Archival Field Research Articles

A Curator-General: N. N. Golovin and the Hoover Institution for War, Revolution, and Peace

ABSTRACT This article describes the contributions of General Nikolai Nikolaevich Golovin (1875–1944) to the fields of bibliography and archives. As an agent and later the Russian military curator for the Hoover War Library, Golovin helped acquire a large number of singularly important collections for the Hoover Institution, laying the groundwork for its stellar Russian holdings. He also created a number of bibliographic guides, especially to articles in the Russian émigré periodical press, that continue to retain their significance for researchers.

#Cuéntalo: the path between archival activism and the social archive(s)

ABSTRACT The goal of this article is to explain our experience, as Society of Catalan Archivists and Records Managers (AAC) members, in the field of social web archiving. To that end, we have structured it in three main parts, the first of which is to show the importance of archival science as a political tool in the framework of the information society. The second part focuses on the path followed by the AAC from its first steps taken to preserve social web hashtags, in order to gain technical expertise, to the reflection on the theoretical background required to go beyond the mere collection of social web content that led us to the definition of a new type of archival fonds: the social fonds. Finally, the third part sets out the case study of #Cuéntalo. Thanks to our previous experiences, this hashtag, created to denounce male violence, enabled us to design a more robust project that not only included the gathering and preservation of data but also a vast auto-categorisation exercise using a natural language processing algorithm that assisted in the design of a dynamic and startling data visualisation covering the 160,000 original tweets involved.

The who, when, and why of the glass cliff phenomenon: A meta-analysis of appointments to precarious leadership positions.

Women and members of other underrepresented groups who break through the glass ceiling often find themselves in precarious leadership positions, a phenomenon that has been termed the glass cliff. The glass cliff has been investigated in a range of domains using various methodologies, but evidence is mixed. In 3 meta-analyses, we examined (a) archival field studies testing whether members of underrepresented groups, compared with members of majority groups, are more likely to be appointed to leadership positions in times of crisis; (b) experimental studies testing whether members of underrepresented groups, compared with members of majority groups, are evaluated as more suitable for, as well as (c) more likely to be selected for, leadership positions in times of crisis. All 3 analyses provided some evidence in line with the glass cliff for women. Specifically, the meta-analysis of archival studies revealed a small glass cliff effect that was dependent on organizational domain. The leadership suitability meta-analysis also showed a small glass cliff effect in between-participants studies, but not in within-participants studies. The analysis of leadership selection revealed that women are more likely to be selected over men in times of crisis, and that this effect is larger in countries with higher gender inequality. The glass cliff also extended to members of underrepresented racial and ethnic groups. We explore several moderating factors and report analyses shedding light on the underlying causes of the glass cliff. We discuss implications of our findings as well as open questions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Using allegations to understand selection bias in organizations: Misconduct in the Chicago Police Department

Selection biases present a fundamental challenge for research on ethics and misconduct. This issue is well understood at the individual level, where lab studies are often employed to sidestep it at the potential expense of external validity. However, much archival field data on ethics and misconduct are at risk of selection bias originating from within organizations, because organizations are typically responsible for evaluating and ultimately documenting who commits misconduct. In this paper I explore the nature and potential scope of this particular form of selection bias, its potential impact on the interpretation of extant findings from the literature, and how studying allegations may help detect it in specific contexts. Using detailed data on formal allegations of police misconduct in Chicago, I highlight how status characteristics such as race and gender may bias the creation of archival data. For example, black officers received allegations at rates similar to white officers but were more likely to have them sustained, and allegations made by black complainants were less likely to be sustained than those made by white complainants—even when including extensive sets of control variables. These findings indicate that accounting for allegations may be a fruitful methodological approach to better understand the optimal use of archival behavioral field data for research on ethics and misconduct.

