Architectural Perspective Research Articles

The Role of Big Data Analytics in IoT-enabled Green Supply Chain Management: Architecture, challenges, and future perspectives

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Big Data Analytics (BDA) has brought about a revolution in Green Supply Chain Management (GSCM). In particular, it has enabled the optimization of many aspects of the supply chain (SC), including transportation, inventory management, and customer service. The application of BDA in IoT-enabled GSCM is receiving a lot of attention because it has the capacity to assist businesses become more cost-effective and environmentally sustainable to make more informed decisions. By identifying the inefficiencies in the supply chain and take corrective action. With the advent of the IoT, businesses are now able to get a great deal of information from sensors that are installed in different parts of their SC, including transportation vehicles, warehouses, and factories. This data can be leveraged for a variety of purposes, including optimizing the SC for sustainability and reducing its environmental impact. There are also challenges associated with BDA in IoT-enabled GSCM. The volume of data that needs to be processed presents the biggest obstacles. This requires specialized tools and expertise in data management and analytics. Despite these difficulties, technology has the power to completely alter how firms conduct their operations. This paper presents an overview about BDA in IoT-enabled GSCM. The review highlights the benefits and challenges in adopting BDA in IoT-enabled GSCM, the key technologies involved, and the various applications of BDA in IoT-GSCM. Finally, provides insights into the future directions of research in this area.

Dualism in the transformation of Balinese ethnic residential architecture in Denpasar

Spatial transformation and building layout of Balinese ethnic dwellings are influenced by the need for residential space and the occupants of the house. The increase in the number of family members in one dwelling impacts increasing the space for living. The development of architectural style as a trend is another factor that changes building layout. This change is a process from the initial state - the spatial and building layout concept of sanga mandala - towards contemporary architecture. These changes are characterized by architectural elements that are subject to change, and the elements that are persistent to change. This research aims to examine the meaning of dualism in the residents of ethnic Balinese residences as a transformation process. The method used in this research is qualitative content analysis, with demographic, economic, and architectural trends approaches and perspectives. The interpretation resulted from the occupants' perceptions of transforming the Balinese ethnic residence in Denpasar. This study's findings are the process of changing the spatial planning and architectural structure of Balinese ethnic houses based on the fundamental concept of dualism in a sanga mandala spatial layout through demographic, economic, and developmental approaches to Balinese architectural trends.

Characteristics of Smart Farms for Architectural Planning and Design

In the 21st century, humanity is facing unprecedented climate and food crises caused by population growth, urbanization, environmental pollution, and carbon emissions. As a response to the climate and food crisis, the following concept has emerged: smart urban agriculture that can reduce carbon emissions from buildings and achieve self-sufficiency in food. Various architectural designs that include smart farms are being explored worldwide. Nevertheless, the concept does not seem to have gained sufficient popular traction. This study attempted to materialize the concept by presenting types and characteristics from an architectural planning and design perspective by examining cases of smart farm constructions worldwide. After collecting 171 smart farm cases from around the world and building a database in terms of city, architecture, environment, and crops, the types were classified through SOM analysis, an artificial neural network-based cluster analysis methodology. As a result of the analysis, smart farm types were classified into seven types, and the characteristics of architectural planning and design were extracted for each type. It is meaningful that a specific form was presented so that planning and design can be easily accessed according to the situation placed through the type of smart farm.

Archaeometallurgical record as tool to preserve architectural heritage information in Malaga, Spain

This work approaches views on the preservation of industrial housing heritage in Malaga, Spain, and the pressure caused by its recent urban renovation. The aims of the research include geographic space analysis and assessing how archaeological recording and archaeometry, specifically archaeometallurgy, can contribute to the preservation of information about structures and materials that continuously disappear from urban contexts. The results constitute an initial beginning to expand a comparative archaeological database for the city. The ideas and procedures presented here are expected to provide some guidance for generating further research from urban, architectural, archaeological, and geographical perspectives.

