Archival Documentation Research Articles

Traditional Building Materials Production in 19th Century Istanbul: Preferences in Housing Construction in Light of Ottoman Archival Documents

ABSTRACT In Istanbul’s poorly surviving 19th century housing heritage, brick masonry and timber-clad, unfilled timber-frame are the most common construction techniques. However, before the 19th century, timber-frame filled with adobe or brick (hımış) was common in Istanbul residences. In the background of this change are the period’s political, economic, and social dynamics. One of these dynamics is related to the production and supply of building materials. This study traces the possibilities and restrictions experienced in the production process of traditional building materials during the 19th century through the data (Republic of Turkey Presidential State Archives’ documents, historical descriptions, photographs, etc.) obtained from archival research. The preferences in the use of materials in housing construction arising from the issues such as the difficulties in supplying materials in the reconstruction processes, the transition to industrial production, imported building materials into the domestic market, etc., are examined under the headings of three traditional building materials (timber, stone, brick). Historic maps are also used to illustrate how the prevailing choices affected the city’s urban fabric.

Power and motherhood in the 16th century: Perpetuity and memory through architecture

Traditionally, we associate motherhood with the practice of caring for children. And that is correct, but we must be cautious because in care we find a wide range of habits that encompasses desires and needs that vary greatly according to social class, gender, age and time. In general, in the mentality of the 16th century, the mother not only played her motherhood role through upbringing, but sometimes it was more important to bequeath a lineage, a surname, goods or a house. It is on this point that this text is based in the spirit of recovering the agency of elite women, but also of the ones belonging to other social classes. On the one hand, as women who are promoters and patrons of a heritage that empowers them in the city (matronage) while allowing them to protect their descendants and perpetuate the lineage of which they consider themselves the guardians. On the other hand, women who are not of high lineage but who defend the house in which they live, even if it is not their property; because they have children and ask for shelter to be protected under a roof. Both cases can be interpreted as expressions of power, although at very different levels, because if in one case they are moved by the desire of projection and promotion of that mother as the matron of a lineage; in the other, being a mother and having children in charge can be a burden but also an argument in favor of defending the tenancy or occupation of a house. For this study we make use of archival documentation of the sixteenth century, but specifically from Granada, with a view to focusing on the various cases observed in the same city.

History of the left: the creation of the Bolivian Communist Party. The «late child» of the Communist Movement

In the ХХ-th century, the most important place belongs to the history of the international communist movement. Many regional and national pages of this history have not yet been written. And the story of the Communist Party of Bolivia remains unexplored by historians. This party was created later than all other communist parties in the region, only in 1950. This article for the first time not only in domestic but also in Bolivian historiography addresses the plot of the creation and first decades of the activity of the Communist Party, relying on the analysis of party documents, the press, archival documentation. The article analyzes the internal and external factors of the activities of the Bolivian Communists, the causes of numerous party crises and splits in which the party had to face. In all these crises, the party's life took place in the struggle of opposing currents, between reformists and revolutionaries, and relied more on external, international factors and ideas than on internal political experience and critical analysis of national reality. The exposition touches on several such crises, from the struggle against reformism and Stalinism to the split into pro-Soviet and pro-Chinese parties.

The Russian Art Exhibition of 1924–1926: Archival Documents

SUMMARY: This is the publication of archival documents pertaining to the history of the Russian Art Exhibition of 1924–1926 in the United States as an element of early Soviet cultural diplomacy. The documents discuss the role in the exhibition of figures like Igor Grabar, Olga Kameneva, Ivan Sytin, Charles Crane, and Christian Brinton and the conflicts among different groups of the organizers. The publication also explicates the conflict between the organizers' commercial and political priorities. Резюме: Это публикация архивных документов, проливающих свет на историю Выставки русского искусства 1924–1926 годов в США как эпизода истории советской культурной дипломатии в ранний период ее существования. В документах обсуждается роль в выставке таких фигур как Игорь Грабарь, Ольга Каменева, Иван Сытин, Чарльз Крейн и Кристиан Бринтон. Кроме того, публикация освещает конфликт между политическими и коммерческими интересами организаторов выставки.

Un proyecto para recolonizar la Guayana francesa con campesinos isleños

The colonization of French Guyana encountered serious difficulties on the part of the administering power due to the impossibility of recruiting white labor. The existing documentation in the overseas archives of Aix-en-Provence and Nantes show the infeasibility of sending Europeans to repopulate Guyana. Before which the French government considered the possibility of resorting to peasants from Madeira and the Canary Islands who were better adapted to the harsh climatic conditions of the colony.