The Teleuts: from non-Russians to Indigenous Minority of the North’

This paper concerns the study of the specifics of self-consciousness and self-identity of one of the indige-nous minorities of Siberia — the Teleuts, in different periods of their ethnic history from the mid. 18th century until the present time. Main forms of Teleuts’ identity are considered: national; class; ethnic; ancestral and local. The instances of using various ethnonyms, genonymums and class attributes by Teleuts are analyzed. Identity multi-variance is considered as a mechanism of minority self-preservation and adaptation to the continuous assimilative influence of the nonethnic majority. The paper is based on the archival sources and field materials of the author collected during the expeditions to Teleuts in 1978–2014. The field materials include samples of the folklore, writ-ten folk literature, records of biographies, family chronicles and narratives about other societies recorded by the author. It has been shown how Teleuts ideas about other societies adjusted in the course of their adaptation to the new social and cultural environment within the Russian state. The attention has been drawn to how the ethnic consolidation of the Teleuts in the 19th–20th cc. transformed the local self-consciousness and self-identity. The names associated with small territorial communities often acquired derogatory sense and transferred from endo- to exo-type. It has been deduced how the legal status of the ethnic group within the state influences development of their ethnic culture. Notably, the non-Russians status of the Teleuts brought to them some rights and privileges in terms of the land tenure, taxes and exemption from the compulsory military service. On one hand, this has been helping to strengthen the national identity of the Teleuts, but on the other hand, it facilitates their ethnic self-affirmation. Teleuts have always been proud with their non-Russians status within the Russian state. The ethnic status of the Teleuts in the post-Soviet period is protected by their official recognition in 1989 as a separate ethnic group and subsequent affiliation with the indigenous minorities of the North.

Archival knowledge in the field of personal archiving: an exploratory study based on grounded theory

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to propose a theoretical framework to illustrate the archival knowledge applied by archivists in their personal archiving (PA) and the mechanism of the application of archival knowledge in their PA.Design/methodology/approachThe grounded theory methodology was adopted. For data collection, in-depth interviews were conducted with 21 archivists in China. Data analysis was performed using the open coding, axial coding and selective coding to organise the archival knowledge composition of PA and develops the awareness-knowledge-action (AKA) integration model of archival knowledge application in the field of PA, according to the principles of the grounded theory.FindingsThe archival knowledge involved in the field of PA comprises four principal categories: documentation, arrangement, preservation and appraisal. Three interactive factors involved in archivists' archival knowledge application in the field of PA behaviour: awareness, knowledge and action, which form a pattern of awareness leading, knowledge guidance and action innovation, and archivists' PA practice is flexible and innovative. The paper underscored that it is need to improve archival literacy among general public.Originality/valueThe study constructs a theoretical framework to identify the specialised archival knowledge and skills of PA which is able to provide solutions for non-specialist PA and develops an AKA model to explain the interaction relationships between awareness, knowledge and action in the field of PA.

Удосконалення планово-звітної документації в контексті модернізації архівної статистики

The purpose of the article is to identify some problematic aspects of the planning and reporting documentation of archival institutions and to suggest ways to improve it in order to improve the quality of statistical support for the development of the archival industry. The methodological basis of the study was a set of general scientifi c (historical, logical, systemic, structural-functional, classifi cation, logical-semantic) and special-scientifi c (analysis and synthesis, expert assessments, analogies, comparative comparison, logical generalization) methods of studying issues, the application of which allows to achieve the set goal and fi nd out the prospects of further studies. Scientifi c novelty. Given the limited study in Ukrainian archival science of this topic and its terminological aspect in particular, proposed the defi nition of the term “archival statistics”. The formation and practice of application of planning and reporting documentation of archival institutions is studied, the changes that have taken place in its structure are determined. Conclusions. Based on the practice of applying the current planning and reporting documentation of archival institutions and processing data of permanent statistical observation, the main problems of the statistical observation system in the archival fi eld are considered. The need to update the structure and system of indicators of planning and reporting documentation is emphasized. The needs for identity in terminology, clear recommendations for accounting and data collection have been identifi ed. The importance of common approaches appropriate for use in such a system is emphasized; the proposals and remarks of archival specialists on improving the forms of planning and reporting documentation are analyzed and generalized. Urgent tasks have been formulated to improve the system of statistical indicators, also by creating and implementing a single electronic database focused on ensuring the organization of an automated process for submitting planning and reporting documentation, as well as prompt processing and obtaining statistical information. It is substantiated that theoretical-methodological and practical bases of development of archival statistics in new conditions.