Other Perspectives: Extending the Architectural Representation

This paper discusses how the tension between arts and science inherent in the discipline of architecture, can be traced in architectural representations, which are not neutral but actively contribute to the design process, ranging from highly poetic, subjective, and artistic to more exact and objective. Within this paper, we reflect on how to overcome this restrictive perspective implicit in conventional design media by comparing two elective courses that aim to broaden the traditional architectural perspective. In doing so, we take a position in the broader debate on the role of artistic practices within an academic learning environment.

Meydanların Görsel ve İşlevsel Yönden Kent Kimliğine Katkıları: Bakırköy Cumhuriyet Meydanı Ve Eminönü Meydanı Örnekleri

Bu çalışmada Bakırköy Cumhuriyet Meydanı ve Eminönü Meydanı’nın, peyzaj mimarlığı bakış açısıyla, bulunduğu kent kimliğine görsel ve işlevsel yönden etkisi irdelenerek potansiyelleri ile eksikliklerinin tespit edilmesi ve bulunduğu kent ile kent kimliğine katkı sağlamalarına yönelik öneriler geliştirilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, öncelikle kent, kent kimliği ve meydan kavramları ortaya konulmuş, kent kimliğini ve meydanı oluşturan unsurlar araştırılmıştır. Araştırma alanı olarak seçilen meydanlarda, meydanı oluşturan tüm unsurlar incelenerek analiz edilmiş, bu meydanların bulunduğu kente ve kent kimliğine etki eden tüm özellikleri belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak; meydanlarda belirlenen görsel ve işlevsel özellikler toplu olarak bir tabloya aktarılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Değerlendirme sonucunda her iki meydanın da bulunduğu kente ve kent kimliğine olumlu etkisi olduğu belirlenmiş ve bu meydanlardaki eksik ya da zayıf yönlerin giderilmesine yönelik öneriler geliştirilmiştir.

How design rules emerge and evolve: a coevolutionary architectural perspective on firm and industry organization

AbstractThis paper elaborates on how design rules emerge and evolve as firms’ micro-level choices of product and organization architectures coevolve with changes in product markets and an industry’s competitive and cooperative dynamics. We suggest that the design rules a firm adopts will vary according to firms’ strategic choices of product and organization architectures that they believe are or may become feasible in a given industry. Building on the mirroring hypothesis that product designs a firm adopts will influence the organization designs it uses, we develop a model that identifies key relationships that influence firms’ strategic choices of product and organization architectures and associated design rules. We then elaborate on key interactions between firm-level architectural choices and the architecture-enabled competitive and cooperative dynamics that obtain in an industry. Our model identifies strategically important aspects of open- and closed-system architectures and modular and nonmodular architectures that impact industry structures, interfirm interactions, and resulting industry dynamics. Drawing on these analyses, we suggest how firms’ strategic choices of architectures are influenced by their assessments of (i) the potential for capturing value through both gains from specialization and gains from trade that firms believe will be enabled by their architectural choices and (ii) both ex ante and ex post transaction costs implied by their architecture decisions. We conclude by suggesting how the perspective on firm’s strategic architectural decisions we develop here enables new approaches to understanding evolutions of both product markets and industry structures for serving product markets.

Effective Approaches to Neural Query Language Identification

Abstract Query language identification (Q-LID) plays a crucial role in a cross-lingual search engine. There exist two main challenges in Q-LID: (1) insufficient contextual information in queries for disambiguation; and (2) the lack of query-style training examples for low-resource languages. In this article, we propose a neural Q-LID model by alleviating the above problems from both model architecture and data augmentation perspectives. Concretely, we build our model upon the advanced Transformer model. In order to enhance the discrimination of queries, a variety of external features (e.g., character, word, as well as script) are fed into the model and fused by a multi-scale attention mechanism. Moreover, to remedy the low resource challenge in this task, a novel machine translation–based strategy is proposed to automatically generate synthetic query-style data for low-resource languages. We contribute the first Q-LID test set called QID-21, which consists of search queries in 21 languages. Experimental results reveal that our model yields better classification accuracy than strong baselines and existing LID systems on both query and traditional LID tasks.1

