Defective specification statements cause not only a faulty outcome but also disputes among project stakeholders, claims for project budget and time, project disruptions, and even litigation. Identifying defects in technical sections of construction specifications is challenging. This research aims to develop a structured defect framework and implement supervised natural language processing methods for identifying and categorizing defects in specifications. The dataset includes 175 specifications related to 21 different architectural works collected from 16 construction projects. Eight machine learning (ML) models, ranging from shallow to transformer-based, were trained and tested with combinations of different text representation techniques. Subsequently, a study using ChatGPT-4o, a GenAI tool, was conducted. The pretrained RoBERTa model outperformed the recognition of defects in construction specifications with a macro F1 score of 91.2% and 98% accuracy. This research offers a data-driven methodology with practical tools to enhance the quality of specifications and decrease disputes by reducing the defective specification statements during design, bidding, and preconstruction.

Convolutional Neural Networks are widely used in lung cancer detection for more than a decade. However, it suffers from preserving spatial relationships among features, leading to dead units in deeper layers. This is overcome by the capsule network (CapsNet), which estimates various instantaneous parameters. Nevertheless, the dynamic algorithm implemented in CapsNet is prone to computational complexity because of its higher-end matrix multiplication between primary and secondary capsules. In this study, a light weight attention (LWA)-based EfficientNetB0 and Capsule-inspired feature encoding module is proposed to reduce computational complexity. The role of the LWA lies in its filtering capabilities, thus strengthening the important features and reducing the redundancy. This helps the proposed architecture work more effectively without requiring the computationally intensive routing algorithm. The proposed model targets multiclass classification of benign, normal, and malignant computed tomography images. Unlike CapsNet, no decoder network is present in the proposed architecture. Moreover, a simplified matrix multiplication is computed, which results in fewer floating point operations (FLOPs) of 0.01 GFLOPS. Although the proposed model attained 100% F1 score, accuracy, precision, and recall on the test set, the experiments proved that there is no data leakage. These results indicate its potential to support radiologists in lung cancer detection, though its real-world utility requires prospective clinical evaluation.

This research analyzes waste material in construction projects using Lean Construction and Fault Tree Analysis approaches. The study was conducted on three building projects: Building X in Makassar, Building Y in Batam, and Building Z in Kediri. The objectives are to estimate waste cost from material waste during structural and architectural work, identify the highest waste material indicators, and determine optimization strategies to improve waste cost efficiency. The Waste Assessment Model method was used to identify waste variables, while Fault Tree Analysis was employed to determine root causes and calculate the probability of waste occurrence. Data collection was conducted through direct field observations, interviews with contractors, and questionnaires. Results showed that waste costs in Building X project amounted to Rp. 1,371,690,630 (4.93% of contract value), Building Y project Rp. 1,434,910,750 (3.75% of contract value), and Building Z project Rp. 1,573,029,639 (3.36% of contract value). Waste Assessment Model analysis revealed three critical waste types across all projects: Defects (19.95-20.09%), Overproduction (18.19-18.32%), and Inventory (16.16-16.27%). Fault Tree Analysis identified that the highest probability variable causing waste material was A1 "Human or Group Failure" (0.6066-0.6565), while the lowest was C2 "Storage Capacity and Method" (0.3040-0.3623). This research provides strategies for waste cost efficiency through identification of dominant causes and probability calculations of waste occurrence.

Located on a high hill with no rivers or natural springs, the city of Perugia, in the center of Italy, has had access to water from ancient times through a system of wells and cisterns. The water supply changed in the second half of the thirteenth century with the construction of a 4-km aqueduct and a monumental fountain in the center of the city. Along with these two architectural works, wells and cisterns to catalyze rainwater or water circulating deep continued to be the nerve of the city’s water system. Public authorities exercised strict control over water resources to the point of making water a public good. No wells could be built without permission from the city’s public authorities, which imposed a series of laws guaranteeing the division of water between uses for human consumption and manufacturing activities. Water from the center of the city could be used only for human consumption while water used in economic activities or agriculture was that of the periphery. In the Middle Ages in Perugia, political power imposed a water hierarchy to ensure the use and distribution of water.