Toward a More Equitable Field: Broadening the Landscape with Fellowships in Audiovisual Preservation

The cost of a master’s degree, the clumping of AV focused master’s programs and jobs on the East and West Coasts, and the limited opportunities for education contribute to structural inequalities making it difficult for a diverse array of new professionals to enter into the field of audiovisual archiving. This article provides an overview of the Public Broadcasting Preservation Fellowship program, which seeks to lower some barriers to entry to the audiovisual archiving field. It concludes with information about additional forthcoming research and programs being led by the Association of Moving Image Archivists and the National Film Preservation Board.

KURASI DIGITAL SASTRA SIBER: PERSPEKTIF SASTRA KONVENSIONAL

The last two decades signified the shift in the period of literary development. The emergence of various literary works that developed in the internet era succeeded in breaking the order of conventional literary publications which originally needed a layered process to be able to reach the readers. The rapid development of cyber literature produced many new literary works. Even though its quality is still being debated, it cannot eliminate its entity as a literary work and its role as a cultural product that must be preserved. That becomes a special aspect in this study, which aims to give consideration regarding preservation of cyber literary works in the form of digital curation of literature. This study considers the digital curation process of literature as the use of digital curation systems in the field of archives. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods to identify the urgency of digital curation of cyber literature. Furthermore, this analysis can be considered to produce collaboration between fields of literary, archival, and library science.

Improvements of Automatic Extraction of FA Words Tendency using Non_linear Approach

Field association (FA) terms are used to identify the subject of text (document field) by extracting specific words in that text. In this paper we use FA terms to study the effect of time change on specific terms by calculating the frequency of this terms, which associated with the archive field in a specific period. This paper also introduces a new approach for automatic evaluation of the stabilization classes using non-linear approach. The stabilization classes refer to the changing of FA terms with time in a specific period. The new approach improves the performance of decision tree than linear approach by using non-linear approach. The corpus that used in this approach has number of 1,356 files, and it is about 7.49 MB, after comparing the presented approach with the traditional one, we conclusion that the new approach enhanced the F-measure for increment, steady, decrement classes by 7.7%, 3.1%, 2.2%, sequentially.  

Pengelolaan Arsip Berbasis Aplikasi Surat Di Dinas Perpustakaan dan Kearsipan Provinsi Jawa Timur

Office activities today have experienced significant changes. This is caused by the rapid development of technology. Almost all office work and administration are also assisted by existing technology, office work can be done effectively and efficiently. One of the biggest effects of technological advancements in the field of archives at present is the management of electronic records. This study aims to analysis the management of archive applications based on the Letter Application in the Department of Library and Archives of East Java Province. This research is a type of descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Research subjects were two employees in the dynamic records management section. Data collection techniques used were interviews, observation and documentation. The data analysis technique is data collection, data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. Based on research conducted in the field states that the use of the Mail Application is only used as a place to enter data or collect data on incoming and outgoing mail, the application can only be operated with the help of internet access, there are only two employees managing dynamic archives and in managing dynamic archives, namely incoming and outgoing letters are still assisted by disposition sheets and control cards. It can be concluded that the results of this study are the need for application evaluation to develop an electronic records management system that suits the needs of the East Java Province Library and Archives Office so that dynamic archive management will become easier and faster.

Detecting World War II bombing relics in markedly transformed landscapes (city of Most, Czechia)

