased vertical movement characterized the irregular behaviour of blue sharks (Prionace glauca) and porbeagles (Lamna nasus), whereas all other species showed increased vertical activity. The approach described provides a useful method of revealing behavioural modification during the post-release recovery period of PSAT-tagged large pelagic fish, although the extent of influence on normal behaviour is not fully understood.

"No Documents, No History"

<p>With the creation of the Moral, Political, (and Historical) Sciences Section of the Museum of the Belgian Congo, the Ministry of Colonies, wanted to highlight the positive aspects of Belgian colonization. Assuming that history began with the appearance of written documents, researchers only studied the activities of Belgian colonizers and paid no attention to Congolese history. Guided by the motto "no documents, no history," archives and collections were gathered on art, moral evolution, political evolution, and the history of Belgian colonization in Congo. However, only a limited series of archives were opened for researchers. The museum public was also offered a roseate image of the colony when they visited expositions on Catholic and Protestant missions, transport, and history. The Memorial Room became a "National Pantheon." The museum clearly served colonial propaganda and negative aspects of colonization, such as economic exploitation and the violent military occupation, were kept outside museum walls.</p>

The 12 May 1802 earthquake (N Italy) in its historical and seismological context

The Mw 5.7 earthquake that occurred on 12 May 1802 is the only one with Mw ≥ 5.5 located west of Lake Garda in the central-northern part of the Po Plain, Northern Italy, and the strongest event located in the seismic zone 907 of the ZS9 seismogenic zonation of Italy. Current parametric earthquake catalogs locate the event not far from important cities (e.g., Milan) and to sites where nuclear power plants were to be built in the 1980s or could be built in a near future. Although the earthquake parameters seemed sufficiently well constrained, a detailed investigation of documentary sources was performed, in repositories storing the documents of the Napoleonic departments to which the area affected by the earthquake belonged at that time. In the surviving archival series, we found the officers’ correspondence on all the administrative aspects raised by the earthquake. The newly collected records allowed the authors to significantly increase the number of macroseismic intensity data, including new observations in the most damaged area. The results have been then interpreted in terms of both Mercalli–Cancani–Sieberg and EMS98 macroseismic scales. The earthquake parameters were derived applying two different methods in order to get two independent estimates. Earthquake location is confirmed, although the still scarce data available in the area to the east of the epicenter do not permit to reduce the uncertainty to a minimum. According to the Boxer method, the magnitude is now slightly higher, and the source model shows a good agreement with the tectonic setting of the area.

The Eudora Welty Collection Mississippi Department of Archives and History

The Eudora Welty Collection Mississippi Department of Archives and History Forrest Galey Materials transferred to the Mississippi Department of Archives and History upon the settlement of Eudora Welty’s estate continue to be incorporated into the Eudora Welty Collection in the Archives and Records Services Division. During the fall of 2009, the incorporation of additional material into Series 5, The Golden Apples, was concluded and the last sub-series (Series 29, Sub-series c, General Correspondence) of correspondence to Welty was opened for research. Series 29, Sub-series a, Eudora Welty Correspondence, Major Correspondents (from Welty to others) and Sub-series b, Select Correspondence (from others to Welty) were opened previously. Work has been completed on Series 16, The Eye of the Story, so it reopened in March 2010. We suggest researchers contact MDAH by emailing refdesk@mdah.state.ms.us to verify the availability of series that are of particular interest to them prior to visiting the archives. We invite readers to visit the MDAH website where the home page (http://mdah.state.ms.us/) features Welty information with some regularity. [End Page 146] The first Eudora Welty Foundation Research Fellowship to be presented to a graduate student for research at the Archives and Records Services Division of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History will be awarded in spring 2011, for research in Jackson during summer 2011. For more information contact Forrest Galey, fgaley@mdah.state.ms.us or 601-576-6850. Below is a list of all series and their statuses as of May 13, 2010, instructions for using the MDAH online catalog, and information regarding contacts for use permission and reprographic services. These documents will also be posted on the EWR website for easy reference (http://www2.gsu.edu/~wwwewn/) under the Resources link. The Eudora Welty Collection Mississippi Department of Archives and History Archives and Records Services Division Existing Series (and Series Revisions) as of May 13, 2010 The Eudora Welty Collection (Z/0301.000/S) Key to Series Revisions (Completed) — Establishment of new series and/or all additional material has been incorporated (Partial) — Some additional material has been incorporated (In Progress) — Incorporation of additional material is in progress and the series may be closed temporarily Unmarked — Incorporation of additional material into these series continues Currently, almost all of the original collection, Z/0301.000/S, is open to the public. Additional materials are not available to the public until they are incorporated into a new or existing series. We close series as we reprocess them and reopen them as soon as incorporation, rehousing, and conservation work are completed. Manuscripts Archives Series 1: Uncollected Stories (Completed) (additional material incorporated; unpublished stories not related to other published works) Archives Series 2: A Curtain of Green (Completed) (additional material incorporated) Archives Series 3: The Wide Net (additional material to be incorporated) Archives Series 4: Delta Wedding (additional material to be incorporated) Archives Series 5: The Golden Apples and Related Works (Completed) (additional material incorporated) Archives Series 6: The Ponder Heart Archives Series 7: Bride of the Innisfallen Archives Series 8: “Where Is the Voice Coming From?” Archives Series 9: The Shoe Bird (additional material to be incorporated) Archives Series 10: “The Demonstrators” (Partial) (additional material to be incorporated) Archives Series 11: Losing Battles (additional material to be incorporated) Archives Series 12: The Optimist’s Daughter (Partial) Archives Series 13: The Collected Stories of Eudora Welty (additional material to be incorporated) Archives Series 14: One Time, One Place (additional material to be incorporated) Archives Series 15: Fairy Tale of the Natchez Trace Archives Series 16: Eye of the Story (Completed) (additional material incorporated) Archives Series 17: One Writer’s Beginnings (Completed) (additional material incorporated) Archives Series 18: Reviews (additional material to be incorporated) Archives Series 19: Speeches (Completed) (additional material incorporated) Archives Series 20: Essays Revised from Speeches (additional material to be incorporated) Archives Series 21: Drama (In Progress) (additional material to be incorporated) [End Page 147] [End Page 148] Photographs Archives Series 26: Photographs Archives Series 27: Welty Prints Archives Series 28: Welty Family Photographs Correspondence Archives Series 29: Correspondence (Our original arrangement of the few hundred letters in the earliest donation was in chronoogical order with...