MementoArtem: A Digital Cultural Heritage Approach to Archiving Street Art

Street art, and its close relation, graffiti, can possess a dramatic visual, aesthetic and political power. However, artworks are subject to damage and harm by many means such as weather, removal of unsanctioned works by public authorities, defacement, vandalism and even demolition. Artists themselves often regard their work as purely temporary creations. In a word, street art is fragile. The MementoArtem project was established in 2021 to explore a variety of human-centered technologies and emerging standards to document and archive, not only the physical work of street artists, but also the tacit knowledge of a variety of sources that go into their production. In this way, street art, like other cultural heritage artefacts, may be digitally preserved for future generations. It is with this in mind that we propose a metaframework for the documentation, storing and dissemination of a semantically-enabled archive of street art.

SIMPLACE—a versatile modelling and simulation framework for sustainable crops and agroecosystems

AbstractAgricultural system analysis has considerably evolved over the last years, allowing scientists to quantify complex interactions in crops and agroecosystems. Computer-based models have become a central tool for such analysis, using formulated mathematical representations (algorithms) of different biophysical processes to simulate complex system’s behaviour. Nevertheless, the current large variety of algorithms in combination with nonstandardization in their use limits rapid and rigorous model improvement and testing. This is particularly important because contextualization is a key aspect used to formulate the appropriate model structure for a specific research question, framing a clear demand for ‘next generation’ models being modular and flexible. This paper aims to describe the Scientific Impact assessment and Modelling PLatform for Advanced Crop and Ecosystem management (SIMPLACE), which has been developed over the last decade to address the various aforementioned issues and support appropriate model formulations and interoperability. We describe its main technical implementation and features to develop customized model solutions that can be applied to a number of cropping systems with high flexibility, performance and transparency. A brief review of exemplary applications of SIMPLACE is provided covering the different topics, crops and cropping systems, spatial scales and geographies. We stress that standardized documentation of modules, variables ontology and data archives are key requirements to maintain and assist model development and reproducibility. The increasing demand for more complex, diversified and integrated production systems (e.g. intercropping, livestock-grazing, agroforestry) and the associated impacts on sustainable food systems also require the strong collaboration of a multidisciplinary community of modellers and stakeholders.

УЧЕНЬЕ – СВЕТ: ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ РАБОТЫ ШКОЛ В ГОДЫ ВЕЛИКОЙ ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННОЙ ВОЙНЫ (НА ПРИМЕРЕ ОМСКИХ ШКОЛ)

Education during the Great Patriotic War was one of the priorities in arrangement of everyday life of home front. Often local authorities came up against situations where the number of schoolchildren exceeded the capabilities of schools in country towns. The purpose of the article is to reconstruct the way the educational process was arranged in a homefront town crowded with evacuated citizens. Based on the documentation of the historical archive of the Omsk region and the memoirs of war children, the author demonstrated the peculiarities of schools’ work under conditions of war and showed how the war had influenced the content of education and what impact it had on the reminiscences of war children.

THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIPA LEARNING MANAGEMENT AT UIN RADEN MAS SAID SURAKARTA AFTER THE REGULATION OF KEPDIRJEPENDIS NUMBER 6244 OF 2019

BIPA at UIN Raden Mas Said Surakarta develops Indonesian language skills for foreign students to be able to communicate well, politely, and fluently with Indonesian people; and have Islamic knowledge. This research aims to: (1) describe the implementation management of BIPA learning; and (2) to describe the implementing constraints for KEPDIRJENPENDIS Number 6244 of 2019. The research data collection technique was documentation of KAK, a certificate template, and a lecture journal. BIPA learning was explored through in-depth interviews covering preparation, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation. Since 2006, it has had planning, organizing, implementing, and supervising learning as KEPDIRJENPENDIS Number 6244 of 2019. It emphasizes listening, reading, writing, and speaking skills using direct methods. Cultural insight emphasizes local wisdom; and Islamic insight emphasizes morality and Islamic celebrations (sekaten, Eid homecoming, and isra' mi'raj). Issues that should be concerned with it, namely: (a). the language matriculation implementation cannot be carried out on time because it has to align with existing lectures in the faculty environment of each foreign student; (b) the documentation of BIPA learning archives by BIPA organizers has not been organized as institutional archiving requirements; (c). The availability of educational buildings is still limited, so the availability of classrooms is also limited; (d). BIPA organizers have not been optimal in managing the test question bank, so it has the impression that they are only repeating existing questions without updating them. BIPA organizers do not yet have assessment standards set as a permanent reference in providing evaluations to foreign students.