Landscapes carrying remnants of military activity gain greater attention in many fields of research due to intrinsic cultural and natural values as well as hazard of unexploded ordnance (UXO). Identification of military remnants is currently facilitated by the use of high precision LiDAR-derived digital terrain models. Contribution of these models to identification of military remnants is unfortunately of limited use in heavily transformed environment such as post-mining landscapes. Therefore, other approach and sources needs to be employed. We present the results of the extensive study of archival sources, plans and maps, which led to determination of geographical dimension of devastation of the prominent target of allied attacks in Czechia during the World War II - Sudetenländische Treibstoffwerke (STW). Besides the framing of allied bombing in the historical context, we found out and delimited possible remnants of the landscape alternation by bombing in the industrial landscape nowadays markedly transformed. Unreferenced archival aerial imagery, dated shortly after the War ended and yet unpublished and unprocessed, and bombing plans (archival field mapping) were photogrammetrically processed and analysed in GIS in order to localize particular craters. The database of impacts was consecutively confronted on unaltered minor part of our study area with present-day high-precision digital terrain model (DTM) based on LiDAR scanning that revealed the extant craters. We have identified more than 15 thousand craters, the spatial distribution of which indicates relative inaccuracy of bombing. Despite the heavy transformation of the terrain, the mixed method approach also revealed the localities with preserved craters that are susceptible to UXO excavation risk. Overall, the study provided an empirical survey that explored and tested the use and accuracy of archival sources for bombing craters detection, being often the only available source in heavily transformed terrains.

Sistem Informasi Pengarsipan Sertifikat Tanah pada Badan Pertanahan Nasional Aceh Besar

The design of the land certificate filing system was built to facilitate the work process in managing land certificate records, especially in the field of archives at the Aceh Besar National Land Agency, which is intended to streamline computerized data processing to support technical implementation in carrying out more accurate land certificate data processing, effective and efficient. A land certificate is a tool or means to convey statements or information in writing from one party to another party. Such information can be in the form of notifications, statements, requests, reports, objections, thoughts, questions, and so on. The design of the system used by the Rapid Application Development (RAD) method, a software development process model classified as incremental (multilevel) techniques. Applications used for making applications are Microsoft Visual Basic .NET as interface design and Microsoft Office Access as a DBMS. The test results of this application are the systems that are built already meet the needs, the input data process has met the needs and the resulting report has met the needs.Keywords:Land Certificate Filing System, Information System, Visual Basic .NET

Методология, методика, опыт работ по сохранению и приспособлению для современного использования парка усадьбы Михалково. Часть 1

На примере работ по сохранению объекта культурного на­следия (ОКН) регионального значения «Усадьба Михалково» в Москве рассмотрены методология и методика проектирова­ния парковой реставрации и задачи их совершенствования.
 В 1784-1788 годах в Михалкове в стиле «псевдоготики» был построен архитектурный ансамбль парадного двора (архитектор В.И. Баженов) и устроен обширный пейзажный парк, куда вошли уже существовавшие в ту пору регулярный парк с копаными прудами и Головинские пруды.
 Площадь ОКН «Усадьба Михалково» более 50 га. «Ядро усадьбы», включающее ансамбль парадного двора с регулярным парком - ОКН федерального значения, имеет площадь около 8 га.
 Анализ архивных материалов и натурные обследования показали, что архитектурно-пространственная и ландшафтная организация изучаемого произведения СПИ соответствуют основным принципам создания русских пейзажных парков этого периода, особенно парков, характерных для творчества В.И. Баженова и его последователей.
 На примере ОКН «Усадьба Михалково» показано, как про­счёты в оценке композиционных «особенностей» пейзажных парков, их сохранности, отсутствие в «предмете охраны» цен­ных элементов ландшафта могут негативно влиять на резуль­таты парковой реставрации. Для Михалково рекомендовано углублённое изучение композиционных особенностей пей­зажного парка, доработка «предмета охраны», исправление недостатков недавно выполненной парковой реставрации. Изучение опыта выполненных работ по реставрации и при­способлению к современному использованию имеет значение как для будущих реставраций рассматриваемого парка, так и для других исторических парков.

PRELIMINARY STUDY: DISEMINASI PRODUK DOKUMENTASI BUDAYA MELALUI PROYEK MENARA ILMU PUSAT DOKUMENTASI BUDAYA

This paper aims to describe efforts to disseminate cultural documentation products that have been collected by the Cultural Documentation Center through the Menara Ilmu portal. In the archival perspective, cultural documentation products are an important component for dissemination. The management of cultural documentation products is carried out through the Total Archives approach and the neo-documentation concept. In addition, this study also provides an alternative to the optimization of the dissemination of cultural documentation products through the Culture Documentation Tower Science Project (PDB UGM UGM). The data used in this paper consists of primary data and secondary data. Primary data were collected through non-participation observations by looking at the Menara Menara Pusat cultural documentation and questionnaires with random sampling. The questionnaire was distributed to 100 respondents through Google forms. The conclusion obtained, namely the optimization of dissemination of cultural products can be implemented through "show ads" publication with an internal and external partnership system ". Thus the existence of cultural documentation and archive products can be optimized and can be a promotional event in the field of archives with the concept of virtual exhibition in accordance with the digital era.

