Architecture Research Articles

On the History of the Development of Daylighting and Light-Conducting Systems in the History of Architecture

The history of the development of human civilization shows us how the use of daylighting could influence the development of world architecture. In the article, the author tried to show how in different eras daylight influenced not only civil architecture, but also how light became an important sacred component of religious architecture. The article examines the influence of daylight on architecture throughout history, in certain historical periods and architectural techniques using daylighting.

Comparison of Using Conventional Estimating and Sketchup Pro for Bill Quantity Takeoff Process

Departing from academic anxiety that the construction industry in Indonesia has made rapid progress with the adoption of computing technology and methods in recent years. Increasing infrastructure development encourages construction actors to effectively and efficiently improve project quality. However, the role of the quantity surveyor becomes crucial in facing challenges such as manual quantity picking which is prone to errors and cost estimation that is difficult to do based on rough schematic design. In the context of traditional construction projects, quantity lists are arranged based on 2D drawings, but the use of 3D models has diminished since the adoption of BIM. Sketchup, as a 3D modeling software, and its extension Quantifier Pro provide a solution by combining 3D models to produce accurate quantity takeoff calculations on the Bill of Quantity. This research aims to develop methods to improve the quantity accuracy of elements of an incomplete or incorrect Sketchup model, in the hope of reducing modeling time, improving quantity retrieval performance, and making Sketchup-based cost estimation more effective and efficient in the context of construction. This research method involves 3D modeling using the Sketchup Pro application, using secondary data in the form of Detailed Engineering Design (DED) working drawings. Volume calculation in the Bill of Quantity is done with the help of Sketchup Pro software. The research location is in the Mullberry Cluster residential project, Bekasi City, West Java. The house building in this project was chosen as an object of comparison between conventional calculation methods and calculation methods using Sketchup Pro software. The main focus is to overcome the challenges of manual quantity picking and cost estimation from rough schematic design, emphasizing the crucial role of quantity surveyors. The results showed that the use of 3D models in Sketchup can increase the accuracy of cost estimation and reduce modeling time. The conclusion of the study confirms that Sketchup as an effective alternative solution in increasing efficiency and accuracy in the construction process, especially in the context of taking the quantity of architectural work elements, contributes positively to the development of more sophisticated cost estimation methods in the Indonesian construction industry.

Kajian Penggunaan Material Beton Ekspos pada Gedung Panjang Taman Ismail Marzuki Jakarta

TTaman Ismail Marzuki is an arts and culture center in Jakarta that is rich in historical value. After being revitalized, Taman Ismail Marzuki appears with a torn and modern aesthetic. Gedung Panjang is one of the buildings in Ismail Marzuki Park, which looks iconic with a piano-like appearance and looks like steps from a distance. The dominant use of exposed concrete material is used in long buildings to give the impression of a natural building and make it appear as it is. On the other hand, there is an assumption that exposed concrete is a monotonous material, dark in color, and prone to weather damage. This research aims to identify the use of exposed concrete to be able to provide a different perspective in answering the pros and cons of using exposed concrete and provide an overview of the sense of place in the building. case study research is applied using qualitative methods by identifying the long building and other architectural works of Andra Matin as a comparison. Data collection is done by literature study from relevant articles as well as visual observation through field visits and utilizing YouTube media. The results showed that the Long Building, which has the concept of openness and honesty of materials, maximizes the use of exposed concrete materials with large repetitive concrete columns and beams with high ceilings so as to give a dramatic effect to the building. The application of exposed concrete materials combined with other elements in the building gives the impression of a varied building atmosphere but remains in harmony with the monochromatic color game. Disadvantages of exposed concrete that must be anticipated such as the monotonous color of the space because it is dominated by dark colors, moisture on the concrete surface and large maintenance costs if any damage arises.