After the apology: Reframing violence and suffering in First Australians, Australia, and Samson and Delilah

This article explores the cinematic reframing of media images that normalize violence and suffering in remote Aboriginal communities. It proposes that, in the light of the 2007 Northern Territory Emergency Response and the 2008 apology to the Stolen Generations, the archival history series First Australians, the postmodern blockbuster Australia, and the arthouse drama Samson and Delilah contribute to an anti-colonial politics by creating cinematic spaces for affective and ethical response to issues of ‘bare life’ that tend to be exhausted, rather than worked through, in media temporality.

Sensitivity of photolysis frequencies and key tropospheric oxidants in a global model to cloud vertical distributions and optical properties

Clouds directly affect tropospheric photochemistry through modification of solar radiation that determines photolysis frequencies. As a follow‐up study to our recent assessment of these direct radiative effects of clouds on tropospheric chemistry, this paper presents an analysis of the sensitivity of such effects to cloud vertical distributions and optical properties (cloud optical depths (CODs) and cloud single scattering albedo), in a global three‐dimensional (3‐D) chemical transport model. The model was driven with a series of meteorological archives (GEOS‐1 in support of the Stratospheric Tracers of Atmospheric Transport mission, or GEOS1‐STRAT, GEOS‐3, and GEOS‐4) generated by the NASA Goddard Earth Observing System (GEOS) data assimilation system. Clouds in GEOS1‐STRAT and GEOS‐3 have more similar vertical distributions (with substantially smaller CODs in GEOS1‐STRAT) while those in GEOS‐4 are optically much thinner in the tropical upper troposphere. We find that the radiative impact of clouds on global photolysis frequencies and hydroxyl radical (OH) is more sensitive to the vertical distribution of clouds than to the magnitude of column CODs. With random vertical overlap for clouds, the model calculated changes in global mean OH (J(O1D), J(NO2)) due to the radiative effects of clouds in June are about 0.0% (0.4%, 0.9%), 0.8% (1.7%, 3.1%), and 7.3% (4.1%, 6.0%) for GEOS1‐STRAT, GEOS‐3, and GEOS‐4, respectively; the geographic distributions of these quantities show much larger changes, with maximum decrease in OH concentrations of ∼15–35% near the midlatitude surface. The much larger global impact of clouds in GEOS‐4 reflects the fact that more solar radiation is able to penetrate through the optically thin upper tropospheric clouds, increasing backscattering from low‐level clouds. Model simulations with each of the three cloud distributions all show that the change in the global burden of ozone due to clouds is less than 5%. Model perturbation experiments with GEOS‐3, where the magnitude of 3‐D CODs are progressively varied from −100% to 100%, predict only modest changes (&lt;5%) in global mean OH concentrations. J(O1D), J(NO2), and OH concentrations show the strongest sensitivity for small CODs and become insensitive at large CODs owing to saturation effects. Caution should be exercised not to use in photochemical models a value for cloud single scattering albedo lower than about 0.999 in order to be consistent with the current knowledge of cloud absorption at the ultraviolet wavelengths.

