Architecture Planning Research Articles

A LETTER FROM SPECIAL EDITION EDITORS -IN -CHIEF – DR. DEEPASHREE CHOUDHURY AND AR. MANIKA GOEL AND CO-EDITOR-AR. SHAILA NAAZ

School of Architecture and Design, K. R. Mangalam University has successfully organized a Three-Day National Conference on "MULTIDISCIPLINARY ASPECTS OF ARCHITECTURE AND PLANNING: ENHANCING THE CONNECTIONS" on 1st- 3rd June 2023. This National Conference was in collaboration with the Council of Architecture -Training and Research Centre, Bhopal, along with Piloo Mody College of Architecture-Cuttack and SRM Institute of Science and Technology- Chennai. PMC and SRM as intellectual partners. Architecture and urban planning, among humanity's oldest professions, preserve our history and enable us to reflect on the past, celebrate the present, and envision a brighter future. Modern architecture, with abundant resources and advanced technology, pushes the boundaries of knowledge, necessitating interdisciplinary collaboration to address contemporary challenges. The 'National Conference on Multidisciplinary Aspects of Architecture and Planning: Enhancing Connections (NCMAD 2023)' was convened to establish a global forum for comprehensive discussions on Architecture and Design, fostering research, and showcasing the latest innovations, trends, and solutions in the field. The conference featured themes like functionality, livability, sustainability, urban conservation, history, and criticism in architecture, design, planning, and innovation.The conference attracted a broad audience from both industry and academia, presenting diverse papers that highlighted innovative approaches to optimize function, aesthetics, and structural integrity in building and planning projects with interdisciplinary insights. It effectively addressed various factors impacting contemporary urban life, emphasizing the significance of a multidisciplinary approach in architecture and planning, and stressing global competitiveness, sustainability, and innovation. Out of 92 submitted papers, 67 were shortlisted for presentation, and 13 were selected for publication in the UGC Care-Listed Journal "ShodhKosh: Journal of Visual and Performing Arts" as a special issue titled "Enhancing Connections in Visual and Performing Arts: Multidisciplinary Insights in Architecture and Planning" Distinguished speakers at the conference included Prof. Abhay Vinayak Purohit, Dr. Navneet Munouth, Dr. C. Pradeepa, Sivakumar Srinivasan, Dr. Prashant Anand, and Dr. B.C. Roy. The event emphasized the essential role of a proactive, multidisciplinary approach in designing functional and innovative environments while addressing contemporary challenges.I extend my heartfelt gratitude to Granthaalayah Publications for their valuable collaboration with our institution, inspiring and acknowledging researchers. The School of Architecture and Design, K. R. Mangalam University, and Piloo Mody College of Architecture eagerly anticipate further elevating this partnership by making significant research contributions to advance interdisciplinary research in the fields of art and architecture.

“There are no secrets here”: Sex and Scandal in the Streets of Curaçao

This article challenges the assumptions about what spaces were actually private in the late early modern colonial world. Centered on a case of adultery amongst the Sephardic Jewish community of Curaçao in the late eighteenth century, this piece looks at the entangled lives of enslaved people, Dutch colonial officials, free people of color, Protestants, Catholics, and Jews. Gossip, private information transition, and the architecture and town planning of Willemstad, Curaçao, are integral to this story of community norms, legal systems, and colonial spaces.

Research on Planning and Design of Landmark Landscape Architecture Integrating China Traditional Culture

Traditional culture is a culture formed by a nation in the process of civilization evolution, which can reflect the national characteristics and ideological style, and is the overall expression of the Chinese people's thoughts, feelings, ideological forms and aesthetic concepts. China's traditional culture is the historical precipitation of our country after thousands of years, which contains rich cultural connotations and has a very broad mass base and cultural heritage needs. Integrating traditional cultural elements into the planning and design of landmark landscape architecture requires landscape designers to deeply explore local traditional culture and show it with modern elements to create a harmonious living environment rich in traditional beauty. This paper mainly analyzes the necessity of the application of traditional culture in the planning and design of landmark landscape architecture, expounds the principles of the planning and design of landmark landscape architecture in the context of traditional cultural elements, and then explains the application of China traditional culture in the planning and design of landmark landscape architecture, aiming at making people feel the beauty of traditional culture while tasting modern cities, enhancing people's cultural self-confidence and enhancing the intimacy of urban landscape.