Documentary archive of Alexander Gaush (1873–1947) in the Simferopol Art Museum collection. Letters of Igor Grabar

This article classifies the archive of Alexander Gaush in the Simferopol Art Museum funds and studies the texts of individual documents. Alexander Gaush (1873–1947) was an artist and graphic artist, participant of exhibitions of the Academy of Arts and the World of Art artistic movement, one of the founders of the New Society of Artists, curator of the Museum of Old Saint Petersburg, professor of painting, a talented teacher. A number of archive documents were previously studied by the chief curator of museum funds Leonarda Rybnikova, the Crimean art critic Sergey Pushkarev; individual pages of the artist’s biography were illuminated by the employee of the State Museum of Saint Petersburg History Lyudmila Aksenova. The archive documents can be classified into two sections: the first includes letters and handwritten documents authored by Alexander Gaush; the second includes letters addressed to A.Gaush and various documents related to the life and work of the artist and his wife Lyubov Gaush (1873–1943). Among A.Gaush’s correspondents are prominent artists: Eugene Demmeni (1898–1969), Nikolay Root (1870–1960), Alfred Eberling (1872–1951), Igor Grabar (1871–1960). The letters of Igor Grabar, sent in 1946–1947, allow us to see a picture of the artistic life of this time. The text of these letters sheds light on the history of the portrait, which A.Gaush, with the assistance of Igor Grabar, tried to transfer to the Russian Museum through the Leningrad Purchasing Commission. A number of facts suggest that this work of art was the Portrait of Lyubov Gaush created by Alexander Sokolov, which was transferred by A.Gaush for temporary storage to the Simferopol Art Gallery in 1946 and accepted into the main fund in 1949.

Surveillance Capitalism in America ed. by Josh Lauer and Kenneth Lipartito

Reviewed by: Surveillance Capitalism in America ed. by Josh Lauer and Kenneth Lipartito Dolores E. Janiewski (bio) Surveillance Capitalism in America Edited by Josh Lauer and Kenneth Lipartito. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2021. Pp. 288. Inspired and provoked by Shoshona Zuboff's Age of Surveillance Capitalism, the creators of this volume situate contemporary surveillance techniques and institutional imperatives in a history ranging from Caribbean slave plantations to the now ubiquitous digital trackers innocuously called cookies. Challenging Zuboff's origin story that surveillance capitalism started with Google, editors Josh Lauer and Kenneth Lipartito and the other contributors discuss earlier examples of operational methods, economic imperatives, the collection of information, and efforts to control workers, customers, and public opinion. In a telling rebuttal of Adam Smith's "invisible hand," Lauer and Lipartito state that surveillance provides [End Page 230] the market's "eyes and ears" (p. 5). The diverse technologies, bureaucratic processes, and information collection discussed in the chapters that follow their illuminating introduction raise expectations about scope that cannot be fully met in an introduction, nine interventions into a history that spans three centuries, and a brief afterword by Sarah E. Igo. As the editors admit in their introduction's conclusion, the volume marks a "starting point" and an invitation for additional research rather than providing a comprehensive history of capitalist surveillance in America (p. 26). For those who focus on computational architecture, networked devices, and social media's intrusive collection of personal information, the final three chapters discuss the contemporary iterations of surveillance capitalism. In detailing the "war on drugs" in the workplace in the 1980s and 1990s, James Milloy points to the longer-term consequences of subjecting employees to intrusive drug testing as normative. Not only did the acceptance of urinalysis and other screening procedures lead to greater biometric surveillance, but it also turned workers' bodies and social lives into profitable sites for the drug-testing industry. Dan Guadagnolo's exploration of a failed attempt at marketing tobacco to African American consumers comes with a warning that personalized digital advertisements make resistance more difficult by concealing a racial agenda within their digital infrastructure. Meg Leta Jones adds a discussion of cookies and web privacy that attributes the failure of resistance to these recent examples of surveillance capitalism to the history that has created "powerfully entrenched structures, ideas, and mechanisms," which allow social media corporations to evade scrutiny and restrictions to their intrusions on personal privacy (p. 202). Three useful chapters compare historical surveillance methods from slave plantations in the late 1700s and early 1800s and the rivalries between detective agencies in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. According to Caitlin Rosenthal and Cameron Black, slave plantations operated according to a capitalist logic that included what Zuboff identified as the unprecedented social media goal of "behavioral modification." They add bureaucratic record keeping, enslaved watchmen, and media to this form of surveillance capitalism. As they note, the Jamaica Watchman, an antislavery newspaper, conducted countersurveillance on planters to suggest the difficulties of controlling the circulation of intelligence. Richard K. Popp jumps forward a half century to document a publishing company's collection of names and personal data using the postal service and correspondence to turn lists of names into "new forms of commoditized identity" (p. 63). Jamie L. Pietruska's analysis of paperwork, bureaucracy, and surveillance discusses the Pinkerton National Detective Agency's investigation of competitors who used the family's name by creating a documentary archive on their allegedly fraudulent rivals as an essential part of a surveillance infrastructure that used filing systems and cabinets instead of algorithms to defeat their adversaries. [End Page 231] Successive chapters analyze a twentieth-century economy where workers in customer-focused occupations lost their ability to express their authentic feelings while being subjected to surveillance by managers and the public as emotional labor became a job requirement. Viewing the emphasis on courtesy as a strategy to create a favorable public opinion and fend off government ownership, Daniel Robert extends the reach of capitalist surveillance from the open office to telephone conversations, homes, and the visible expression of emotions as technology and corporate strategy entrenched private ownership. Megan J. Elias finds that hotels demanded...