PENGELOLAAN ARSIP SESUAI STANDAR INTERNASIONAL (ISO 15489-1:2016) STUDI KASUS PENGELOLAAN ARSIP BANK INDONESIA

This article discusses Management of Records that adapts International Standards in the field of archives, namely ISO 15489-1: 2016 on Documentation: Concepts And Principles - Records Management. Management of Records that compliance with international standards is very important for an organization to create authentic, reliable, complete and usable so that it can support organizational performance. This article is important because until now there is only one institution in Indonesia that applies international standards in the field of records, Bank Indonesia. The aim is to find out how to manage records in Bank Indonesia that compliance international standards (ISO: 15489-1: 2016). The research method used is a qualitative method with primary and secondary data sources. Bank Indonesia Document Management Policy (MDBI) as a basis for Records Management according to international standards. MDBI refers to the management of records which consists of policies and responsibilities, systems and processes.

What Do You Mean It's Not There? Doing Null History

What happens when a researcher arrives at an archives, only to find that the materials requested are not in the repository? This article argues that when applying Eliot Eisner's concept of the null curriculum (what is missing is just as important as what is present), the absence of materials is just as significant to a researcher as the contents of present materials. To accomplish this, it uses a case from a larger study of General Education Board (GEB) funding in the US West comparing the holdings of the Rockefeller Archive with those in the state of Texas. Ultimately, archivists and researchers should do null history to recognize that rather than setting limitations on the project, a lack of evidence instead can be used to expand the project by applying the principles of the null curriculum. This article is not intended to be an interrogation of the archives themselves, but another lens through which the researcher can view (and an archivist can prompt) both the holdings and lack of holdings. The article is not meant to argue the semantics around the absence of the phrase “null curriculum” from the fields of history or archives; instead, it is meant to open the door to conversations about silences and the power of the archive.

Partnering Preservation with Sustainability

As the archival profession is inextricable from future-focused thinking, sustainable preservation must be incorporated into archival practice. Sustainable thinking considers the economic, environmental, social, and cultural needs of both present and future generations, without privileging one factor over another. This article investigates the existing literature on sustainable preservation practices in archives. Sustainability presents a challenge to the archival mission. Becoming more sustainable begins with changing practices, which requires investing time, money, and energy to learn new information. The imperative to provide care for cultural resources is an argument for proceeding with caution. Nevertheless, the reality of the climate crisis and an ever-growing body of evidence from the archives field suggest that archives can and should adopt more sustainable practices. Research indicates that preservation goals may be more effectively met through sustainable practices, leading to more reliable preservation environments and financial savings for the institution as a result of reduction in energy use. This article identifies opportunities for action archives can take to become more sustainable through building design, learning from cultural preservation traditions, rethinking the role of archivists, and reconsidering the impact of practices, both small and large. In the 1980s, Hugo Stehkämper drew attention to principles for natural air-conditioning reliant upon building design, but civilizations have been developing procedures for preserving cultural heritage materials for centuries prior to the advent of so-called modern technology. In the current century, archives, libraries, and museums are continuing to discover a multitude of effective sustainable methods. Drawing upon decades of study, successes, and failures will allow archivists to assess and rethink practices.