Simulation of emergency evacuation with crowd-gathering risk and evaluation methods: a case study of the mass rapid transit system in Taipei

ABSTRACT Mass rapid transit (MRT) systems are the backbone of transportation infrastructure in many cities. During emergencies, indoor subway stations become particularly susceptible to panic and overcrowding, making evacuation difficult. Therefore, simulating the evacuation and sheltering processes of a large number of individuals during emergencies is key in urban disaster response. In this study, a spatial evacuation risk model was used to enhance the safety of evacuation strategies in an MRT system. Data were collected on spatial architectural floor plans, and a database for communication and pedestrian flow was established. The behavioral patterns and distribution of individuals within stations and the characteristics of refuge spaces were also investigated. To simulate the processes of evacuation and sheltering, the Pathfinder evacuation simulation tool was used to construct a three-dimensional spatial model of a subway station. Specific scenarios were then constructed to simulate the procedures of evacuation and sheltering. Subsequently, the factors contributing to overcrowding-related hazards were analyzed to examine the spatial risks associated with crowd aggregation and evacuation and provide recommendations for improvement. Given its numerous advantages, this approach can serve as a valuable reference for conducting risk assessments in other large-scale crowd aggregation spaces.

Applications and Evaluation of AI Technologies in the Renovation of Old Buildings in Urban Centers

Urban sprawl or expansion is a growing issue globally, and as technology continues to develop, the demand for residential areas continues to rise. Conflicts regarding the availability of resources for architecture also rise in rural areas; therefore, renovating old buildings in urban centers becomes an important concept. Since there are many challenges with renovating these buildings, the recent development of AI technologies will provide solutions to mitigate or reduce these challenges. This paper examines the application of AI technologies in architecture and how they contribute to redeveloping old buildings in urban areas. Technologies such as conditional Generative Adversarial Networks and deep neural networks can assist architects in standardizing floor plans and generating design modules. In addition, these technologies analyze data from existing buildings and, thus, can create the best possible plan for a building. While these technologies focus on simplifying the traditional process of architectural planning in areas such as generating programs and creating partitions, B-SMART reference architecture approaches architecture from the perspective of smart home building, therefore, implementing AI technologies into the lives of the residents. Furthermore, with AI technologies, future homes are created to be energy efficient and sustainable. Therefore, the application of AI will improve the sustainability of homes and overall benefit the environment.

Retracted: Architectural and Landscape Garden Planning Integrated with Artificial Intelligence Parametric Analysis

Retracted: Architectural and Landscape Garden Planning Integrated with Artificial Intelligence Parametric Analysis

THE ADMINISTRATIVE BUILDINGS OF MALY GALAGOV IN UZHHOROD 1919 – 1938.

The paper examines the history of the construction of administrative buildings in the new Maly Galagov quarter of Uzhhorod by the government of the Czechoslovakia Republic during the years 1919–1938. After the incorporation of Subcarpathian Rus into the republic in 1919, the question arose regarding developing the region's capital to become autonomous. Numerous officials and experts from various levels, mainly from the Czech lands, arrived in Uzhhorod to organize the administrative apparatus. The city's infrastructure, including administrative buildings, could not accommodate the newly arrived officials. The existing buildings did not meet modern standards or the capacity required for the city's prospective growth. This prompted the central government to consider the construction of ministry branches and other government buildings within tight deadlines. For this purpose, a non-urbanized territory was selected, which required preliminary preparation for the beginning of construction works. Accordingly, building design was carried out in parallel with constructing other objects and laying roads and municipal communications. As a result, by 1938, eleven administrative and other ministry buildings were erected, which are the subject of this research. The basis for the paper is the materials from the State Archives of the Zakarpattia Region in Berehove, particularly Fund No. 21, «Regional Administration of Subcarpathian Ruthenia, Uzhhorod.» The paper is also supplemented by comparing the situation in the architecture of administrative buildings in the republic's cities, such as Prague, Bratislava, and others, based on information from contemporary and modern sources and literature. The paper includes an analysis of the features of anti-crisis, urban planning, and technical solutions. In this context, the issue of stylistics is not overlooked as one of the factors of state policy identity. Through architecture and urban planning, the vectors and priorities set by the Czechoslovak Republic in the multi-ethnic region, which was then Subcarpathian Ruthenia with its capital in Uzhhorod, can be traced. The article presents material introduced into scientific circulation for the first time. Research into the history of the construction of administrative buildings in Uzhhorod during the interwar period will help outline this issue and provide a basis for research on each highlighted object.