Rudenica i njeno mesto u arhitekturi Moravske Srbije

Built at the turn of the 14th century, as an endowment of nobleman Vukašin and his wife Vukosava, Rudenica attracted the attention of scholars of Serbian medieval architecture as early as the 19th century. The hardships of the church, as well as lack of data about its original appearance, resulted in two failed restorations. Based on historical sources, preserved and partially published archival documentation, as well as comparisons with chronologically and topographically similar monuments, the previous findings are reexamined in the paper, in order to determine its place in the development of the Moravian Serbia architecture.

Modern Wendat Lexicography: Using XML to Reflect the Grammar and Lexicon of an Iroquoian Language

ABSTRACT: Building dictionaries with tools and methods emerging from Eurocentric traditions has proved problematic for Indigenous languages. We are building a dictionary for Wendat, an Iroquoian language formerly known as Huron that is being reawakened in Wendake, Québec. There are twelve manuscript dictionaries and lexicons for Wendat, created by missionaries during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. We are encoding the manuscripts using a standard Text Encoding Initiative (TEI) schema. However, when we came to create and encode a modern reconstructed Wendat dictionary, we were overly constrained by Eurocentric structures and assumptions inherent to TEI. Building our own custom XML schema allows us to better reflect Wendat grammar, responding to community needs and our evolving understandings of the language. This article describes the development of this schema, based on analysis of the archival documentation and related languages. Through this discussion, we will exemplify the schema we built and address the points of friction between TEI and Wendat grammatical structures. Our custom schema enables us to elegantly and economically represent exactly what our analysis of the language reveals, capturing elements of the language such as event-verb consequentiality, conjugation class, and stems, while avoiding incompatible elements and assumptions.

HBIM: The digital transformation of cultural and existing heritage

BIM, or Building Information Modelling, is the future of architecture, engineering, construction and operations. We very often associate this definition with new buildings, while 80% of buildings in 2050 already exist today. A significant part of them are historical buildings. It is important to know how we can use BIM in this context and how this modern design tool serves to model and manage the unpredictable situations and complexities of historic buildings. The dissimilarity, the difficulty of data exchange between interested parties and therefore the difficulty of standardization is in this regard the challenge to be overcome with older buildings. In connection with architectural heritage, information modelling of heritage buildings is referred to under the name of HBIM, which is a built architecture representation system composed of libraries of semantically structured and parameterized objects. The basic process is the processing of the data in our possession, which are all transferred to a BIM-type model. SCAN to BIM is an operation that allows you to connect a point cloud created by laser scanner or photogrammetry to develop historical building management models that can be used in different application areas: accessibility and improvement, archival documentation research, conservation and visualization of cultural heritage, reconstruction and management of heritage, artificial intelligence (AI) and virtual reality (VR).The purpose of the paper is to provide an basic overview of the concept of HBIM. The contribution provides a brief overview of the regulatory framework and an overview of the methodology and workflow in the mentioned area with the appropriate conclusions.

FROM «ANALOGUE» TO «DIGITAL»: PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF ELECTRONIC ARCHIVES

The article discusses theoretical and applied problems of storing technotronic documentation. The analysis of information properties of retrospective electronic documents is presented. The specific features of digital documents are highlighted: machine-readable, reference copying, non-attachment to the carrier. The characteristic of methods for ensuring the reliability and authenticity of archival documentation is given. The necessity of developing a strategy for longterm storage of electronic resources at the local (intra-organizational) level is substantiated.

