Architecture Research Articles

Scour-induced stability risks of the Zogu Bridge: Preservation challenges and policy recommendations for a threatened European heritage

This study aims to investigate the structural condition of the Zogu Bridge, a designated cultural monument in Albania, focusing on the impact of scour phenomena and the recent threat of devastating flood events. Namely, this study aims to assess the potential risks that could lead to the collapse of the bridge. It underlines the urgency of addressing critical issues to preserve this important cultural and engineering heritage. The study is based on an in-depth analysis combining extensive topographical and geotechnical investigations of the site. In addition, numerical analysis are carried out to evaluate the structural risks associated with the settlement that occurred at Pier P2 during the flood of January 11, 2021. The load-bearing capacity of the bridge was analyzed to obtain a comprehensive understanding of the overall structural integrity. The methodology involves a comprehensive approach to collecting data and assessing the various factors contributing to the precarious condition of the Zogu Bridge. The results of the study reveal alarming conditions, particularly in relation to pier P2, which has subsided by more than 2 m, jeopardizing the overall stability of the bridge. The numerical analysis show that Pier P2 had already lost more than 60% of its load-bearing capacity before the settlement occurred. In addition, piers P5, P1, P3, and P4 are in critical condition, with pier P5 teetering on the edge of equilibrium. Urgent action is deemed crucial to prevent further progression of scour depth which would pose a serious threat to the stability of the entire Zogu Bridge. The originality and contribution of this study lie in the comprehensive examination of the Zogu Bridge, which addresses both the technical aspects and the cultural significance of the structure. The identification of specific risks and critical conditions, supported by thorough site investigations and numerical assessments, provides valuable insights for preservation efforts. Our findings suggest that the construction of a rockfill weir downstream of the bridge would be the most effective short-term measure. This approach would mitigate scouring around the bridge piers, lowering the collapse risk of the Zogu Bridge from extreme to medium. The urgent call to take effective action underscores the importance of preserving this centuries-old engineering masterpiece, highlighting its dual significance as an outstanding work of architecture and a treasured cultural monument of both national and international value.

Development of Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) and Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for Architectural Work Components of High-Rise Buildings with Risk-Based Design-Build Contracts to Improve Project Time Performance

This research aims to develop a WBS-based Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) for architectural work components in high-rise buildings with risk-based design contracts. The main problem faced in high-rise building projects is uncertainty that can affect project time performance, which often causes delays and cost overruns. Therefore, risk management is important to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of project implementation. This research is applied to a risk-based WBS and SOP, which is expected to minimize potential risks and improve project time performance. The WBS serves as a tool to break down large jobs into smaller and more structured parts, while the SOP will provide clear operational guidance for each stage of the job. Thus, the synergy between WBS and SOP is expected to provide better control over the implementation of architectural works in high-rise construction projects. The results of this study will show the relationship between risk-based WBS and SOPs in improving project time performance. This research also provides recommendations regarding the proper implementation steps of WBS and SOP for risk-based design-build contracts, which can be applied to similar projects in the future.

SYMBOLIC AND AESTHETIC ROLE OF POLYCHROMY IN TRADITIONAL ARCHITECTURE AND SACRED ART OF CHINA

An important role in forming the national image of traditional Chinese architecture was played by a specific polychromy, based on a combination of saturated contrasting colors, each of which was used on certain elements and could have a certain sacred meaning. The authors studied the colouristic solution of ancient architectural objects and works of art and identified the most typical examples of the use of colours. Differences in the use of colour in architecture and ancient fresco paintings of China in different periods were traced.

Digital witnessing through 3D reconstruction of the Manus Island Detention Centre