German Romance Volume III: Hartmann von Aue: Iwein or the Knight with the Lion (review)

CYRIL EDWARDS, ed. and trans., German Romance Volume III: Hartmann von Aue: Iwein or the Knight with the Lion. Arthurian Archives Vol. 16. Woodbridge, UK & Rochester, NY: D. S. Brewer, 2007. Pp. xxvi, 422. isbn: 978-1-84384-084-8. $105. Hartmann's circa 1200 Iwein is significant both for the tremendous influence it exerted as one of the first German Arthurian romances upon the subsequent Middle High German literary tradition as well as for its position as perhaps the most highly refined of the many medieval European adaptations of Chretien's Yvain. With this latest installment in the Arthurian Archives series, Edwards presents for the first time to an English-speaking public a superb translation and edition of arguably the most important Iwein manuscript. Edwards's edition of the medieval text is based on what is probably the oldest complete Iwein manuscript, namely, the early-thirteenth-century Giesen MS B. In choosing MS B, he departs from the standard critical edition by Lachmann, Benecke, and revised by Wolff (7th ed., Berlin: de Gruyter, 1968), which had relied heavily on both MS B and Heidelberg MS A, probably from the mid-thirteenth century. Significantly, the standard edition had not included most of the 128 'plus' verses that occur in MS B but not in MS A, and which the earlier editors, with little justification, deemed not original to Hartmann. While most of the other several hundred divergences between MSS B and A are of a minor linguistic, lexical, or stylistic order, these 'plus' verses add what is arguably important meaning. Thus, of the six most important additional sections, the majority elaborate the role of Iwein's women characters. (For example, MS B ll. 8227-58 rewards Lunete for her faithful service by bestowing upon her a duke in marriage.) Edwards's edition is quite conservative, steering closely to the language and spelling of his manuscript. In its conservative nature and in its uniformly high quality, his edited text compares favorably to the other available edition of MS B, namely, Volker Merten's very good 2004 edition (Frankfurt am Main: Deutscher Klassiker Verlag), with which Edwards's text differs most in preserving the original spellings to a slightly greater degree than had Mertens. While there have been several good translations of Iwein into English in recent decades, Edwards's translation represents the greatest contribution to scholars and, especially, to the many non-Germanists who are dependent on reliable English translations. …

Latin Arthurian Literature (review)

Reviewed by: Latin Arthurian Literature Gillian Polack Day, Mildred Leake, ed. & trans., Latin Arthurian Literature (Arthurian Archives, vol. XI), Woodbridge, D.S. Brewer, 2005; hardback; pp. 290; R.R.P. £50.00; ISBN 1843840642. Latin Arthurian Literature is primarily an edition and translation of four key Arthurian texts: 'De ortu Waluanii nepotis Arturi'; 'Historia Medriadoci regis Cambrie', 'Narratio de Arthuro rege Britanniae et rege Gorlagon lycanthropo'; and 'Epistola Arturi regis ad Henricum regem Anglorum'. This book is a useful addition to Brewer's Arthurian Archives series. The three romances in it complement the romance editions and translations available in other languages and help make the Latin texts more widely available. The volume will assist in making clear some of the implications of the role a variety of texts play in disseminating and creating an acceptance of the authority of certain aspects of the Arthurian tales. The book's greatest flaw is its limited approach to contextualisation. From some angles Day provides effective analyses and detailed contexts but other angles [End Page 194] are oddly neglected. A more balanced approach would have significantly enhanced the usefulness of the book, though what it contains is worth looking at. Some aspects of the volume could have been better treated. Fewer parallels with modern authors and greater evidence of the claimed links between the Meriadoc tale and Robert Graves' theories of dual kingship would have given the discussion more gravitas, for instance. In addition, the volume would have been enhanced if the volume had included more contextualization of the romances with romances in other languages. Day writes an introductory essay that relies heavily on the theories of Loomis and misses some important advances in modern Arthurian scholarship. This is not an approach that will appeal to all researchers. The general introduction and the introduction to the texts do not analyse the manuscripts sufficiently. If Day had given more information about other works that appear alongside these in the manuscript record, the contexts would have made the dating arguments more substantial and helped explain the literary contexts of each work. Likewise, analogues and links to other works could have been used more fully. The statement that werewolf tales were popular in the twelfth century (p. 1 and again p. 42) neglects to factor in later werewolf tales several of which she mentions, or just how similar some aspects of the story of Arthur and Gorlagon (subtracting the frame tale) were to Marie de France's Bisclavret. Inclusion of later tales (for instance in the Ma'ase Book) and a close analysis of Bisclavret might have led to quite different dating arguments. The earliest part of the introduction is somewhat marred by its imprecise language and its lack of follow-through of ideas. Day identifies two of the works in this volume as the only two full-length Latin romances from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries. This is quite sufficient reason to have a newly edited/translated version of them; she does not clarify the relationship of these versions with her own earlier editions, however. A longer introduction would have demonstrated better how these two romances fit into the vernacular romance tradition of which they are so clearly a part. The introductions for each work cover the general background comfortably. For 'De Ortu Waluuani' in particular Day presents a good bibliography based on a literary survey of scholarly discussion, covering earlier editions. This discussion is particularly interesting, as it introduces quite a few of the major players in the field and some of their positions. The introductions to the werewolf story and to the excerpt from 'Draco Normannicus' are far less substantial (six pages for the latter as opposed to twenty-three pages for 'De Ortus') which means these works are not explored quite as thoroughly. [End Page 195] A small irritant is that Day refers to Bod. Rawl. B149 as undated, then gives sufficient evidence of provenance to show it can be dated, but only approximately. A closer analysis of the hand and page format and how it was bound, in an attempt to date it more precisely, would have significantly enhanced this discussion, but 'prior to the sixteenth century' is still more useful from...