El fenómeno de la arquitectura digital: los problemas y las perspectivas

Introduction: The article discusses the current problems of the digital age in nonlinear formation, the problems of digital formation arising in the context of digital architecture, the prerequisites for new synergies between architecture and digitalization. The problems of the influence of digital culture on the formation of architecture are revealed. The concepts of architectural theorists in the development of nonlinear architecture based on the topic under study are presented. Contradictory aspects of modern design related to the limitations of new technologies and the difficulties of their integration into architectural processes are presented. Materials and Methods: Possible methods of solving some of the considered problems of shaping are also proposed. Special attention is paid in the article to the identification of the phenomenon of digital architecture based on internal factors - house theory, complexity theory and catastrophe theory. Examples of the work of architects and digital performers performed using the generative method of practice, including in the design processes, are given.. Results and Discussion: The practical value of the work, despite the generality of the problems posed in the article, has many "exits" to various levels of knowledge about digital architecture, from techno-philosophy to the culture of digital opportunities in architecture. The article can be used in the course of further research of digital architecture in its philosophical understanding as a whole, in the study of digital architecture at the present stage of its development, in a combined architectural and technological perspective. Conclusions: The work can be useful to researchers of architecture, culture and philosophers in the digital direction.

DLA-H: A Deep Learning Accelerator for Histopathologic Image Classification.

It is more than a decade since machine learning and especially its leading subtype deep learning have become one of the most interesting topics in almost all areas of science and industry. In numerous contexts, at least one of the applications of deep learning is utilized or is going to be utilized. Using deep learning for image classification is now very popular and widely used in various use cases. Many types of research in medical sciences have been focused on the advantages of deep learning for image classification problems. Some recent researches show more than 90% accuracy for breast tissue classification which is a breakthrough. A huge number of computations in deep neural networks are considered a big challenge both from software and hardware point of view. From the architectural perspective, this big amount of computing operations will result in high power consumption and computation runtime. This led to the emersion of deep learning accelerators which are designed mainly for improving performance and energy efficiency. Data reuse and localization are two great opportunities for achieving energy-efficient computations with lower runtime. Data flows are mainly designed based on these important parameters. In this paper, DLA-H and BJS, a deep learning accelerator, and its data flow for histopathologic image classification are proposed. The simulation results with the MAESTRO tool showed 756 cycles for total runtime and [Formula: see text] GFLOPS roofline throughput that is an extreme performance improvement in comparison to current general-purpose deep learning accelerators and data flows.

Genome-wide association studies revealed complex genetic architecture and breeding perspective of maize ear traits

BackgroundMaize (Zea Mays) is one of the world’s most important crops. Hybrid maize lines resulted a major improvement in corn production in the previous and current centuries. Understanding the genetic mechanisms of the corn production associated traits greatly facilitate the development of superior hybrid varieties.ResultIn this study, four ear traits associated with corn production of Nested Association Mapping (NAM) population were analyzed using a full genetic model, and further, optimal genotype combinations and total genetic effects of current best lines, superior lines, and superior hybrids were predicted for each of the traits at four different locations. The analysis identified 21–34 highly significant SNPs (−log10P > 5), with an estimated total heritability of 37.31–62.34%, while large contributions to variations was due to dominance, dominance-related epistasis, and environmental interaction effects ({h}_{D+}^2hat{=} 14.06% ~ 49.28%), indicating these factors contributed significantly to phenotypic variations of the ear traits. Environment-specific genetic effects were also discovered to be crucial for maize ear traits. There were four SNPs found for three ear traits: two for ear length and weight, and two for ear row number and length. Using the Enumeration method and the stepwise tuning technique, optimum multi-locus genotype combinations for superior lines were identified based on the information obtained from GWAS.ConclusionsPredictions of genetic breeding values showed that different genotype combinations in different geographical regions may be better, and hybrid-line variety breeding with homozygote and heterozygote genotype combinations may have a greater potential to improve ear traits.