The Against Erasure project, delivered a 3D digital model reconstruction of Manus Island Offshore Processing Centre, for use in teaching and learning, via a multidisciplinary Canvas Teaching Resource in the humanities and social sciences. The digital model is a "Simulation" of an historical site, supported by Seekbeak activities, reflecting learner engagement and learning environments that support innovative teaching and learning The 3D digital reconstruction preserves an historical record of the detention centre on Manus Island, where thousands of refugees were imprisoned under Australia’s harsh offshore processing regime. After its 2017 closure to comply with PNG laws, the centre was dismantled. Today, the jungle has overtaken the site, as if it had never existed. Yet several men died there, due to homicide, self-harm, suicide, or untreated medical conditions. Preserving a record of the site was important. (Loughnan et al, 2021; Giannacopoulos and Loughnan, 2020).The simulation is resonant of the work of Forensic Architecture, which adopts an archeological approach to the digital representation of sites of state-sponsored violence, providing ‘forensic’ evidence of human rights violations. The digitally reconstructured site delivers rich insights into the impacts of systemic injustice, through concepts like ‘performation’, showing how digital technology can enhance memory through the (re)creation of place (Mandelossi, 2021). (re) Through ‘performation’, place is ’actualised in the digital sphere. However its representation is also the effect of those engaged in its re-creation. That is, these digital sites are ‘never just an imitation or a reproduction of the physical place to which they refer. Rather, the physical place is staged through an interaction with the virtual place.' The Against Erasure simulation, shows that 'we do things with places, as the work of Forensic Architecture (discussed below) convincingly shows. The digital does something with place and can enhance it by adding layers of meaning allowed by the specific affordances of digital media.This project is a significant example of how learning technologies can advance research, of current research being used in teaching, and the nexus between research and teaching for restorative justice purposes. The Against Erasure project presents a 3D digital reconstruction of the Manus Island Offshore Processing Centre, developed as a multidisciplinary teaching resource for humanities and social sciences. The model preserves an historical record of the now-dismantled detention centre, where thousands of refugees were imprisoned under Australia's offshore processing regime. Despite limited access to official documents, the reconstruction was created using archival materials, interviews, Google Maps, film footage, and audio recordings. The accompanying Canvas community site demonstrates research-led teaching, utilising H5P, Seekbeak, and other learning technologies to contextualise the model across disciplines and delivery modes. Students engage in co-constructing interactive hotspots, becoming active contributors to the simulated site.In 2024 and 2025, students applied methods described above for a 3rd year Arts subject: Digital Humanities and the Social Sciences. It was clear that the simulation functioned as a provocation, with student feedback indicated that this simulation was quite distinct from other simulations: they weren’t just working with a simulator in an abstract way. Rather, they were engaged in contributing human dimensions to the simulation, through Seekbeak activities, becoming active participants in countering historical erasure. The model prompted students to consider the value of simulation, not just as a digital tool, but as a technique of memorialisation, honouring past suffering, and institutional violence, especially when the physical site has disappeared, and there is no concrete reminder of that history. This is an example of a ‘digital’ site of conscience. Students were also co-creators of the model, as noted above (methods), in which their engagement also reflected the idea of performation as an effect of such digital simulations. Although simulation techniques are common in the sciences, it is relatively rare to see them used in the humanities and social sciences. This is the only known 3D model of the detention centre, making it a significant contribution to collective knowledge about the facility and its location. It functions as a historical reminder of the suffering of those imprisoned there as especially, in the face of the Australia’s refusal to admit to its complicity in this violence. Students are asked to consider the value of simulating the former prison in 3D, including what is enabled by the 3D graphics, the critical implications of 3D modelling for scholarship in Criminology and Memory Studies and how the critical perspectives Criminology and Memory Studies have transformed the use of 3D modelling. This project is a significant example of how learning technologies can advance research, of current research being used in teaching, and the nexus between research and teaching for restorative justice purposes.

Saigon Ceramics in Artistic Decoration Architecture of the Hoa People in Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam

Hoa people play an important role in reclaiming and building the southern region, especially the Cho Lon area, which is considered to have the largest concentration of Hoa communities in the country. Possessing a unique cultural heritage, Hoa people in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC) have created many unique architectural works with outstanding colors and decorative carvings. Exquisitely carved on many materials, such as wood, bronze, and especially ceramic. From the early twentieth century onwards, in the Saigon region, names of pottery kilns such as "Dong Hoa Dieu" and "Buu Nguyen Dieu" appeared on ceramic products used for construction, restoration, decoration, or worship at temples. , Hoa Guild Halls, etc. Saigon pottery appeared because the need to use decorative ceramics and worship objects for new construction and restoration at temples, shrines, and Guild Halls became more popular. The decorative art themes in the traditional architecture of the temple and the Flower Guild Hall are very diverse and rich, such as mascots, plants, stories, symbols associated with religious beliefs,... Decorative images This is vividly portrayed to express the profound ideological and intellectual meanings of human life and the universe while demonstrating the mettle and character of the Hoa people and educating future generations. We aim to introduce the origin, historical significance, and cultural characteristics through each theme, legend, and distinctive layout of the temples by surveying and studying Saigon ceramics in architectural and artistic decoration at some temples, shrines, and Hoa Guild Halls in Ho Chi Minh City, such as: Tue Thanh Hoi Quan, Nhi Phu Hoi Quan, Nghia An Guild Hall, Nam Pho Da Tu, Thao Duong Thien Tu,... Ho Chi Minh City is home to two distinct Vietnamese and Hoa resident communities, which together support the city's distinctive architectural and historical assets.