Kajian Persepsi Makna Sakral Arsitektur Tradisional Jawa Secara Virtual Bagi Mahasiswa Arsitektur

Virtual Reality (VR) technology can provide a spatial experience that almost resembles real conditions. Through VR, it is hoped that it can also present sacred meanings/perceptions that are usually strongly felt when entering certain buildings. This research conducted VR simulations on three types of traditional Javanese buildings, to identify respondents' perceptions of the sacred by entering a virtual space experience. This research uses quantitative methods with a descriptive approach and is supported by qualitative methods in selecting parameters. Data collection in this study used a questionnaire with a list of questions asked to respondents online via Google Form while accessing the 360 virtual tour. The research results show that respondents can feel and rank the level of sacredness of Javanese architecture. The strongest sense of the sacred is conveyed through the scale of the building, including the area and height of the building, the weight of materials, loudness of sound and lighting. The most dominant descriptor felt by respondents was material weight. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that sacredness is more pronounced from descriptors related to spatial scale than related to function. Through this research, it is hoped that VR technology can be enriched so that it can optimally present architectural works that have various implied meanings.

Cultivar ideotype for intensive olive orchards: plant vigor, biomass partitioning, tree architecture and fruiting characteristics

In order to achieve higher and earlier yield, modern olive orchards are increasingly intensified, with tree densities up to > 1500 trees hectare-1. With increasing tree densities, individual-tree canopy volume must be proportionally reduced. Not all cultivars are adaptable to high and very high orchard densities, because of excessive vigor and/or insufficient bearing when the canopy is pruned to a small volume. However, what makes an olive cultivar suitable for intensive and super intensive orchards is not clear. Recently, few studies have addressed this topic, suggesting that tree architecture and early bearing are essential traits. Yet, what architectural and productive features are important, how they work and whether they are interrelated remains elusive. This review summarizes and interprets the literature on olive, as well as the more abundant literature available for other fruit species, aiming to provide a comprehensive knowledge framework for understanding how tree architectural characteristics, plant vigor, and fruiting vary across olive genotypes, and how they are interconnected. It is concluded that, among the architectural characteristics, greater branching and smaller diameters of woody structures are particularly important features for cultivar suitability to intensive and super intensive olive orchards. Greater branching allows to produce more fruiting sites in the small volume of canopy allowed in these systems. It also reduces investments in woody structures, liberating resources for fruiting. Additional resources are liberated with smaller structure diameters. Greater branching also increases resources by increasing biomass partitioning into leaves (i.e. the photosynthetic organs), relative to wood. Since yield is affected by the competition for resources with vegetative growth, reducing resource investments in woody structures and/or increasing resource directly, increases yield. Yield, in turn, depresses vegetative growth, reducing vigor and the need for pruning. High yields also produce short shoots which have relatively greater investments in leaf mass and area, and lower in the woody stem, making them more suitable than long shoots to support concurrent fruit growth. This single framework of interpretation of how the different architectural and fruiting characteristics work and interact with one-another, will provide guidance for cultivar selection and breeding for intensive and super intensive olive orchards.

Sosialisasi Pemanfaatan Bahan Bangunan Bersejarah dan Perkembangannya: Kolaborasi Komunitas Peneliti Peninggalan Warisan Filipina di Kota Semarang

Registered heritage buildings and sites are not just shapes and designs passed down from generation to generation. The materials and techniques used are part of the tangible and intangible heritage and contribute to the authenticity of the monument. This activity is a collaboration between the cultural heritage community of Semarang City and the City of Manila which visited Semarang. This activity aims to understand the authenticity of historical architectural works through their material and technical elements in Asia by comparing similar works in the cities of Semarang and the Philippines. It is hoped that the results of this activity will be able to find authentic images in several examples of traditional Asian architectural works and provide alternatives for forming place identities in both the cities of Semarang and Manila.

Faithful Marriage - The Human Beauty of the Ede People in Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam

The Ede people are one of the long-standing ethnic groups in the Central Highlands of Vietnam. Their unique cultural heritage is reflected in various architectural works, festivals, religious rituals, customs, and traditions. This article analyzes marital fidelity, a human and cultural value that continues to be present in the cultural life of the Ede people in Buon Ma Thuot, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam.