The study deals with the exhibitions of the Hungarian group of the international organisation of modern architects, CIAM (Congrès Internationaux de l’ArchitectureModerne). this topic is not unknown to architectural his torians, with numerous publications from the late sixties to the early eighties, but actually, it was not known ex actly how many exhibitions the group had organised in the first half of the thirties to promote modern architec ture and to highlight the social problems it was trying to solve. At that time, similar exhibitions were held in many parts of Central and Eastern Europe, but unlike there where not only written but also a large number of pictorial sources are available, the same cannot be said of their Hungarian counterparts. Original photographs have only survived of the Collective House exhibition of 1931, while the material of the two ‘documentary’ exhibitions opened in 1932 is known only from a few published fragments and even fewer tableau fragments in public collections. Nonetheless, the reconstruction of the exhibitions is not hopeless: a great deal of information has been obtained from architects’ estates, CIAM correspondence, press coverage of the period, and the documents of the criminal trial following the third exhibition. It was possible to establish who were involved and what their role was in the organisation of each exhibition. It was possible to identify lesser-known actors, foreign parallels and models. thus, the story is also about the broader, national and international art connections, exhibition venues, the possibilities of the convincing visual communication of data and ideas, as well as criticism.

Contemporary Turkish architecture has endeavored to shape itself in a distinctive quest for identity between universal values and local cultural identity since the founding of the Republic. Turkish architects have developed various approaches that reinterpret cultural identity to address this dilemma. This study examines the cultural and intellectual dynamics of the search for identity in Turkish architecture from the second half of the twentieth century to the twenty-first century through influential examples. The primary objective is to understand how architects have integrated cultural identity into architectural design processes and the strategies they employed. The methodological framework is Kenneth Frampton's critical regionalism discourse, as established in "Ten Points on an Architecture of Regionalism: A Provisional Polemic." Exemplary structures are analyzed through criteria determining cultural identity in architectural works. The study examines the works of Turgut Cansever and Nevzat Sayın, focusing on their approaches to translating cultural values into contemporary architectural language and their theoretical foundations. Cansever carries traditional Ottoman-Islamic heritage into modern context, while Sayın demonstrates highly context-sensitive approaches. Research findings reveal that both architects employ distinct yet complementary strategies in conveying cultural identity. Cansever grounds his approach in metaphysical understanding emphasizing organic wholeness, whereas Sayın proceeds from phenomenological sensitivity prioritizing contextual dialogue. The results demonstrate that successful integration of cultural identity emerges through balanced combination of these approaches. This study contributes by analyzing the relationship between cultural identity and contemporary architectural design within a theoretical framework, presenting a methodological foundation for future architectural design practice.

Biodegradation is a process that occurs in historical structures due to the release of enzymes, organic acids, and other chemical compounds by microorganisms, and it poses a significant threat to the integrity of cultural heritage. In this study, metagenomic analyses were used to determine the microbial diversity present on the walls of the Şeyh Edebali Tomb and to reveal the biodegradation processes occurring on the stone surface. The microbial taxa on the stone surface were identified, and the dominant microbial groups associated with biodegradation were determined. Our results showed that there is a high microbial diversity on the tomb's stone surface, which allowed us to uncover the metabolic impacts of these groups in the biodegradation processes. Particularly, the microbial communities abundant on the stone surface have been shown to possess biofilm formation potential, the ability to adapt to different environmental conditions, and biodegradation properties. The families Pseudomonadaceae (59.53%), Xanthomonadaceae (22.36%), Comamonadaceae (8.75%), and Sphingomonadaceae (5.41%) were identified as the most dominant families. The genera Pseudomonas (84.74%), Sphingomonas (7.28%), and Stutzerimonas (1.27%) were the most abundant. It is predicted that the species within these taxonomic groups contribute to biodegradation processes through different metabolic activities. Identifying the microbial diversity on the stone surface will guide the preservation of historical stone architecture and the transfer of these architectural works to future generations.