An Overview to a Collaborative Project for the Conservation of Ottoman Period Wall Paintings in Albania and Türkiye

The bilateral research project “Conservation Problems and Preservation Methods of Wall Paintings in Monumental and Civil Architecture Examples in Albania and Türkiye during the Ottoman Period,” funded by TÜB˙ITAK and AKKSHI (15 April 2023–2015 April 2025), investigates the conservation challenges and preservation strategies for Ottoman-era wall paintings. These artworks, emblematic of the shared cultural heritage of Albania and Türkiye, face significant risks due to environmental factors, material degradation, and inappropriate restoration approaches. The study focuses on key sites in Türkiye (Istanbul, Bursa, and Safranbolu) and in Albania (Tiranë, Berat, Gjirokastër, and Krujë) employing a multidisciplinary methodology that integrates archival research, literature review, on-site surveys, and advanced conservation techniques. The research identifies patterns of artistic composition, deterioration mechanisms, restoration techniques and the impact of past restoration interventions. Results highlight the challenges of balancing authenticity with contemporary conservation practices and emphasize the necessity of culturally sensitive and scientifically informed approaches. Deliverables include scholarly publications, workshops, exhibition, online seminars, contributing to the dissemination of knowledge and awareness of Ottoman-era wall paintings. This research not only advances the understanding of conservation methodologies for historic murals but also establishes a replicable framework for preserving shared cultural heritage, fostering resilience, and promoting interdisciplinary collaboration in heritage conservation.

Eloquence and Beauty vs. the Fragmented Dialogue: Challenges for Academic Communication

Abstract: The paper presents a brief chronological exploration of the concept of beauty, aiming to highlight its relevance in modern times. The author's primary focus is on the intersection of beauty in speech and architectural works. The comparison between them places them within a unique "coordinate system," where the intersecting coordinates of the abscissa (on which the entire world, materialized through architecture, is positioned) and the ordinate (on which the world as a whole, realized through language, is positioned) generate a dialogue oriented toward beauty. This dialogue stands in opposition to the broken dialogicity of our times, shattered by lack of vision and greed. The path to its "revival" is found in the ability of language to preserve beauty. In practice, this is achieved through the refinement of pedagogical and, in particular, academic communication. The methods are analysis and synthesis and desk research. The assumption is that academic communication is undergoing processes conditioned by many factors; changes are taking place at the levels of language, and communication channels; it is facing challenges at the levels of preserving values and traditions and at the same time optimizing and adapting to new conditions, and one of the possible angles of future research is between language and architecture. Keywords: beauty, eloquence, aesthetics, language and architecture, dialogue, academic communication.

A Service-Learning proposal for Architecture, Building and Urbanism Students: getting involved in Education Tours in Madrid

A Service-Learning methodology has been employed by professors and students at the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid to design and conduct two educational tours: "Spanish Enlightenment and the discovery of three chemical elements" and "The ‘altos del hipódromo’, a significant area during the 'Silver Age' of Spanish culture (1868-1936)". The objectives include: providing a holistic education integrating science with art, history, and architecture; nurturing skills such as data research, teamwork, oral presentation, and creativity; disseminating cultural content widely to the general people; and deepening the understanding of Madrid's architectural and cultural heritage. Tailored for diverse audiences including international participants, scientific conference attendees, and students from specific areas, these tours also involve students and faculty from architecture, building, and urban planning backgrounds. This article reflects on these experiences, evolving into discussion of topics such as Madrid's urban development, historical cartography, architectural styles (Neoclassical, Iron, Functionalism, Neo-Mudéjar…), the progression of historical buildings, the lives and works of prominent architects, and the intersection between architectural heritage and tourism.