Health, Architecture and Wellbeing: building bridges between health and the design of living spaces

Abstract Background Health is determined by where we live. Nevertheless, medical and architecture students often ignore the relation between health, housing and urban planning. In order to bridge these areas, we designed an interdisciplinary course for students of University of Porto Medical and Architecture schools, winning a 2021 Pedagogic Innovation courses call. Objectives ”Health, Architecture and Wellbeing” aimed to explore the effect of living spaces in health, combining the health and architecture perspectives in the analysis of case studies, and discussing strategies to improve health and wellbeing of the population. By exposing students to tools for designing healthy, sustainable, efficient and accessible spaces, and to public participation strategies, we aimed to foster awareness and share knowledge among complementary scientific fields. Results Students were exposed to theoretical and practical sessions with experts from the medical, architecture, landscape architecture, and geography areas, as well as to field visits in social neighbourhoods, collective housing, and green spaces. Besides introducing students to concepts, as health needs and determinants, and to healthy and accessible design methods, students interacted with inhabitants, gathering experiences on how they lived in those spaces, understanding its impact on their wellbeing, while exploring the enablers and barriers of participation strategies. Students were encouraged to complement technical architecture competences with public health evidence, and social participation leading to the development of design proposals improving the existing living environments. Conclusions “Health, Architecture and Wellbeing” interdisciplinary course connected public health expertise with architecture, promoting knowledge dissemination and awareness among health and architecture students. This experience may be reproduced in other countries, as health continues to be determined by living and public spaces. Key messages • Bridging public health with other disciplines is fundamental to understand the origin of health issues, namely living conditions, and maximise the opportunities of acting near their root causes. • This course allowed architecture and medical students to gain awareness about the impact of housing and urban design on people’s health, and to learn how to propose and design healthier environments.

Chinese Exceptionalism in Architecture and Urban Design: A Book Review

This essay reviews three books on contemporary Chinese urbanism. The first book, Designing Reform, understands the exceptionalism of Chinese reform through architectural evidence. The second book, The Shenzhen Experiment, further argues for the exceptionalism and non-replicability of Shenzhen reform. The third book, The City After Chinese New Towns, similarly highlights the unprecedentedness of Chinese new towns. These three recent publications collectively aim to demystify contemporary Chinese urbanism, and have done so with a sensibility towards space, geography, materiality, and infrastructure. These authors and editors are mainly architectural researchers leveraging disciplinary contributions to the discussion of post-socialist China. In turn, they have also contributed to the field of architecture and urban design with rich case studies in China. This review essay aims to understand (i) their geographical and spatial perspectives, (ii) their architectural design perspectives, and (iii) how they address social justice issues. It seeks to formulate contemporary Chinese urbanization as an object of inquiry, to “exceptionalize” Chinese phenomena, and to argue for the pedagogical contribution of Chinese case studies to architecture and urban design.

Widespread Gene Expression Divergence in Butterfly Sensory Tissues Plays a Fundamental Role During Reproductive Isolation and Speciation.

Neotropical Heliconius butterflies are well known for their intricate behaviors and multiple instances of incipient speciation. Chemosensing plays a fundamental role in the life history of these groups of butterflies and in the establishment of reproductive isolation. However, chemical communication involves synergistic sensory and accessory functions, and it remains challenging to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying behavioral differences. Here, we examine the gene expression profiles and genomic divergence of three sensory tissues (antennae, legs, and mouthparts) between sexes (females and males) and life stages (different adult stages) in two hybridizing butterflies, Heliconius melpomene and Heliconius cydno. By integrating comparative transcriptomic and population genomic approaches, we found evidence of widespread gene expression divergence, supporting a crucial role of sensory tissues in the establishment of species barriers. We also show that sensory diversification increases in a manner consistent with evolutionary divergence based on comparison with the more distantly related species Heliconius charithonia. The findings of our study strongly support the unique chemosensory function of antennae in all three species, the importance of the Z chromosome in interspecific divergence, and the nonnegligible role of nonchemosensory genes in the divergence of chemosensory tissues. Collectively, our results provide a genome-wide illustration of diversification in the chemosensory system under incomplete reproductive isolation, revealing strong molecular separation in the early stage of speciation. Here, we provide a unique perspective and relevant view of the genetic architecture (sensory and accessory functions) of chemosensing beyond the classic chemosensory gene families, leading to a better understanding of the magnitude and complexity of molecular changes in sensory tissues that contribute to the establishment of reproductive isolation and speciation.