Правила работы архивов организаций: история и перспективы развития

The article considers the development of the archives of organizations’ work regulations as an element in the system of normative and methodological documents that regulate the work with documents throughout their life cycle. Since the Federal Archival Agency has been granted the authority to develop and implement state policy in the field of archiving and records management, analysis of legal regulation in this sphere is growing more significant. The release of new regulations was covered in publications, but there was no targeted analysis of their historical development. Therein stems the objective of the research, which is to analyze the methodology of rules development, changes in their structure, and content. Comparative analysis of the 1925 to 2015 rules reveals that the rules, as one of main regulating tools used by archival authorities in the records management, were modified many times, reflecting development of archival science theories and reforms of archival authorities. The study identifies two stages in the rules formation: prior to 1963, they regulated the work of the institution’s archives, changes in the text reflect the search for solutions to the problems of archival acquisition via methods of selecting documents for destruction; after 1963, they stress the continuity of records management requirements throughout their entire life cycle, there appear sections related to working with the “documentary part,” and selection of documents for permanent storage via examination of the documents value is being institutionalized. The principle of continuity remains in all subsequent work regulations for the archives of organizations. Rules of records management and rules of state archives work make up a package of regulations governing work with documents from their creation to “eternal” storage or destruction.

Eileen Bowser (1928–2019)

Eileen Bowser (1928–2019) Paolo Cherchi Usai (bio) and Tom Gunning (bio) i Will remember Eileen as a model of intellectual integrity, generosity, and sharpness. True to herself, she laid out the essence of cinema curatorship in a very short piece, "Some Principles of Film Restoration" (1990). If I had to choose a single text in the vast literature pertaining to my profession, I would keep these two pages and happily leave everything else behind. In her own way, Eileen was a poet. With her husband, Bill, she wrote the perfect haiku of love as an art form. —Paolo Cherchi Usai, friend ________ Writing of Eileen Bowser is difficult because I owe her so much. As curator of film at the Museum of Modern Art, she preserved the Griffith heritage, and when she launched the Griffith retrospective in 1975, she brought me on board along with Ron Mottram as guest curator. Working with her on this retrospective forged a friendship and interaction that then led to my involvement with the International Federation of Film Archives project she devised with David Francis, "Cinema: 1900–1906," which undertook to view all prints existing in FIAF archives from those years and present our findings at a FIAF conference in Brighton, England, in 1978. Not only did this symposium of international scholars inaugurate a revision of the way early cinema was thought about but it also brought together film scholars and archivists in a new way. This was Eileen's dream and her achievement and led to many other projects that followed in the wake of Brighton. Eileen was [End Page 303] Click for larger view View full resolution Figure 1. Eileen Bowser delivering an acceptance speech. Photograph by Greg Lukow. essential to my dissertation on the Biograph films of Griffith as a most trusted advisor, and I dedicated the book version to her and my PhD advisor, Jay Leyda. As long as I lived in the New York area, she was my touchstone for both information and inspiration. I regret now that as I moved away geographically, I did not do a better job of keeping in touch. Bowser was what we might call an activist historian, influential within the archival field but also willing to venture out into the realm of academic conferences and make contributions as important authors in their own right. Eileen Bowser's volume in the Scribner's History of American Cinema series, The Transformation of Cinema, 1907–1915, is not only the definitive treatment of this important era but a model of scholarship and clear writing. —Tom Gunning, friend [End Page 304] Paolo Cherchi Usai Paolo Cherchi Usai is senior curator of film at the Cineteca del Friuli and senior curator-at-large of the George Eastman Museum. He is co-founder of the L. Jeffrey Selznick School of Film Preservation (1996), of the Pordenone Silent Film Festival (1982), of the Nitrate Picture Show (2015) and of Domitor (1985), the International Association for the Study of Early Cinema. A longtime resident curator of the Tel luride Film Festival, he directed the feature-length films Passio (2007), an adaptation of his book The Death of Cinema (2001), with music by Arvo Pärt, and Picture (2015), based on an original score by the Alloy Orchestra. His latest published works are Silent Cinema: A Guide to Study, Research and Curatorship (2019) and Film Provenance and Early Cinema, co-edited with Joanne Bernardi, Tami Williams, and Joshua Yumibe (2020). Tom Gunning Tom Gunning is Professor Emeritus in the Department on Cinema and Media at the University of Chicago. He is the author of D. W. Griffith and the Origins of American Narrative Film (1986) and The Films of Fritz Lang: Allegories of Vision and Modernity (2000) and of more than 150 articles on early cinema, film history and theory, avant-garde film, film genre, and cinema and modernism. Copyright © 2021 Association of Moving Image Archivists