Architectural Perspective Research Articles

Comparative genomics of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss): Is the genetic architecture of migratory behavior conserved among populations?

Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are a partially migratory species wherein some individuals undergo long-distance anadromous migrations, and others stay as residents in their native freshwater streams. The decision to migrate is known to be highly heritable, and yet, the underlying genes and alleles associated with migration are not fully characterized. Here we used a pooled approach of whole-genome sequence data from migratory and resident trout of two native populations-Sashin Creek, Alaska and Little Sheep Creek, Oregon-to obtain a genome-wide perspective of the genetic architecture of resident and migratory life history. We calculated estimates of genetic differentiation, genetic diversity, and selection between the two phenotypes to locate regions of interest and then compared these associations between populations. We identified numerous genes and alleles associated with life history development in the Sashin Creek population with a notable area on chromosome 8 that may play a critical role in the development of the migratory phenotype. However, very few alleles appeared to be associated with life history development in the Little Sheep Creek system, suggesting population-specific genetic effects are likely important in the development of anadromy. Our results indicate that a migratory life history is not controlled by a singular gene or region but supports the idea that there are many independent ways for a migratory phenotype to emerge in a population. Therefore, conserving and promoting genetic diversity in migratory individuals is paramount to conserving these populations. Ultimately, our data add to a growing body of literature that suggests that population-specific genetic effects, likely mediated through environmental variation, contribute to life history development in rainbow trout.

A Full-Stack View of Probabilistic Computing With p-Bits: Devices, Architectures, and Algorithms

The transistor celebrated its 75 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> birthday in 2022. The continued scaling of the transistor defined by Moore’s Law continues, albeit at a slower pace. Meanwhile, computing demands and energy consumption required by modern artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms have skyrocketed. As an alternative to scaling transistors for general-purpose computing, the integration of transistors with unconventional technologies has emerged as a promising path for domain-specific computing. In this article, we provide a full-stack review of probabilistic computing with p-bits as a representative example of the energy-efficient and domain-specific computing movement. We argue that p-bits could be used to build energy-efficient probabilistic systems, tailored for probabilistic algorithms and applications. From hardware, architecture, and algorithmic perspectives, we outline the main applications of probabilistic computers ranging from probabilistic machine learning and AI to combinatorial optimization and quantum simulation. Combining emerging nanodevices with the existing CMOS ecosystem will lead to probabilistic computers with orders of magnitude improvements in energy efficiency and probabilistic sampling, potentially unlocking previously unexplored regimes for powerful probabilistic algorithms.

Implementation Strategies for Modular Construction Systems in Developing Countries: Perspectives of Nigerian AEC Professionals

This study aimed to develop effective strategies for implementing Modular Construction Systems (MCS) in developing countries, with a specific focus on the perspectives of Nigerian Architecture, Engineering, and Construction (AEC) professionals. A quantitative research approach was adopted, involving a survey of 227 AEC professionals in Nigeria. The survey collected respondents' perceptions on the developed MCS strategies in developing countries using a structured five-point Likert scale questionnaire. The professionals were identified through a snowball sampling technique. The results indicated that all fourteen hypothesized strategies were statistically significant for implementing MCS in developing countries. The strategies that received the highest mean scores were "Increasing awareness among professionals and stakeholders," "Creating an enabling environment within the industry," and "Government participation in the usage of MCS." The Kruskal-Wallis test revealed that professionals, regardless of their varied professions, held similar opinions on the identified strategies. The study has practical implications for the AEC industry in developing countries by providing valuable insights into strategies for implementing MCS. It can also assist policymakers in making informed decisions. Overall, this study offers a pathway for implementing MCS, addressing the housing shortage, and improving the quality of housing in developing countries.

Analysis of the Sensory and Perceptual Aspects of Space in José Saramago’s Novel Blindness

The concept of space is not only related to the discipline of architecture but also to other disciplines because it involves human relationships. Literary works analyze space through the discipline of architecture. In novels, perceptual space is created through the character's multi-sensory perception, where senses become perceptions and perceptions become behaviors. The sense of sight dominates the perception of space, but other senses such as smell, hearing, touch, and taste also play a significant role in how space is perceived and given meaning. José Saramago's dystopian novel Blindness, which deals with the experiences of a group of individuals who lose their sight due to an epidemic, provides a unique opportunity to explore the production of perceptual space through the changing dynamics of space. As such, the novel is an ideal case study within the scope of this qualitative research project, which aims to examine the reflections of visually impaired individuals on space and analyze the perceptual and sensory aspects of space in the novel. Data were collected through purposive sampling and analyzed thematically, resulting in the formation of 10 themes expressed through 49 codes. The themes were transformed into visual expressions with form language. While Blindness has been the subject of numerous studies, this research project explores the novel from an architectural perspective, an angle that has not been previously explored.