La contribución arquitectónica de Ventura Vaca en Alburquerque a lo largo del tiempo: nuevas aportaciones y significaciones

Recently, an architectural project by the architect Ventura Vaca was discovered in the context of the town of Alburquerque, Badajoz. This discovery has significantly expanded our understanding of Ventura Vaca's relevance and influence in a specific geographical region, while enriching our interpretation of his own architectural work.
 Furthermore, this research undertakes an incipient analysis of the history of the Casas Consistoriales de Alburquerque, with a focus on the project proposed by Ventura Vaca for this building. This project is considered to be the starting point that gave rise to the final town hall construction, which was carried out by the architect Donato Hernández Ruiz.
 Therefore, this study contributes significantly to the existing knowledge about Ventura Vaca, highlighting his crucial role as the driving force behind the transformation of the town of Alburquerque from a rural to an urban society.

Characteristics of notational expression by decomposition of Steven Holl’s sketches

PurposeThis study is about the expression of sketches in Steven Holl's architectural works. Holl shares his architectural ideas as watercolors with his staff, and he has established an original notational expression for the design process. This study investigates the elements of sketches as a notation method and examines the timeline changes.Design/methodology/approachClassification will be conducted using KJ method (Kawakita Jiro method), a method for organizing information developed by the Japanese cultural anthropologist Kawakita Jiro. Using the KJ method, this study compiled a list as a table about the pictures, letters, etc. in the sketches and grouped them together in the same attributes. The attributes that were grouped together were identified as elements of the sketches.FindingsAs a result, in the early 1970s, Holl used only line drawings for sketches, but since the 1980s, watercolor sketches have been increasingly used. Extracting the elements of sketches, it can divide them into drawing and describing expressions and classify them into three main types of pictorial expressions: Overview, Plan and Concept.Originality/valueThis study has shown that the closer the sketches were to the present, the more they combined elements of a more complex sketch with letters and symbols as well as pictorial expressions. This is the first study to investigate about sketch representations established as notations by Steven Holl. This study identified the elements that make the architectural concept visible through sketches.

An exhibition about a well‐known architect: Challenge or opportunity? Beyond: Tadao Ando and Art

AbstractThis review focuses on one of the most anticipated programs that He Art Museum (HEM) has produced so far, Beyond: Tadao Ando and Art. This is in part because the subject of the exhibition was the architect who designed HEM but, more interestingly, the exhibition focused on the influence of contemporary art on Ando's architectural works, rather than generally introducing architectural projects. Focusing on this perspective, this review explores the challenges and opportunities for exhibitions about well‐known architects, particularly in cases of architects such as Ando, whose distinctive architectural style (allowing people clear opinions of the architect) means it is never easy for curators to develop their own narrative. In this exhibition, connecting Ando with other artists who influenced him became an opportunity to address the challenge while dealing with his architectural languages, including light through traditional media, remained a concern. It has also been found that further work is needed to reveal the relationship between each artist and Ando, which was technically well designed in the space but was not delivering each artist's influence on Ando effectively.

Challenges in Protecting Architecture of Traditional Houses in Indonesia

This paper aims to analyze the regulations related to protecting the architecture of the traditional house in Indonesia and the challenges in related regulations. To achieve these goals, the research uses a normative legal writing method with descriptive-analytical specifications. Firstly, the findings reveal that traditional houses are part of traditional cultural expressions (TCE). Indonesia protects architectural works and TCE in the same intellectual property regime, namely copyright. Therefore, this paper examines the protection of traditional house architecture from the perspective of Copyright law, the Law on the Advancement of Culture, and the TCE Bill. The abovementioned regulations state that the architecture is a protected object unless the TCE Bill is. Second, there are some challenges, such as 1) the priority of the TCE Bill after the change of president; 2) song and music get more benefit from copyright protection rather than the other objects in the copyright regime and no implementing regulation on architecture; and 3) the TCE data collection/inventory is still not optimal yet. Therefore, Indonesia needs to think more seriously about adequate and applicable legal protection for traditional house architecture and other TCEs. The central government should encourage regional governments and related parties to continue data collection and registration of various TCEs in each region to increase the number of registered TCEs. The central government should provide a target number of registered TCEs for the local government. If the target is met, the central government will give a reward so that the local government and related parties will be more enthusiastic about collecting data and registering the TCE with DJKI.
 Keywords: architecture, traditional house, legal protection, Indonesia