Architectural textiles also known as Architextiles is a multi-disciplinary intersection of textile science and architectural design where lightweight, flexible and high-performance built environments are achieved. Architectural textiles are based on the combination of architecture and textiles, and can be used as structural and non-structural items, acting as facades, roofing systems, shading systems, interior, and energy-generating building skins. The paper focuses on the review of materials, structures, properties, and emerging technologies that relate to architextiles, which have become increasingly significant in the sustainable and innovative architectural practices. The research considers a broad spectrum of fibres, which is natural fibres, synthetic fibres, high-performance fibres, metallic fibres, woven fabrics, knitted fabrics, braided fabrics, nonwoven fabrics, and spacer fabrics, among others that have been used in architectural work. This is done in relation to the coating that is used like PVC, PTFE, silicone and PVDF or fibre reinforced composite like structural efficiency, durability, weatherability, and fire resistance. The architextiles performance requirements (tensile and tear strength, flexibility, UV and fire, light transmission, thermal and acoustic performance and energy efficiency) are examined with references to the recent experimental studies. Moreover, the paper discusses various uses of architextiles such as tensile and pneumatic buildings, facades, shading systems, roofing, green textile roofs, interior textile systems, acoustic and thermal insulation, landscape architecture and cheap and living solutions. New possibilities of nanotechnology, phase change materials, biomimicry, and energy-harvesting textiles are critically considered with an emphasis on the possibilities to improve the performance and sustainability of buildings. Durability issues, cost, lifespan, as well as complexity of installation are discussed as well. Comprehensively, the paper highlights the role of architextiles as a revolutionary material system capable of supporting adaptive, energy-saving, and expressive buildings, which makes them one of the primary constituents of the sustainable building industry and intelligent building construction in the future.

This study traces architectural thought that can be characterized as new realistic approaches within the context of multi-dimensional crises that have shaken the epistemological and subject-centered design paradigms and focusing on the associated ontological debates. Architectural approaches that move beyond symbolic interpretations and emphasize the material autonomy of objects, aligning with the ideas of theoreticians like Graham Harman, Manuel DeLanda, and Karen Barad, are examined through the lens of design methodology. Through concepts such as tool-being, intra-action, and assemblage, the study defines multi-layered, resilient, and agentic ontological realms of objects of architecture that go beyond functionality and formalism. Architecture is thus positioned as an ontological becoming situated between object actors, grounded in a realist infrastructure that transcends human experience. In this context, the recent works of architects like Takaharu Tezuka, Sami Rintala, and Alejandro Aravena, who are considered to articulate this framework, are analyzed. As a result, the theoretical framework of new realism in architecture is constructed as a design methodology that reconsiders design processes in-between philosophy and design methodology, and prioritizes being-in-interaction with nature.

Abstract. The preservation of 19th-century architectural and civil engineering works, such as masonry bridges, is essential to ensure structural safety and the conservation of their historical value. Ageing and prolonged exposure to environmental actions progressively threaten these infrastructures, making planned maintenance a sustainable alternative to invasive restoration. In this context, digital replicas integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) technologies enable a proactive, data-driven approach to asset management. This paper presents a methodology for monitoring and preserving hydraulic historical structures, specifically the Cavour Canal bridge, a historic masonry water bridge within a wider network in northern Italy. A 3D metric integrated survey generated point clouds and orthophotos as the basis for the scan-to-HBIM workflow and for subsequent Historic Building Information Modelling (HBIM), supporting structural analyses and maintenance activities. The HBIM is enhanced through the integration of real-time data from continuous monitoring sensors. The resulting digital shadow supports an interactive, web-based management platform that can detect critical conditions and issue real-time alerts, improving the resilience and long-term management of historical infrastructures.

As artificial intelligence systems increasingly transition from controlled laboratory environments to real-world deployment, their ability to handle unexpected failures becomes a critical determinant of practical utility and safety. This paper introduces a comprehensive framework for failure-aware artificial intelligence, encompassing systematic mechanisms for detecting, categorizing, and responding to failures in deployed AI systems. We propose a three-tier failure taxonomy that distinguishes between input-level anomalies, processing-level errors, and output-level inconsistencies, each requiring distinct detection and recovery strategies. The proposed architecture integrates continuous self-monitoring components, confidence estimation modules, and adaptive recovery mechanisms that enable graceful degradation rather than catastrophic failure. Building upon prior work in modular robotic system architectures and patented approaches to dexterous task execution, we present design principles for building failure-resilient AI systems, including redundancy patterns, fallback hierarchies, and human-in-the-loop escalation protocols. Evaluation through simulated failure injection across multiple AI task domains demonstrates that failure-aware systems maintain operational continuity in 87% of induced failure scenarios, compared to 23% for conventional architectures. The framework provides practitioners with actionable guidelines for enhancing the robustness and reliability of deployed artificial intelligence systems across diverse application contexts.