BADANIA NAD PROPORCJAMI HISTORYCZNYCH ZAŁOŻEŃ URBANISTYCZNYCH NA PRZYKŁADZIE DZIELNICY NOWE MIASTO W SZCZECINIE

Proportion and mathematical ratio, as elements of beauty, have been used in architecture and urban planning since ancient times. This article presents a case study of this phenomenon in the form of mathematical analysis of spatial parameters in the district of Nowe Miasto in Szczecin (1845). The analysis demonstrates the absence of the use of geometrical proportion principles, while the principle of ratios was applied. The urban composition of New Town features urban elements shaped in the Baroque era, such as wide promenades connected to squares. However there has been a "loosening" of the rigorous geometry and symmetry typical of the Baroque era.

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN AND TYPES OF VISUALISATION OF INNOVATIVE ARCHITECTURAL OBJECTS

The study is devoted to the modern practical experience of the formation of innovative architectural objects in the urban environment, highlighting the peculiarities of their architectural design and visualisation. Clarifying key concepts and terms necessary for defining the issues of designing and visualising these innovative architectural objects, such as architectural idea, architectural creativity, architectural concept, architectural environment, architectural form, and model, is a focal point. Theoretical exploration and analysis of the experiences of forming innovative architectural objects reveal them to be complex and unique structures, buildings, and complexes in the urban environment. Creating such objects demands careful consideration of various influencing factors, including urban planning, architectural planning, constructional, ecological, aesthetic, and economic aspects. The article considers different types of architectural design and visualisation of innovative architectural objects. Furthermore, the concept of ‘visualisation’ is defined as a specific way of demonstrating the nature of the model of architectural objects. We highlighted the role of automated design systems in creating innovative architectural objects, showcasing their ability to save time due to the automation of many typical operations and ensure maximum accuracy of drawings. The discussion extends to the features of using two-dimensional and three-dimensional computer graphics and animation. Two-dimensional computer graphics are a collection of images created with the help of a computer, while three-dimensional graphics are intended to simulate photography or video recording of pre-prepared three-dimensional objects. The main functions of three-dimensional graphics programs are defined as the creation of three-dimensional objects and two-dimensional drawings, visualisation of 3D drawings, and calculation functions. The article identifies the most common software for creating innovative architectural objects and their surrounding environment, including AutoCAD, ArchiCAD, and 3D Studio MAX. Artlantis R, SketchUp, Maya, Cinema 4D, SolidWorks, V-Ray, and Blender, among others, are also used for visualising innovative architectural objects. A few advantages of using modern computer architectural design and visualisation capabilities have been revealed. Notably, the realistic graphic demonstration of a projected 3D model of an innovative architectural object provides the most comprehensive idea of its future appearance and the nature of its surroundings. Such a model makes it possible to see the object from different angles in the exterior as well as evaluate its quality characteristics in the interior. We conclude by outlining prospective trends in the design and visualisation of innovative architectural objects, underscoring the ongoing evolution in this dynamic field. Keywords: architectural design, visualisation, innovations, architectural object, environment.

RESIDENTIAL COMPLEXES BUILT BEHIND THE STATE INDUSTRY BUILDING IN THE STRUCTURE OF THE CAPITAL’S ADMINISTRATIVE CENTRE OF KHARKIV IN THE 1920S AND 1930S

The article is devoted to the history of the formation and features of three residential complexes: Chervonyi Promyslovets (1929–1931, architect S. Kravets), Budynok Spetsialistiv (1934–1936, architect L. Lemish), Novyi Pobut (1930–1932, architect M. Pokornyi), located near the new administrative centre of then the capital of Soviet Ukraine—Kharkiv. These complexes were created in the late 1920s and early 1930s and reflected the architectural and urban planning ideas, explorations, and concepts relevant in the early twentieth century. These include the idea of the garden city and the concepts of the commune house and the housing factory. The residential complexes Chervonyi Promyslovets and Budynok Spetsialistiv are a direct embodiment of the concept of a housing estate, and Novyi Pobut is a partial embodiment of the concept of socialisation of everyday life through the elements of a communal house. Looking at the overall structure of the complex of the capital’s administrative centre of Kharkiv, with its residential quarters separated from the administration and business centre by a broad green boulevard, we can note that this urban structure embodies the idea of a garden city. The article contains a compositional characterisation of all three complexes and describes their functional content and transformations through time. The article documents significant changes in the spatial planning schemes and approaches to the design of urban living environments, from perimeter development to free planning of neighbourhoods. The description focuses on documenting the monuments of modernist architecture in the capital city of Kharkiv, which is extremely important for consolidating its pivotal role in the world history of the Modern Movement. Since the preservation of architectural heritage is an integral part of the strategy of the modern European state and a prerequisite for understanding the value of the historic urban landscape and individual architectural objects, it is of utmost necessity and importance to document the architectural and urban heritage of metropolitan Kharkiv. The collected and structured material on the history of the construction and formation of residential complexes belonging to the administrative centre of the metropolitan Kharkiv, their spatial, compositional, and functional features will become the basis for preserving the historical character of the buildings and further development of the district. Keywords: Kharkiv, residential complex, house-quarter, Derzhprom.