Discussion of So-Called “Architectural Heritage DNA” via a Case Study of the Conservation of the Nara Palace Site, Japan

This study introduces a brief history of the discovery of and conservation efforts to preserve the Nara Palace Site in Japan, which brought about the recognition of this heritage site as a World Cultural Heritage location by UNESCO in 1996. Accordingly, the 1994 Nara Document on Authenticity plays an important role in contributing to Japanese cultural heritage conservation achievements, with the expansion of cultural diversity and heritage diversity and the concepts of values and authenticity, which proposed a new orientation in terms of awareness and openness to develop a broader vision when identifying architectural heritage values. Against this background, we first discuss the newly proposed concept of so-called “architectural heritage DNA” and its potential structure, providing a simple formula for appraising the authentic values of architectural heritage conservation works. Working within conservation theory, besides the doctrinal study of the 1994 Nara Document on Authenticity, this study also focuses on other important international conventions, such as the 1964 Venice Charter and the 1999 Burra Charter, to clarify the concepts of conservation, restoration, and reconstruction, adding the concept of inheritance between conservation and development, which addresses the lack of international conventions regarding cultural heritage conservation. The viewpoints expressed in this paper are based on the most common concepts of these international conventions but are interpreted in a novel, understandable, practical, and highly applicable approach suited to both the current socio-political situation and future scenarios.

First Russian scholars projects on musealization of archaeological heritage in Soviet Belarus

The purpose of the study is to analyze archival sources on the problem of museumification of the archaeological heritage of Belarus. In the late 1940s and 1960s Russian scientists N. N. Voronin, N. N. Gurina developed concepts and design proposals for the creation of archaeological museums in Grodno and Krasnoselsky settlement in Grodno region, but were not published. N. N. Voronin substantiated the creation of the “Museum of Monuments of Russian Grodno” (1947) on the territory of the Old Castle. He proposed measures for the preservation and presentation of churches (XII–XIV cent.), civil architecture, defensive structures (XII–XVII cent.). N. N. Gurina developed the project of the Museum of Neolithic Silica Mines (1972). The author of the article focuses on archaeologists and architects’ scientific approaches to museumification (complex, landscape, axiological, cultural), methods for adapting ruins to museum (conservation of excavation and objects, restoration to stabilize ruins, protection within pavilions), principles of museumification — preservation, authenticity, scientific. N. N. Gurina’s project distinguishes by the planning, zoning of the museum-reserve territory; it focuses on the harmonization of the landscape and design elements, measures to ensure security and protection, there are elements of improvement, tourist infrastructure. N. N. Voronin with the architect I. V. Trofimov tested the restoration measures associated with the excavation, determined the sources of funding and a new direction of museum activity was founded. The author concludes that the museumification of archeological sites, considered as a cultural project, includes a number of stages: archaeological identification of the monument, the historical and cultural valorization of all objects, the development of methods of conservation and restoration, the creation of architectural and art projects of the building, exposition.

Urban space: archetypal models, morphological properties, mythological plots. The methodology of comprehensive study

The object of the study is the cultural space of the city. The subject of the study is the morphological properties and mythological plots of the cultural space of the city (using the example of Komsomolsk-on-Amur). The author examines in detail the complex study of the cultural space of the city in the prism of historical-cultural, philosophical-cultural, psychoanalytic, symbolic, linguistic and semiological approaches. The author's method of exploring urban space has been formed, based on the line of myth (lemniscata Bernoulli). Literary and artistic works have been studied and reviewed to identify archetypal models and their morphological properties of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur. Some mythological plots and ways of transforming cultural space are revealed. Special attention is paid to the analysis of artistic texts to identify the artistic image of the cultural space of the city. The description of a number of architectural objects and the interpretation of some decorative elements are presented. The study uses traditional approaches to the study of the cultural space of the city, and also attempts to complement the boundaries of the study based on the interpretation of mythical plots, mythologems using a technematic component – the Bernoulli Lemniscate. The scientific novelty of the research lies in the fact that on the basis of traditional and technematic approaches, the cultural space of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur is studied based on the analysis of mythological plots of the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur, artistic texts, literary and architectural works. The morphological properties of the cultural space of the city are revealed. The main conclusion of the study is that using an interdisciplinary approach in the study of the cultural space of the city, opportunities for its identification have been identified. With the help of technematics or mathematical analysis, interpretation of literary and artistic texts, as well as a comprehensive study of architectural objects and its decorative, expressive means, it became possible to interpret this knowledge as a way to transform the cultural space of the city. This study opens up opportunities for a more thorough study of the myth line as one of the possible options for transforming the city's space, preserving historical, architectural, artistic and literary heritage.