The exploration of design themes and concepts is a crucial part of the architectural design process, as both elements shape the characteristics, philosophy, and meaning of an architectural work. Understanding themes and styles poses challenges for designers, particularly in balancing local context with functional, aesthetic, and technological needs. The theme serves as a conceptual direction, while style represents the visual, cultural, and historical expressions of a building. However, confusion between “theme” and “concept” often leads to misapplication, hindering the creation of clear design ideas and objectives. Therefore, a deep understanding of these elements is essential to ensure that design outcomes align with their intended goals and communicate effectively with users. This study aims to examine how architectural themes are applied in design practice through a case study of the Babah Alun Mosque in Cilandak, South Jakarta. The mosque adopts a Chinese architectural theme that is acculturated with Islamic culture, resulting in a unique formal and symbolic expression. This study is expected to enrich the understanding of how themes and concepts interact within architectural design methodologies and contribute to shaping cultural identity in contemporary architectural works.

Abstract The search for Architecture in “Function” or “Art” relations has consistently evolved since the modern and postmodern eras, driven by rapid technological and material advancements. This research examines the relationship between architectural expression and the concept of “Function or Art.” The literature review method was used in this research, which involved taking case studies of buildings. This research found that “Function and Art are manifest simultaneously.” This research aims to guide the design of buildings that utilize Architecture that is “Function”, “Art”, or “Function and Art”, all of which express architectural works in accordance with the desired design idea. The implications of this research are for practitioners and theorists to consider the “Function or Art” of the selected building expressions.

Abstract In the twentieth century, Los Angeles developed an ambitious vision of architecture revolving around its novel sprawling urban configuration. Inspired by the channelization of the L.A. River and the contemporary freeway system, iconic works of midcentury modern architecture explored the possibilities inherent in a horizontal metropolis. But that midcentury urbanism was also deeply imbricated in systems of exclusion and segregation. Amidst that social and architectural landscape, several quite different creative and defiant expressions of modernity emerged in midcentury Los Angeles, suggesting an alternative way to understand the artistic and democratic potential of the era.

ABSTRACT This article explores the Granary of Polish Rock in Jarocin as a cultural institution situated at the intersection of lived festival experience and contemporary museum representation. Tracing the history of the Jarocin Festival – one of the most significant youth music events in the Polish People’s Republic – the study examines how its rebellious, grassroots character has been preserved, reinterpreted, and institutionalised through the creation of a permanent exhibition space. The Granary is analysed not only as a museum of Polish rock, but also as a living memory site that actively contributes to the cultural identity of Jarocin. Through its architecture, exhibitions, public programming, and educational work, the institution bridges generational narratives, transforms nostalgia into critical reflection, and positions local memory within broader discourses on post-communist heritage. The article argues that the Granary offers a hybrid model of museological practice – one that challenges traditional boundaries between archive, experience, and identity.

This article examines the pressing issue of developing soft skills in students at technical universities. The authors view this process as an integral part of training modern, competitive engineers and researchers. A young professional's success in the labor market is determined, in part, by the soft skills developed during their education. The study focuses on the structure of soft skills, represented by three key groups: aesthetic thinking skills, communication skills, and self-management skills. It is emphasized that their comprehensive development extends beyond narrow professional training and contributes to the personal and creative growth of future professionals. The practical work of architects and civil engineers involves the design, construction, repair, and operation of various civil, public, industrial, and civil facilities. All their creations must convey aesthetic appeal and promote aesthetic culture, both for the general public and for future professionals themselves. Therefore, students at construction universities must develop aesthetic perception, aesthetic sensitivity, aesthetic thinking, aesthetic culture, communication skills, and self-management skills. We believe it is particularly important to continue developing a group of soft competencies in future architects and civil engineers: thinking (including aesthetics), communication skills, and self-management skills, incorporating additional forms and methods into this process. This paper analyzes the specifics and potential of the scientific and educational environment, particularly scientific and educational centers, as the main platforms for targeted skill development. Potential integrative forms and pedagogical methods are proposed that allow for the effective development of soft skills in the context of technical education, bridging the gap between hard professional competencies and universal personal qualities.