PERBANDINGAN PEKERJAAN ARSITEKTUR ANTARA RAB PROYEK DENGAN BIM CUBICOST PADA GEDUNG LABORATORIUM ISI SURAKARTA

Engineers increasingly use project management technology such as Building Information Modelling (BIM) to optimize resource utilization and minimize costs in construction projects. Cubicost is a 5D BIM software used for volume and material price calculations. This research aims to compare architectural work volumes using Cubicost Takeoff for Architecture and Structure (TAS) with contractor volumes and conduct a comparison analysis of the Budget Plan (RAB). This study employs a quantitative method through a simple linear regression approach to validate Cubicost results with the author's manual calculations. First, data is collected to be modeled using Cubicost software. Then, a simple linear regression analysis is conducted to assess the validity of Cubicost based on the author's manual calculations. Next, a comparison of volumes and RAB between Cubicost results and contractors is performed to analyze deviations caused by contractor human error factors and determine the percentage of efficiency in Cubicost software usage. The comparison of Cubicost with the contractor results in a cost efficiency of Rp734,925,053.97 or an efficiency percentage of 18.429%. Based on these results, this research recommends the implementation of Cubicost in the construction project of the Integrated Multi-Matra SBSN ISI Surakarta Laboratory Building for decrease human error in this project.

Uma proposta bakhtiniana de estudo transdisciplinar entre Linguística e Arquitetura

This research focuses on the conceptual contribution of Bakhtin and his Circle to the field of Architecture. From a Bakhtinian perspective, the research expands the analytical corpus to include visual signs — specifically, architectural works—while offering Architecture new conceptual and methodological tools for analyzing and critiquing the architectural object as a human product that fulfills a social function within a given time and space. Architectural objects, in addition to delimiting an organized space for the exercise of a function, also carry meaning. It is within this realm of the sign that architecture and language connect. As a central objective, we aim to demonstrate that concepts developed by the Russian thinkers can be used as an instrument for the conceptual analysis of architectural space, which, like a spatial concrete utterance, reflects and refracts a social reality. This theoretical and bibliographic study draws from Bakhtin, Voloshinov, and Medvedev, as well as from key theorists and critics of architecture. The results indicate that the concepts of Bakhtinian architectonics enable analyses of architectural works in ways similar to the analyses of concrete utterances, as they are signic materializations exhibiting a finalization shaped by ideological perspectives present in the form and function of built space.

Performance as Translation.

An instructive perspective of translatology is that of examining trans­lation as performance. Here, key questions are for what purpose a trans­la­tion is made and how it was prepared for that purpose. Regarding method, how­ever, it would be an original move if one looked at the performance it­self in its translational dimension. Following such a perspective, this essay examines how performative actions can translate the transcendent or in­vis­i­ble ‘sacred’ into an aesthetic experience. The authors explain their approach by looking at a significant event, the dedication of the church of the Sagrada Fa­milia in Barcelona (2010) together with the homily of Pope Benedict XVI. The main reason for that choice is that the liturgy is not only an issue of theological reflection, since it also allows one to examine translational pro­cess­es in a polysemiotic-performative way. Indeed, in the liturgy the rite, text lan­guage, art and architecture work together harmoniously into an in­te­gra­tive action that can shape the aesthetic experience of the “sacred”. As a trans­dis­ciplinary study, this essay seeks to provide further perspectives for future research in many areas of the humanities.

Sounds of the deep: How input representation, model choice, and dataset size influence underwater sound classification performance.

Convolutional neural networks (CNNs) have proven highly effective in automatically identifying and classifying underwater sound sources, enabling efficient analysis of marine environments. This work examines two key design choices for a CNN classifier: input representation and network architecture, analyzing their importance as training data size varies and their effectiveness in generalizing between sites. Passive acoustic data from three offshore sites in Western Scotland were used for hierarchical classification; categorizing sounds into one of four classes: delphinid tonal, delphinid clicks, vessels, and ambient noise. Three different input representations of the acoustic signals were investigated along with four CNN architectures, including three pre-trained for image classification tasks. Experiments show that a custom-built shallow CNN can outperform more complex ar chitectures if the input representation is chosen appropriately. For example, a shallow CNN using Mel-spectrogram normalised with per channel energy normalization (MS-PCEN) achieved a 12.5% accuracy improvement over a ResNet model when small amounts of training data are available. Studying model performance across the three sites demonstrates that input representation is an important factor for achieving robust results between sites, with MS-PCEN achieving the best performance. However, the importance of the choice of input representation decreases as the training dataset size increases.