ДЕРЖАВНІ ЗАКУПІВЛІ: ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ РОЗВИТКУ ТА КРАЩІ СВІТОВІ ПРАКТИКИ

Public procurement plays a pivotal role in the economy, ensuring efficient spending of budgetary funds, stimulating business development, and combating corruption. This paper comprehensively explores the evolution of public procurement systems worldwide and compares best global practices with Ukraine's domestic Prozorro electronic platform. The study analyzes the main historical stages of public procurement development – from early informal agreements to the formation of centralized systems with clear rules and procedures in the 18th-19th centuries. It examines the tender era of the 20th century, marked by the introduction of electronic methods, establishment of e-procurement systems, and the growing role of international organizations. The modern 21st century stage is highlighted, with a focus on strategic procurement, innovative methods, the role of data and analytics, and ethical aspects. Key events that reshaped the public procurement paradigm globally are outlined. The paper provides detailed characterization of leading electronic platforms for public procurement, highlighting their features, advantages, and drawbacks. The public procurement systems in Ukraine and the European Union are compared, outlining directions for harmonizing Ukrainian legislation with European standards and best practices. Key issues and potential ways to improve the procurement system to reduce corruption levels are outlined. The World Bank's recommendations on using Ukraine's Prozorro electronic system for all procurement needs for the country's reconstruction after the full-scale invasion by Russia are highlighted. The prospects of adapting Prozorro to the World Bank's specific standards and reconstruction needs, particularly regarding the procurement of consulting, design, and architectural works, are considered. The study underscores the utmost importance of continuous improvement of Ukraine's public procurement system, incorporating global best practices, implementing innovations, enhancing workforce qualifications, and adhering to principles of transparency and integrity. Only through reform can effective use of budgetary funds and ambitious goals of the country's reconstruction be achieved.

An Approach to the Common Variables of Iranian Music and Architecture Based on Evidence from Architectural Facades of the Socio-Historical Qajar Period

Architecture and music are two artistic fields that are created and understood by humans. All forms of art, in their ultimate expression, open a path toward abstraction and experience. Based on this definition, many similarities can be found between these two arts. In the creation of architecture, the artistic imagination and mental forms of the artist, through the element of ambiguity resulting from the use of symbols from tangible forms in the construction of buildings, lead the work to the boundaries of abstraction, a realm in which music holds a prominent position. The aim of this article is to examine the historical and transformative trajectory of the conceptual relationship between the two arts of architecture and music throughout different historical periods, where this relationship and influence can be discovered and interpreted in the architectural buildings of each historical period, reflecting the distinct characteristics of that era. The issue addressed in this article is one of the most significant aspects of the connection between these two arts, which facilitates deep communication between them—namely, the practical and aesthetic considerations of these two arts. It seems as though something in the atmosphere and quality of the musical and architectural spaces of the past has changed in the present. Considering the nature of the research subject, the methodology employed in this thesis is a quantitative-qualitative descriptive-analytical approach. Utilizing qualitative content analysis under an interpretive-historical perspective and comparative analysis, the study identifies the fundamental variables present in the theories concerning music, architecture, and their conceptual connections. This research, with a formal and content-based approach throughout the Qajar historical period, examines three characteristics—rhythm and tempo, pitch, and texture—in architecture. Through the analysis of five case studies of prominent buildings from the Qajar period, particularly in architectural facades, it can be stated that the works in both architecture and music possess a rich language and rhythmic, melodic expression. When the outstanding examples of the Qajar period were examined, it was discovered that common concepts such as harmony, proportions, rhythm, and structure are effectively utilized in both disciplines, influencing the designers.