State-of-the-Art Review on Shipboard Microgrids: Architecture, Control, Management, Protection, and Future Perspectives

Shipboard microgrids (SBMGs) are becoming increasingly popular in the power industry due to their potential for reducing fossil-fuel usage and increasing power production. However, operating SBMGs poses significant challenges due to operational and environmental constraints. To address these challenges, intelligent control, management, and protection strategies are necessary to ensure safe operation under complex and uncertain conditions. This paper provides a comprehensive review of SBMGs, including their classifications, control, management, and protection, as well as the most recent research statistics in these areas. The state-of-the-art SBMG types, propulsion systems, and power system architectures are discussed, along with a comparison of recent research contributions and issues related to control, uncertainties, management, and protection in SBMGs. In addition, a bibliometric analysis is performed to examine recent trends in SBMG research. This paper concludes with a discussion of research gaps and recommendations for further investigation in the field of SBMGs, highlighting the need for more research on the optimization of SBMGs in terms of efficiency, reliability, and cost-effectiveness, as well as the development of advanced control and protection strategies to ensure safe and stable operation.

Direct Visualization and Restoration of Metallic Ion-Induced Subcellular Ultrastructural Remodeling.

Analysis of cellular ultrastructure dynamics and metal ions' fate can provide insights into the interaction between living organisms and metal ions. Here, we directly visualize the distribution of biogenic metallic aggregates, ion-induced subcellular reorganization, and the corresponding regulation effect in yeast by the near-native 3D imaging approach, cryo-soft X-ray tomography (cryo-SXT). By comparative 3D morphometric assessment, we observe the gold ions disrupting cellular organelle homeostasis, resulting in noticeable distortion and folding of vacuoles, apparent fragmentation of mitochondria, extreme swelling of lipid droplets, and formation of vesicles. The reconstructed 3D architecture of treated yeast demonstrates ∼65% of Au-rich sites in the periplasm, a comprehensive quantitative assessment unobtained by TEM. We also observe some AuNPs in rarely identified subcellular sites, namely, mitochondria and vesicles. Interestingly, the amount of gold deposition is positively correlated with the volume of lipid droplets. Shifting the external starting pH to near-neutral results in the reversion of changes in organelle architectures, boosting the amount of biogenic Au nanoparticles, and increasing cell viability. This study provides a strategy to analyze the metal ions-living organism interaction from subcellular architecture and spatial localization perspectives.

Experimental Structural Model: From Manual Paper Garment to Fabrication as an Architectural Practice-Based Approach for Fashion Design Education

The study presents the integration of architectural design approaches in the fashion design process suggesting a new educational method based on structural model fabrication. The paper addresses the output of an experimental collaborative practice-based workshop titled ‘Fashion Clash’ that mixes both architects and fashion designers. The workshop focused on testing self-structural garments following a manual workflow which is divided into three main phases, (1) modeling and form-finding, (2) assembly, and (3) fabrication. Paper-based materials are used for transforming full-scale garments into textiles. The results presented seven garments displayed at a fashion show that show the effect of the folding techniques in reaching stability and highlighting the interdisciplinary integration of architects and fashion designers. The study concludes that implementing a parametric design logic based on architectural perspective in fashion would generate innovative ways of testing self-supporting geometry. Digitally computing the forces and structure before fabrication are left for further research.