Leveraging TOGAF ADM for Enterprise Architecture in West Seram Environment Agency

Despite its critical role in environmental governance, the West Seram Environment Agency in Maluku has yet to fully integrate information systems (IS) and information technology (IT) into its operational processes. Recognizing the pivotal role of IS/IT in enhancing organizational efficiency and effectiveness, this study proposes an innovative enterprise architecture planning approach to facilitate IS/IT development within the agency. Employing a qualitative research methodology, the study utilizes The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) Architecture Development Method (ADM). This method concentrates on three key domains: business architecture, information systems architecture, and technology architecture. The results of this research offer a suite of IS/IT solutions tailored to the agency's needs. These include the strategic recruitment and development of appropriate work systems, implementation of comprehensive IS/IT work plans, advanced data processing techniques, creation of digital-based applications, and the design and implementation of efficient network topologies. These solutions are poised to revolutionize the agency's operations, significantly enhancing its capacity for environmental management and governance.

Landscape tools to support the educational use of school grounds

Recent years have seen an increasing emphasis on child-friendly concepts in landscape architecture and urban planning, as well as a growing emphasis on school grounds and environmental education, both in terms of pedagogy and landscape design. School grounds provide places for active engagement with the environment, for experiencing what is taught in class, and, are therefore of particular importance for education and for building children's connection with nature. The aim of this research is to develop a set of landscape architecture tools that can be used to promote child-friendly and education-centered design of school grounds. The research collects and organises the different school ground features, drawing on literature research, and the analysis of the Framework Curriculum. The toolkit presented in this paper lists and evaluates each feature according to its function, its relevance to school subjects and the specific knowledge or skills it can help to acquire, its space requirements and feasibility. To conclude, school grounds offer opportunities for teaching almost any subject and can therefore be linked to educational activities in multiple ways. The results of this research are to be developed into design guidelines in order to be used by designers and teachers alike, to help develop school grounds contributing to the well-being and environmental awareness of new generations.

Research on Interdisciplinary Thematic Teaching Reform of Rural lanning for Multi-disciplinary Students: A Case Study of Changsha University of Science and Technology

The implementation of the national strategy of rural revitalization has set off an urgent need for the training of high-level rural planners. Based on a review of literature on current interdisciplinary education and teaching in universities at home and abroad, this study takes Changsha University of Science and Technology, a local university, as an example, to analyze the characteristics of multidisciplinary backgrounds of students from two master’s degree programs—architecture and architectural and civil engineering, and the interdisciplinary characteristics of rural planning studies, and delves into the teaching reform of rural planning courses in terms of organizational pattern, module setting and learning outcomes assessment. Furthermore, it supplements adaptive and effective strategies and models for modular courses to bring about interdisciplinary teaching and extends the new approaches of higher education methodology validation studies to teaching reform in the field of Architecture and Rural planning.

Specifics of Forming the Territories of Botanical Gardens as the Landscape Objects