Recognition and critique of the work of architecture based on the system of activity of the centers in the philosophy of the provincial system (becoming a philosophy)

Recognition and critique of the work of architecture based on the system of activity of the centers in the philosophy of the provincial system (becoming a philosophy)

Erzurum Caferiye Mosque and Its Calligraphies

Islamic calligraphy, an important part of the rich artistic and cultural heritage of Islamic civilization, has not only conveyed the content of the text but also served to convey messages with deep meaning to its addressee through an aesthetic language. Islamic calligraphy, which is used in a wide range of areas such as Mushafs, plates and architectural works, has also gained a unique place in Turkish-Islamic architecture. More than just being a decorative element, calligraphy has strengthened the spiritual dimension of the architectural structure by giving meaning and identity to the space where it is written. Especially in mosques, calligraphy, which decorates the walls and domes, has created a visual place of worship that invites to worship, as well as contributing to the creation of a peaceful and profound atmosphere that appeals to the inner worlds of the worshippers. This function of calligraphy shows that in Islamic art, writing and architecture are intertwined and complement each other. In this way, religious and cultural values are expressed in an aesthetic way. Erzurum Caferiye Mosque, an Ottoman work dating back to the 17th century, is one of the mosques that houses remarkable examples of calligraphy art. Caferiye Mosque, built by Cafer Efendi in 1648, is a typical example of Ottoman architecture. The main dome of the mosque is supported by four half domes and its minaret has one balcony. Although there are studies on the mosque’s architecture and restoration, no comprehensive research has been done on the mosque’s calligraphies. In this study, the construction inscription in the mosque, the minbar-mihrab calligraphies, the calligraphies on the dome and window pediments were examined in detail in terms of Islamic calligraphy art.

New perspectives and usual challenges: present technologies for document management in architectural heritage conservation-restoration works

The lack of documentation regarding conservation-restoration works is a critical issue. This paper emphasises the impact of this deficiency on standardisation and awareness of past processes, as well as on the development of new interventions and the implementation of preventive conservation plans; moreover, it sets forth an analysis of the current state, future trends and potential of information management systems within the context of the concerns, needs, and professional practices in conservation-restoration. To achieve this, the work explores the retrieval, classification, contextualization, and interrelation of dispersed documents through the structuring of a database (DB) and proposes a conceptual framework that integrates three tools: a Catalogue of Document Typologies (CDT), a collaborative 3D workplace generated by Heritage Building Information Modelling (HBIM) and the semantic management through knowledge graphs —with a particular focus on how the information is generated as the result of specific actions defined and developed through projects—. Next, it assesses whether the proposed technologies meet current conservation-restoration requirements, their additional features, and the challenges they present. To establish a scenario applicable to a broad range of heritage typologies, the implementation in the monastery of San Millán de la Cogolla, de Yuso (UNESCO World Heritage Site) is used as a case study. The results demonstrate the essential role of the CDT in structuring information within a project, the advantages of HBIM in data visualisation and use, as well as in fostering collaboration among diverse disciplines and, ultimately, the advancement in formalising knowledge through semantic management. Despite these favourable aspects, the research also highlights the need to enhance the interoperability, dissemination, and reuse of solutions to ensure their effectiveness. Finally, some training areas for conservation-restoration professionals are identified to leverage the benefits offered by these technological developments.

Fashion and Architecture in the Art of Making Aesthetic Artworks

Various multidisciplinary sciences combine to provide architectural inspiration. The interrelationship between fashion and architecture serves as a catalyst for architects' creative output. Fashion can inspire architectural forms and architectural forms can inspire the latest fashion forms. This paper discusses about other things can be discovered from this experiment in discovering aesthetic forms. The method used is collecting precedent studies and literary studies related to these matters. The outcomes of these form experiments and discussions inspire students to create an architectural piece that combines fashion and architecture for aesthetic appeal. The composition of a work of architecture shares similarities with that of fashion.