Деревенские святыни: обетные кресты Мезени

Wooden architecture is a special, independent direction of The Russian traditional construction. Its unique quality and diversity are represented in Russia, which has always been a “forest, taiga” country. This truly is a national architecture, that had absorbed the mythopoetic and Christian worldview of the people. The history of Russian wooden architecture is largely the history of wooden architecture in the Russian North. The subject of this study is the peasant rural sacral objects: votive crosses of the Mezen`, one of the most severe regions of the Russian North. The author relies on several sources: field materials (architectural-ethnographic expeditions), with measurements, photographic recording, and the preparation of scientific passports. As well as work with informants: collecting local narratives and legends related to the history of specific crosses, the experience of practical museumification and setting up the votive cross and the village foundation pillar in the Mezen` sector of the Museum “Malye Korely”. The paper analyzes crosses as historical, ethnographic, stavrographic sources, works of wooden architecture and woodcarving, Pomors pilot signs. The aim of the study is to determine the meaning of the cross as one of the main symbols of the Orthodoxy in the cultural landscape of the Northern and Arctic territories.

МОДЕЛЬ АРХИТЕКТУРНО-ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННЫХ ПРИНЦИПОВ ДЛЯ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ АДАПТАЦИИ ЛЮДЕЙ С АУТИЗМОМ

Current architectural environment mostly accounts for the interests of its neurotypical users, which do not correspond with the needs of people with neurodiversity. The relevance of using certain architectural solutions for autistic people is based on their sensitivity to external stimuli, as well as statistics with increased rates of autism diagnoses. After analyzing theoretical works of foreign researchers and architects, and taking into account modern architectural solutions for people with autism spectrum disorder, we developed a model of architectural and spatial guidelines. It was based on five types of interaction between the autistic person and space: sense of self in personal space; sense of self in public space; perception of space around self; sensory sense of space; and sensory overload. The model considers the relationship between the person and the space, and prioritizes approaches to autism-friendly design such as differentiation, zoning, gradation, linking the external and internal environment, and specific architectural solutions. This design approach will adapt autistic people to interact with the environment in future, and may have a positive impact on the other user groups through "the curb-cut effect" (a phenomenon when solutions aimed at transforming the living conditions of a specific vulnerable user group help society as a whole). The model can be applied as a guide in architectural design and can also be used for future theoretical research.

The fate of Krakow’s builders and architectus of Jewish origin in the face of World War II. Possibilities of applying the micro-historical method in research on architecture and urban planning

This article is about the fate of a group of architects and builders in Krakow during World War II. After the outbreak of the war and the start of the German occupation in September 1939, they found themselves in a very difficult position. As the persecution intensified, so did the opportunities for their professional activities strongly diminish, although they did not disappear. The article outlines in more detail two individual situations – those of Samuel Mehl and Jakub Stendig – one related to the creation of a building, the other to, among other issues, the loss of a building. The research used methods often applied in the studies in architecture and urbanism: literaturę analysis, search in archives, field research. The micro-historical method, which is rather rarely used in such research, was also applied. This method, which has been used for nearly 50 years in scientific, mainly historical research, is based on studying and preserving the individual element of the narrative while aiming to generalise the result. In spite of the extremely cruel persecution of the Jewish population in Krakow during World War II, some architects and builders of Jewish origin continued their professional activity under various and difficult conditions. Its forms varied from design work and construction of residential buildings, to care for historical monuments, to construction activity in a concentration camp. Professional activity and specific skills may have contributed to the fact that proportionally more Jewish architects and builders survived the Holocaust than the Jewish community in Krakow as a whole. The consequences of the Holocaust for the architecture and space of Krakow were serious and varied: the loss of an important professional group, the loss of valuable architectural and artistic works, the change of features in newly designed buildings. The legacy of the work of architects and builders of Jewish origin in Krakow is very significant. It has been commemorated in a variety of tangible and intangible forms, although insufficiently in proportion to its scale.

Plagiarism of Works of Architecture - is it Possible?

Plagiarism of Works of Architecture - is it Possible?