Introduction. Botanical gardens are the special research institutions fostering the conservation and introduction of various plant species. They have gone a long way in their development and play an important role in organisation of people’s recreation within the urban nature-based framework. The research revealed, that in the botanical gardens the research activities are combined with the considerable work on the architectural planning and landscape-spatial arrangement of territories, all contributing to the rational layout and functioning of the botanical gardens. The aim of the present research is to analyse and identify the main principles of forming the territories of botanical gardens in the south of Russia, find out their functional set-up and modern trends of development, which have not been studied before.Materials and Methods. The comparative analysis of the state of territories of botanical gardens per time and space, the integrated system analysis of the architectural planning and landscape evolution features of the territories of botanical gardens of the south of Russia and the principles of their design from perspective of the landscape architecture, were carried out. When conducting the evaluative research of the territory of the Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University in Rostov-on-Don, the graph analytics methods were used, as well as the authors’ graphic materials on reconstruction of the SFU Botanical Garden structure.Results. The main historical stages in the timeline of botanical gardens’ formation in Russia were determined. The evolution of the architectural planning and landscape arrangement of the botanical and dendrological gardens in the southern region of Russia was analysed for the first time. The results of the study allowed making a conclusion about the insufficient consideration of the recreational role of the territories of botanical gardens and principles of their arrangement as the landscape objects during their design and creation. The main principles of forming the territories of botanical gardens in the southern region of Russia were formulated. By the example of the Botanical Garden of the Southern Federal University of Rostov-on-Don, the features of its territory formation, creation of the collection stock, arboretum, etc., were revealed. The disadvantages and advantages of zoning its territory, from perspective of forming it as a landscape object, were determined. Conceptual proposals for the transformation of its territories were given.Discussion and Conclusion. The authors have systemised the data per historical periods of the botanical gardens’ formation and evolution in Russia, which enables considering the revealed features during the reconstruction of such territories. For the first time the specifics of the southern region botanical and dendrological gardens’ formation, as the landscape objects intended for recreational purposes, have been studied. The formulated principles of functional zoning of the botanical gardens of the south of Russia will enhance their architectural-artistic and landscape image. Based on the materials of this study, the conceptual design solutions for the territory of the Southern Federal University Botanical Garden of Rostov-on-Don have been provided.

From Vision to Realization: The Design of Culture in the Kibbutzim

ABSTRACT The kibbutzim are unique communal settlements in Israel that aimed to establish an exemplary way of living and set a positive example for Israeli society. They sought to differentiate themselves from urban life and instead created a social structure based on socialist principles. This study delves into the cultural aspects of the kibbutzim, with a specific focus on their architectural representation, planning, and design. It demonstrates that architecture plays a pivotal role in shaping the kibbutzim way of life, with architects and members actively participating in the design process. Through their collective efforts, the kibbutzim strive to create physical spaces that embody their values and aspirations, reflecting their commitment to social equality and communal living. This paper thoroughly investigates the significance of developing tangible infrastructure to accommodate kibbutz culture. It examines the relationship between architecture and culture at three levels: the kibbutz’s master plan, the settlement’s cultural complexes, and the individual’s experience within the library space. At each level, this paper uncovers new insights, providing a fresh perspective on the relationship between the kibbutz society and its physical cultural structures.

ARCHITECTURAL SPECIFICATION OF SERVICE FACILITIES LOCATED AT TRANSPORT AND TRANSFER NODES

The article examines the advantages of high-rise construction at significant transport and interchange nodes at the entrance to cities using the example of the analysis of the Urban Planning Concept for the Placement of High-rise Buildings and Structures in Kyiv, developed by the Ukrainian Academy of Architecture and Projects of Kyiv Architects. According to the concept developed under the leadership of the president of UAA V.G. Stolka, the placement of new high-rise dominants should be aimed first of all at creating a clear architectural and urban planning and volume-spatial composition of the main urban planning nodes at the intersection of city highways.
 The method of forming the dominant composition of the buildings of the transport and transfer hub is considered, using the example of the environment of the metro station "Livoberezhna". Brovarsky Avenue is an important highway for entering and leaving Kyiv. Modern investors in Ukraine consider increasing the number of floors of buildings in order to rationally develop territories. In the urban planning aspect, high-rise compositions emphasize important planning nodes. The construction regularities of the volumetric-spatial composition of high-rise buildings are divided into types and the characteristics of each of them are given. The historical aspect of the formation of compositional ensembles is taken into account on the example of the Livoberezhna metro station in Kyiv. The regularities of the construction of the volumetric-spatial composition of high-rise buildings are divided by type: a single object; a high-rise complex with several tower-type buildings connected by horizontal volume-spatial parts; a building in a group of volumes of different shapes and heights, spatially connected and located at a certain distance from each other. The search for iconic compositional and artistic qualities of high-rise buildings and optimal functional and planning solutions requires architects to use and combine various planning techniques, one of which is the design of atriums in the structure of high-rise buildings in extended stylobates, etc. The historical analysis of one of the nodes showed how the relationship to the stylistic characteristics of architecture changes in connection with the development of certain stylistic currents in the world.