T. S. Eliot: The Contemporary Reviews (review)

Reviewed by: T. S. Eliot: The Contemporary Reviews Frank J. Kearful Jewel Spears Brooker , ed., T. S. Eliot: The Contemporary Reviews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. xliii + 600 pp. Thomas Stearns Eliot just won't go away. There are in fact two Eliots still on offer, the good avant-garde early Eliot and the bad reactionary later Eliot. Recently, the good avant-garde early Eliot has also become, thanks to Marjorie Perloff's 21st-century Modernism: The "New" Poetics (2002), a founding member of the twenty-first-century avant-garde. Meanwhile, Eliot the proto-fascist and antisemite has not gone away either, and ongoing debate about this Eliot must now take into account Jason Harding's The "Criterion": Cultural Politics and Periodical Networks in Inter-War Britain (2002), which puts issues at stake in previously neglected contexts. Debate about Eliot is nothing new. He has always been controversial, has always provoked vehement put-downs, and his critical reputation among the cognoscenti has undergone radical ups and downs. Through it all, in the popular mind Eliot remains the founder of "modern poetry" as much as Picasso does of "modern art," or James Joyce of the modern novel, or Igor Stravinsky of modern music. Jewel Spears Brooker's new collection enables us to relive battles as they were first fought and to review positions as they were first staked out. One congratulates critics like Conrad Aiken or Edmund Wilson who "got it right" right away. And one can boo the philistines and one-eyed critics who made such fools of themselves. William Carlos Williams, a special case, is a pleasure to read for his downright incorrigible hostility to his fellow poet. Then there are the many conscientious, not merely cautious, critics who in their reviews debate both sides of the case and gain our respect. Although it can pride itself on being "the most comprehensive collection of contemporary reviews of T. S. Eliot's work as it appeared," thus leaving behind it in its dust Michael Grant's T. S. Eliot: The Critical Heritage (1982), Jewel Spears Brooker's six-hundred-page collection remains a "selected" rather than a "complete" edition. What one does not get one is at any rate told of. The checklist of reviews which did not make the cut for the section on The Waste Land runs to thirty-seven items, rendering the twenty-three reviews which are included at least [End Page 197] numerically a minority report. Similar checklists are provided for each of Eliot's separately published volumes, including the plays and prose, making anyone's task easier who might one day seek to break the record by giving us a "complete" edition of the contemporary reviews. It would have to include critical responses to a few brief pamphlets of Eliot's, to his Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats, and to late collections of previously published works, but above all longer review essays, notably of Four Quartets, which sometimes ran to more than twenty pages. Then there is the thorny problem of the Empire, and of lands and languages beyond its pale. We are informed that "[w]ith rare exceptions" no reviews emanating from Australia, New Zealand, and Canada are included, while reviews in languages other than English are entirely ignored. On the other hand, an American bias to the edition may annoy some, as it did Frank Kermode writing on the edition in The New York Review of Books. The fact that Brooker's collection appears in the American Critical Archive series naturally foreordains an American slant. Thomas Inge puts it this way in his Series Editor's Preface: "When completed, the American Critical Archives should constitute a comprehensive history of critical practice in America, and in some cases the United Kingdom, as the writers' careers were in progress. The volumes open a window on the patterns and forces that have shaped the history of American writing and the reputations of the writers. These are primary documents in the literary and cultural life of the nation." The awkwardly inserted "and in some cases the United Kingdom" is a bit more expansive than "[w]ith rare exceptions" and grants a certain license to include...