Il Progetto infinito. Un diario di Lou Pourtoun - Centro civico e culturale

Lou Pourtoun is a nationally and internationally recognised architectural work, a contemporary interpretation of a traditional Occitan typology which, thanks to a roof that embraces several buildings, creates a protected space for work and relationships, an alternative to the dichotomous distinction between inside and outside. Nearly one thousand square metres for just a few inhabitants: a challenge to common sense. Or simply the spatial manifestation of a vision and a desire: a space for a future community, designed and built at a time when it was difficult to imagine that such a community would ever exist again. A public work of architecture capable of representing a society in the process of reformation (after its almost total eradication during the last century): the new population of the Alps and Apennines which, despite its relatively small number compared to overall population, continues to fascinate many. Through a diary from 2020, tracing significant moments of the “Viso A Viso” association’s management of the space, this article tries to capture the significant elements of the project through the delineation of contents, relationships, synergies, and processes. As such, it investigates the possibility of a project that goes beyond the architectural dimension to embrace the entire life of the building, overcoming the container / contents dichotomy, which not only share the same root, but also the same design challenge, that of the real livability of towns and cities, and the same possibility of developing a new idea of community, and even society.

Regeneration and community in socio-cultural spaces

This collection of projects highlights experiences that, through spaces dedicated to culture and community, create a physical infrastructure for local regeneration. The proposed architectural works include spaces for museums, parks, and cultural centres, as well as venues for local and municipal associations hosting informal cultural activities. Despite being located in various regions of the Alps, these projects share common characteristics, such as hosting adaptable and open spaces that can accommodate different functions. Their strength lies in their indeterminacy, being Lefebvrianly “produced” by the communities that inhabit them. Moreover, these buildings are thoughtfully integrated into their surrounding context, with the functional plans and internal relationships between spaces closely connected to the surrounding outdoor areas and nearby built structures.

Penerapan Rekayasa Nilai (Value Engineering) Pada Proyek Pembangunan Gedung Kantor Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara Gorontalo

Value Engineering is a method as an effort to save costs by changing the previous design on a particular job with a more economical design in terms of cost but still maintaining the function, quality, and value of a building. In this study, Value Engineering analysis applies six stages, namely the information stage, the function analysis stage, the creative stage, the evaluation stage, the development stage, and the presentation stage. The object of this research project is the Construction of the Gorontalo State Administration Building. The application is carried out on architectural work, namely on wall, floor, and ceiling work. The results of the study showed that there were savings on wall work of Rp. 147,273,333.24 or 6.45% of the initial cost, and on floor work there were savings of Rp. 67.430.567,75 or 6,31% of the initial cost, and on ceiling work there were savings of Rp. 8,124,051.08 or 1.14% of the initial cost. The total savings from all selected work was Rp. 222.840.013,38 or 5,48% of the initial cost of Rp. 4,063,844,279.62

Mechanical and hydrophobic properties determination of epoxy/ignimbrite/pine waste composites

AbstractIn this study, for the first time, composites have been prepared using ignimbrite and pine waste in epoxy matrix for the restoration of civil architecture examples in Anatolia (Turkiye). Composites were produced with different ratios of aggregates of 50–65 wt% ignimbrite waste (IW) and 5–20 wt% pine waste (PW), to 30 wt% epoxy resin (ER). The mechanical and hydrophobic properties of these composites were investigated. In the study, it was determined that the compression strengths decreased by approximately 20.70%–58.61% due to the increase in the pine waste ratio in the composites. However, it was determined that the compression strength values of the composites increased by approximately 13.09%–173.21% compared to the compression strength value of neat ER. Additionally, the contact angle of these composites is 91°–113.79°, which is higher than the 80.59° of neat ER. These composites with angles greater than 90° show that they provide sufficient conditions for the protection of historical structures from water. As a result, these composites produced with epoxy matrix and different waste fillers provide great potential for the restoration applications of civil architecture examples with their durable, environmentally friendly and economically beneficial properties.Highlights Epoxy/ignimbrite/pine waste composites were produced. First evaluation of the mechanical and hydrophobic properties of composites. IPWC50‐20 containing 20 wt% pine showed the highest hydrophobic properties. The increasing PW ratio in composites increases mechanical properties. IPWC50‐20 is ideal for composite waterproofing.