Appropriate Technology and Design: A Solution for Sustainable and Affordable Housing Delivery in Major Cities of Ghana

Appropriate technology and design for housing delivery undoubtedly has abundant cost benefit and other advantages. However, the acceptance of its usage and application for sustainable and affordable housing delivery is rare. Appropriate technology supports and enhances good life without compromising the earth’s ecosystem and the prospects of later generations. It is energy efficient, environmentally sound, and it is been controlled by the local community with local available materials. Appropriate housing design on other hand, focuses on the engineering and architectural perspective of a structure that supports sustainable construction and development. The paper aimed at determining the extent to which appropriate technologies and designs are currently employed in addressing housing sustainability and affordability in Ghana. Questionnaire survey was used for the data collection. The study was conducted in Accra, Takoradi and Cape Coast of Ghana within the period of 5 Months. In total, 110 questionnaires were distributed among Building and Construction Professionals and Self- Built House Owners. Out of the number distributed, 56 were retrieved for analysis. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics. The findings of the study established that, hydrafoam, adobe bricks technology, timber homes technology, and wattle and daub technology were considered the most used and acceptable appropriate technologies for sustainable and affordable housing delivering. The findings of the study also revealed that, the extent to which appropriate technologies and designs have been adopted in major cities in Ghana is low. This implies that less emphasis is placed on the use of appropriate technology and design in resolving sustainable and affordable housing issues in major cities. It is therefore, suggested that, government and stakeholders mainstream the use of appropriate designs and technologies for sustainable and affordable delivery. Consequently, stakeholders should help change the perception of Ghanaians towards the adoption of appropriate technologies and designs for sustainable and affordable housing delivery.

Vertical Greening Systems: Technological Benefits, Progresses and Prospects

A vertical greening system is becoming increasingly crucial in resolving the energy crisis and environmental problems in a sustainable ecosystem. Researchers have conducted a comprehensive study on vertical greening systems from technology, functional and architectural perspectives. These include ecological, economic and social functions. Most of the current studies emphasize the benefits of vertical greening systems to the environment, while vertical greening technology and its socio-economic benefits receive insufficient attention. In order to study the vertical greening field in depth, this paper comprehensively and systematically summarizes vertical greening technology and functions. Meanwhile, based on the Web of Science (WOS), CiteSpace was used to analyze the relevant literature in the vertical greening field from 2012 to 2022, to explore the hot spots, development status and future trends of vertical greening technology, and to build a knowledge map in the vertical greening field. The research shows that as a low impact development technology, the vertical greening system has received the most extensive attention in the past few years. Air quality, microclimate regulation and energy have always been the focus and hot issues of people’s attention. The future research directions are cooling effect, active system and indoor space. This study is aimed at promoting the future development of vertical greening system technology and providing reference and direction for researchers, planners and developers, as well as individuals interested in future urban and rural planning.

Achieving High-Efficiency CO2 Electro-Conversion in a Solid Oxide Cell

Carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions have been steadily increasing since the beginning of human civilization. The greenhouse effect and climate change aroused by the cumulative CO2 are severely impacting the global sustainable development and pose serious concerns for our future life. Strategies toward reducing the CO2 level encompass a series of processes of carbon capture, storage, utilization, and conversion; among them the conversion of CO2 to fuels and valuable chemicals is appealing toward the development of new sustainable technologies. As the highest oxidized form of carbon, CO2 is thermodynamically stable. The breaking of its strong C=O double bonds is an endergonic process, which requires highly active and expensive catalysts for activation at ambient temperatures. Therefore, conversion of CO2 with high-temperature electrolysis technologies represents a promising strategy, which is garnering increasing attention. In this study, we present a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOECs) design for high-efficiency CO2 conversion. The fuel electrode in an SOEC is a critical component where CO2 reduction occurs. Therefore, we focus on the design and optimization of the fuel electrode from the perspectives of chemistry (composition) and architecture (especially the thickness) to enhance the efficiency of CO2 electrolysis. A Ni-based cermet layer was developed as an ideal CO2/CO fuel electrode, based on which the cell architecture was strategically optimized with prototype Ni-YSZ/YSZ/GDC/LSCF cells (YSZ: yttria-stabilized zirconia; GDC: gadolinium-doped ceria; LSCF: lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite). Over the course of optimization, the Ni-YSZ cermet fuel electrode was methodologically fabricated with various thickness and the cells were operated at contracting temperatures. Meanwhile, the fuel was managed with different ratios of CO2 to CO and the O2 was supplied with different flow rates at the opposite electrode. At an exemplarily optimized condition, a high electrolysis current of 1.33 A cm-2 was achieved at 750 oC with a fuel comprising of 99% CO2 and 1% CO. To assist the cell optimization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was particularly used to investigate the electrochemical properties of SOECs. Meanwhile, cell components were analyzed with scanning electron microscope (SEM) before and after the electrolysis operation to study the degradation behavior of SOECs that were operated under high-current electrolysis. The detailed cell design and experimental results will be comprehensively demonstrated and presented.