Cercles politiques et « salons » du début de la révolution (1789-1795)

Olivier Blanc, « Cercles politiques » and « salons » at the Beginning of the Revolution (1789-1793) In this article the author uses original archives and manuscripts from public and private collections, and does not restrict himself to the writings of nineteenth century memoralists. The systematic examination of archival series of police and judicial records has made it possible to establish an exhaustive list of political salons under the first legislatures, which has led to a revaluation of the prominent political role of liberal and royalist women between 1789 and 1793.

Sottoscrizioni autografe nelle più antiche carte del monastero di S. Liberatore alla Maiella. Contributo alla storia del rapporto tra scrittura e alfabetismo in Abruzzo nel secolo X

The essay that aims to contribute to the history of relations between writing and literacy in Abruzzo in the 10th century, comes from a section (pp. CLXII-CLXX) of the “Historical, Palaeographical and Codicological Introduction” to the volume published by the author in 2003. The immediate geo-monastic context is that of S. Liberatore alla Maiella, the biggest of the “cellae” of Montecassino in Abruzzo, and one of the most remarkable among the about sixty dependencies called “prepositurae”, belonging to the cassinese monastery in the south-central Italy. The general objective is to make known the entire archive group of S. Liberatore, both that of medieval age in the cited volume, and that of modern age in the following, which appeared in 2006. This specific series of the cassinese archives, gravitating towards S. Liberatore but relating also to other minor monastic centres of the Abruzzo and today preserved in the capsules XCVIII-CIV, contains a total of 801 documents. Among these there are some particularly known to the researchers, especially after the contributions of Enrico Carusi (1929, 1932) and Herbert Bloch (1986), as the “Memoratorium” of abbot Bertharius († 883) and the “Commemoratorium” – testamentary inventory – of the prior of S. Liberatore, then abbot of Montecassino Theobald († 1035/1037). Some documents have preserved interesting discoveries, as the current caps. XCVIII, fasc. I, no. 4, a charter of July 936, which encloses the oldest autographical signature (“Ego qui supra Arechisi”) by Arechis, judge of Capua, the same person who underwrote the Placitum dated 960, the first official testimony of the Italian vernacular. Others constitute a homogeneous group of charters (Nos. 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 13), whose complete edition offered finally the oldest complete collection of agrarian contracts of Montecassino (from 950 to 984), especially in the form of emphyteusis – “livelli” – (generally for a term of twenty-nine years), the most widely used for the management of land in the cassinese sphere, having the character of a lease with the compensation of a fee proportionate to the land. On this historical and documentary plot, is interwoven the palaeographical profile, whose subject is the significance of the older charters (10th cent.) of S. Liberatore for the history of the relations between writing and literacy in Abruzzo, profile based upon the signatures of the witnesses, but also in certain cases of the authors of the document. The investigation concerning 33 documents edited – except no. 1 (forgery) –, dated between 935 and 1000, shows a total of 104 signatures in the original, and 7 in the copy. Remarkable is the number of lay subscribers (69) compared to ecclesiastic (18). The lay writers use in large part the basic minuscule: basic elementary (15), between the elementary and the usual (23), usual (25), and only in rare cases usual beneventan (6). Prevalent among the ecclesiastics (all belonging to the cassinese area or South Longobardia) the Beneventan script: usual (10) or book hand (2); the remaining ecclesiastics from Abruzzo, sign in minuscule: between the basic elementary and the usual (1), and usual (3). From the palaeographical analysis springs the following conclusions: there are two distinct cultural areas: one is a reflection of the South Longobardia, the other derives from local area in which the writers use a minuscule mirroring a basic graphic education if not rudimentary. So it is to record the existence of a range of subjects whose writing was ordinary but which also recognized the symbolic value, as in the case of the personalized “signum crucis”; on the other hand, the use of the Beneventan script, typical of the territory to which belonged Montecassino, appears to be reserved for a minority of ecclesiastical origin.