The Role of Urban Vegetation in Counteracting Overheating in Different Urban Textures

With growing global concerns about climate change, the significance of urban greenery in architecture and urban planning is becoming increasingly apparent. Urban vegetation naturally cools cities, provides comfort and clean air, and has positive social, health, and economic effects. It is essential to ensure passive thermal comfort and safeguard biodiversity. It is widely recognized that urban greenery not only withstands severe outdoor climatic events, but also symbiotically interacts with buildings and citizens. Several studies demonstrated the potential of vegetation to provide outdoor thermal comfort, air purification, noise reduction, and various other ecosystem services. To emphasize the potential of urban green spaces to interact with the local urban morphology in terms of microclimatic aspects, the research examines the dynamic connection between various urban textures and urban green spaces. This study emphasizes how urban green spaces, such as parks, green spaces, and urban greenery, respond to temperature variations in both the present scenario and the projected future. Central to this contribution is the examination of the relationship between urban vegetation and its potential to reduce and counteract urban overheating in both current and projected future scenarios. The aim is to evaluate the effectiveness of urban vegetation compared to dense urban textures. The interaction between urban block morphology, building types, vegetation, and microclimates is presented here for comparative assessment, highlighting the different thermal behaviour and outdoor comfort responses in various urban areas in current and projected scenarios. Using a microclimatic simulation tool, the research will delve deeper into the potential and constraints associated with the role of urban greens in addressing the increasing temperatures in climate change. This paper presents a comparative microclimatic evaluation of two selected green areas in Parma, Italy, within different urban contexts. The evaluation compares the current situation with a projected future scenario (2050) to determine the most effective factors for mitigating overheating phenomena in existing cities.

Application and Development of Traditional Elements in Rural Revitalization Design under New Media Perspective

Abstract This paper firstly studies the “three-step” strategy of rural revitalization at this stage and proposes to help consumers recommend suitable rural cultural and creative products through the FMIST model based on the dilemma of the development of cultural and creative products in rural revitalization. Then, it explores the role of traditional culture in the cultural and creative products of rural revitalization, as well as in the planning and architectural layout. Finally, the development status of rural cultural and creative products and architectural planning layout, as well as the association between cultural and creative products and architectural planning layout and influencing factors, are analyzed by entropy value method and grey correlation degree, respectively. The correlation between cultural and creative products and rural revitalization is all higher than 0.55, and the correlation between rural revitalization and cultural and creative products on rural revitalization is high. They can be injected with traditional elements and designed as portable cell phone cases and daily-use mugs, leaving behind traditional cultural elements that belong to the unique characteristics of the countryside.

Perencanaan Arsitektur Enterprise Menggunakan Framework TOGAF (The Open Group Architecture Framework)

PKU Muhammadiyah Mayong Hospital is a health institution that focuses on excellent service to patients. The increasing need for service functions is a driving factor for the application of information technology at PKU Muhammadiyah Mayong Hospital. To support the alignment of the application of information systems with the needs of the hospital, a paradigm called enterprise architecture is needed. This study aims to analyze the planning of enterprise architecture using the Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) framework with the Architecture Development Method (ADM) method at PKU Muhammadiyah Mayong Hospital. TOGAF is a generic architectural framework designed to be used in various types and sizes of organizations. ADM is a method that contains a set of activities used in modeling the development of enterprise architecture. This research is expected to be useful for PKU Muhammadiyah Mayong Hospital to integrate business processes with information technology. At each stage of ADM what is done is the process of identifying problems, analyzing problems and solutions to these problems. In this study the stages used only up to the information system architecture. The results of this study are proposed business architecture, data architecture and application architecture.

Typology of Localities in the Warsaw Metropolitan Area Resulting from the Spatial Development Structure

Urban sprawl in Poland has increased due to commune autonomy in spatial planning processes. Local authorities often implement planning measures based on their unit’s interests, overlooking long-term problems such as a lack of schools, kindergartens, commercial infrastructure, and traffic congestion. To address these issues, local governments should consider spatial planning and development projects alongside the development of necessary infrastructure. Many spatial planning methods delimit metropolitan areas based on existing built-up areas and urban corridors located along transport routes. This study analyzed the urban development of the Warsaw Metropolitan Area. Based on a study by the Office of Architecture and Spatial Planning of the Capital City of Warsaw, four urbanization zones of the WMA were delimited, focusing on the accessibility of infrastructure and the urban structure of settlements. At the same time, the population density of each village and each town was calculated, and the area of vacant land was counted. The study found 44 instances of locality types, grouped into four classes, representing peri-urban areas.