Between the Sacred and Secular: Faith, Space, and Place in the Twenty-First Century

In his 1954 poem, “Church Going,” Phillip Larkin anticipated the end of religion and the ruination of Britain’s churches. “What remains,” Larkin asked “when disbelief has gone? Grass, weedy pavement, brambles, buttress, sky.” In one respect, Larkin was right: the decline of traditional worship in the West did produce scores of redundant churches. But he was also wrong: the tendency to view abandoned churches as proof that ultimately “belief must die,” misses the myriad ways in which faith has, in fact, simply reconfigured and produced new spaces. Such weaknesses in the Western-centric disenchantment model have been recognized in the social sciences, where scholars are increasingly looking toward the built environment to understand new alignments in religion and society. However, the field remains somewhat overlooked by architectural theorists and historians. This article explores religious practices from an architectural perspective, offering an overview of faith, space and place in the twenty-first century.

Eliciting Stakeholders’ Requirements for Future Energy Systems: A Case Study of Heat Decarbonisation in the UK

It is a truism that whole energy system models underpin the development of policies for energy system decarbonisation. However, recent reviews have thrown doubt on the appropriateness of such models for addressing the multiple goals for future energy systems, in the face of emergent real-world complexity and the evolution of stakeholder’s priorities. Without an understanding of the changing priorities of policy makers and expectations of stakeholders for future systems, system objectives and constraints are likely to be ill-defined, and there is a risk that models may be inadvertently instrumentalised. Adopting a system architecture perspective, the authors have undertaken a three-year programme of research to explore strategies for decarbonising heat in the UK, with interaction with and elicitation of needs from stakeholders at its heart. This paper presents the procedure, methods, and results of an exercise in which experts from stakeholder organisations across the energy system were interviewed. Analysis of interview data reveals two broad approaches to heat decarbonisation which can be defined as either adaptive or transformative. Specific insights gained from these interviews enabled our modelling teams to refocus their work for exploration with a wider circle of stakeholders. Results suggests that this iterative approach to formalising model-policy interaction could improve the transparency and legitimacy of modelling and enhance its impact on policy making.

Adapting Overlap Per Two Floors for Vertical Structural Members:Column and Shear Wall

The main aim of this study is adapting overlap per two floors for vertical structural members for column and shear wall. Since this concept is new and not applied widely in Ethiopia, the challenges, technical solution for challenges and economic differences were assessed and drawn. This study was used qualitative and quantitative research methodologies. The amounts of reinforcement bars were determined. In depth interviews, site observation, theoretical concepts, previous practical experience and secondary data were used. Purposive sampling technique was applied for selection of respondents and their working companies. In depth interviews were interpreted with respect to structural, architectural and cost perspectives. The results obtained from the purposively selected interviews, observations, theoretical concepts, practical experience and referring secondary materials for providing overlap per two floors on all columns and shear walls has no any effect on the architectural aspects of the column and shear wall. Because, overlapping per two floors for columns and shear wall does not affect the shape and cross section of the vertical elements and covered completely by concrete. Typically, the analysis of cost of reinforcement bars was done for G + 10 building. The total percentage of wastage of bars per two floors is reduced by 13.51% and 11.11% for 2.7m and 3.5m story height compared to per one floor respectively. Key word s: Overlap, Shear wall, Column, Challenge, Solution, Cost DOI: 10.7176/CER/14-6-01 Publication date: October 31 st 2022