White-plastered basins from Tell Djassa el-Gharbi in northeastern Syria and their possible functions

A review of archival documentation from Tell Djassa el-Gharbi in northeastern Syria and comparative data from sites published in the last three decades have led to a reassessment of some features discovered at the site. This paper presents white-plastered basins uncovered in the topmost occupational stratum dated to the late phase of ED III/EJZ III or the beginning of the Akkadian period. The installations are divided into three general categories based on their morphology, associated features, and possible functions. Analogies to each category of basins are discussed. The Locus 1 installation is discussed in detail. Contents of a unique pottery deposit found inside this installation are described, and possible functions of this feature are proposed following analysis of the vessels and parallel finds.

Documentary Heritage of 1773–1923 of Siberian Archives with Significance to Lithuania

Extensive archival documentation related to Lithuania and Lithuanians is kept in Russia, and not only in St. Petersburg or Moscow. Archival cases of Lithuanians containing high numbers of ego-documents, are dispersed throughout the vast territory, and are especially numerous in the Siberian memory institutions. Thanks to the project Lithuanian Sibiriada, copies of documents brought from Tobolsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk can be found in the Lithuanian State Historical Archives. By using the analysis of documents and the method of classification, this article tries to systematize the information about the relevant materials found in the state archives of Siberia and to determine their typology.
 The studied documentation covering the period between 1773 and 1923 was found to belong to such areas of public life as politics, economics, science, education, culture, religion, administration, law, statistics, labor, and migration. These are documents (ranging from drafts and copies to official originals) produced by Lithuanians themselves, scribes, state officials not only in Siberia, but also in Lithuania, St. Petersburg or other parts of the Russian Empire. By type, among the discovered documents, there are decrees and manifests, deportation sentences, appointment letters, certificates, sheets, decisions, court records, lists, metrics, reports, reviews, statistics, financial documents. In terms of ego-documents, letters, requests, complaints, explanations, and wills can be found. With such texts, people sought to report, ask, defend themselves or those close to them, or bequeath property. The government created documents with the purpose of informing, registering, taxing, deporting, liberating, accommodating, employing, accumulating data; (not) issuing permits, allowances, salaries. Photos were taken for the mass media, identification, or inspection.
 Siberian documents touch on such topics as the uprisings, the annexation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, attempts of Russification, exiles and prisoners, police surveillance, deaths, liberation, return to the social group, employment, marriage, obtaining a passport, business, resettlement, return to Lithuania. Documentary testimonies are available about free Lithuanians in Siberia: workers and farmers, students and teachers, businesspeople and craftsmen, doctors and priests, officials and various specialists, war refugees and repatriates. The addressees of the letters were the governors’ offices, directorates, courts, various institutions, officials, private people.
 The study showed that, between 1773 and 1923, Siberian documents about Lithuanians most frequently concern the deported persons (political, criminal), their data and applications. Yet, there are also archival cases significant for the history of Lithuania about the Lithuanian colonies, various specialists, famous personalities, businesspeople, about events in Lithuania itself.

INSPECTION VISITS TO SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN ITALY: THE ROLE OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS (1859-1889)

This contribution focuses on an important chapter in the history of education that has not yet been investigated, that is the methods of inspections in government gymnasiums and lyceums in the first thirty years after the Unification of Italy. Starting from the legal framework and on the basis of archival documentation, the historical passages of a system centered on university professors are reconstructed. Between 1863 and 1889, they were called upon by the ministry as government inspectors to visit gymnasiums and lyceums to assess first and foremost the teaching activity of the teaching staff.

Movilidad urbana y “geometrías de poder”: El tranvía urbano en La Paz a principios del siglo XX

The historical development of the electric trolley in La Paz is connected to the process of modernization and urban expansion carried out by the liberal criollo-mestizo elites in the early 20th century. The archival documentation shows the trolley as part of the development of the city's modern transportation system, but also as a technology connected to the social development of groups in conflict for the material and symbolic control of urban space. Drawing on Doreen Massey's analysis of "power-geometries," the article argues that the trolley was functional in the constitution of social subjectivities shaping people’s understanding and experience of public space, and it was part of a mobility and access policy in the idea that mobility and control of mobility reflect and reinforce power relations.

Association and Enlightenment: Scottish Clubs and Societies, 1700-1830, ed. Marc C. Wallace and Jane Rendell

<i>Association and Enlightenment: Scottish Clubs and Societies, 1700-1830</i>, ed. Marc C. Wallace and Jane Rendell