Looking at Oswald Mathias Ungers’s work as a system between art and architecture is an opportunity for two different reasons. First of all, the affinity between art and architecture is an interesting point of view for contextualising Ungers's work in the cultural panorama of his time. His voluntary solitude is shattered in his relationship with art, through which he manages to establish fruitful links with the contemporary cultural debate that characterises the artistic environment. On the other hand, Ungers looks at the art world with curious eyes, interpreting it as a complementary element of his work in architecture. This paper seeks to identify one of the common ground between these two worlds, focusing specifically on design work in collaboration with artists. This point of tangency identifies an interstitial space that puts two distinct dimensions into dialogue according to spatial overlaps and visual connections in a stratified system of relationships.

Weighbridges are public infrastructure used to monitor, collect data, and enforce laws pertaining to freight trucks on district, provincial, and national routes. A Detailed Engineering Design (DED) for the restoration of the Class I Trosobo Weighbridge in Sodoarjo was produced in 2024 by the East Java Class II Land Transportation Management Agency (BPTD). The National Road Management Agency (BPJN) eventually carried out the renovation. The BPJN performed a re-DED because of financial inefficiencies. In order to achieve a cost advantage or lower than the previously projected price, volume analysis was employed in the architectural work to examine tasks that might be carried out more effectively. Savings of Rp 559,302,447.53 million, or 7.07% of the original rejuvenation cost, were obtained by volume analysis.

The starting point for writing an article on modernist school buildings erected in the Silesian Province during the interwar period was information taken from the biographical note on Leon Dietz d’Army, an architect working in Katowice, who was credited with developing modular solutions for the construction of standardised buildings of this type. In the course of the research, it turned out that relatively late, in October 1937, the Silesian Provincial Office sent an identical letter to seven local architects inviting them to a meeting on this matter. Apart from the aforementioned d’Arma, the group included Tadeusz Miche­jda, Wojciech Soboń, Zbigniew Rzepecki, Kazimierz Sołtykowski, Odon Litawski and Tadeusz Łobos. Archival research has allowed for detailed findings to be made regarding the construction of a public school in Katowice-Zawodzie, designed by Leon Dietz d’Arma under the supervision of Lucjan Sikorski, which around 1930 was considered the most prestigious school construction project during a period of severe economic crisis. The history of this construction served as the basis for the conclusion that functionalism became the style of newly built schools not only because of the low cost of solutions that did not strive for dec­orativeness and were based on the use of cheap reinforced concrete technology, but also because of the involvement of local artists in the modern architectural movement. It should also be emphasised that the use of cost-effective technological solutions did not diminish the attention paid to teaching comfort. At that time, educational buildings with central heating, running hot and cold water, electric lighting, and even a swimming pool and a spacious gym for modern gymnastics were considered standard.

This study examines the geometry and architectural significance of muqarnas in Islamic architecture, with a particular focus on historical manuscripts and scrolls such as the Daftar-i Girih. Muqarnas, a distinctive element of Islamic ornamentation, are explored through their etymology, classification, structural composition, and geometric principles. The research adopts a multidisciplinary approach combining comparative, chronological, experimental, and geometric analyses with 3D modelling to unravel the complexities of design and construction. By analysing manuscript sources from Uzbekistan, Central Asia, and the Middle East, including the works of traditional architects, the study identifies key structural elements of muqarnas such as the shams, kosa, poya, and taxt. The findings also highlight the importance of two-dimensional construction drawings (taxbins) for interpreting three-dimensional forms. Beyond historical analysis, the study emphasizes the potential of these principles in contemporary design, suggesting their value in restoration practices and modern architectural innovation.