Serving Multi-DNN Workloads on FPGAs: A Coordinated Architecture, Scheduling, and Mapping Perspective

Deep Neural Network (DNN) INFerence-as-a-Service (INFaaS) is the dominating workload in current data centers, for which FPGAs become promising hardware platforms because of their high flexibility and energy efficiency. The dynamic and multi-tenancy nature of INFaaS requires careful design in three aspects: multi-tenant architecture, multi-DNN scheduling, and multi-core mapping. These three factors are critical to the system latency and energy efficiency but are also challenging to optimize since they are tightly coupled and correlated. This paper proposes <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H3M</b> , an automatic Design Space Exploration (DSE) framework to jointly optimize the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">architecture</i> , <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">scheduling</i> , and <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">mapping</i> for serving INFaaS on cloud FPGAs. H3M explores: (1) the architecture design space with <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</b> <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eterogeneous</i> spatial <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</b> <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ulti-tenant</i> sub-accelerators, (2) layer-wise scheduling for <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</b> <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eterogeneous</i> <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</b> <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ulti-DNN</i> workloads, and (3) single-layer mapping to the <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">H</b> <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">omogeneous</i> <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"/> <bold xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">M</b> <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ulti-core</i> architecture. H3M beats state-of-the-art multi-tenant DNN accelerators, Planaria and Herald, by up to 7.5× and 3.6× in Energy-Delay-Product (EDP) reduction on the ASIC platform. On the Xilinx U200 and U280 FPGA platforms, H3M offers 2.1-5.7× and 1.8-9.0× EDP reduction over Herald.

IoT Security Risk Management: A Framework and Teaching Approach

While Internet of Things (IoT) devices have increased in popularity and usage, their users have become more susceptible to cyber-attacks, thus emphasizing the need to manage the resulting security risks. However, existing works reveal research gaps in IoT security risk management frameworks where the IoT architecture – building blocks of the system – are not adequately considered for analysis. Also, security risk management includes complex tasks requiring appropriate training and teaching methods to be applied effectively. To address these points, we first proposed a security risk management framework that captures the IoT architecture perspective as an input to further security risk management activities. We then proposed a hackathon learning model as a practical approach to teach hackathon participants to apply the IoT security risk management framework. To evaluate the benefits of the framework and the hackathon learning model, we conducted an action research study that integrated the hackathon learning model into a cybersecurity course, where students learn how to apply the framework. Our findings show that the IoT-ARM framework was beneficial in guiding students towards IoT security risk management and producing repeatable outcomes. Additionally, the study demonstrated the applicability of the hackathon model and its interventions in supporting the learning of IoT security risk management and applying the proposed framework to real-world scenarios.

Understanding ESL Preservice Teachers’ Metaphorical Epistemology in the Teaching Practicum Context

This study examined twenty English as Second Language (ESL) preservice teachers’ learning-to-teach experiences amid the teaching practicums from the perspectives of social realist theory and practice architectures in the US. Through iterative discourse analysis and constant-comparative approach, this paper reveals four aspects of the participants’ metaphorical epistemology. First, the participants developed the constructivist metaphorical epistemology on ESL teaching by grappling with the emergent properties and practice architectures. Second, the participants’ metaphorical epistemology changed from pre-reflection and surface reflection to pedagogical reflection. Third, the participants modeled the reflective disposition by activating their personal emergent properties and tackling the social-political arrangements. Fourth, the participants’ metaphorical epistemology predominantly focuses on their pedagogical reasoning and negotiation of their multiple professional identities. Implications for facilitating ESL preservice teachers’ metaphorical epistemologies in the teaching practicum context are discussed.

An Ontology to Represent the Prevention through Design (PtD) Concept in Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) in the Construction Industry from an Architectural Perspective

The Prevention through Design (PtD) concept has been widely used to mitigate potential safety and health hazards and minimize residual risks during the early design phase. Integrated Project Delivery (IPD) prioritizes project-wide collaboration and coordination; therefore, the importance of PtD has been widely recognized. There are still neglected issues pertaining to the implementation of the PtD concept from the architectural perspective. Hence, to fill this research gap, this review was motivated to highlight the ontological framework of PtD practices in the construction industry from the architectural perspective. The study is a thematic review aimed to synthesize the literature from 2011 to 2022 on the PtD concept from an architectural perspective. The study, using ATLAST.ti 8, a keyword search, followed by a filter using inclusion criteria from Scopus, Science Direct, Web of Science databases, and the snowball method, identified and analyzed 93 peer-reviewed journal articles. However, only 41 articles were used in the final review after the inclusion and exclusion process. A thematic review of these 41 articles identified five clusters representing the ontological framework findings, namely (1) designer competency, (2) planning and design decision making, (3) technologies related to building safety, (4) design features and workplace condition, and (5) laws and building legislation. The finding is expected to improve the understanding and implementation of the PtD concept to further develop an architectural safety design framework.

Legacy systems to cloud migration: A review from the architectural perspective

Legacy systems are business-critical systems that hold the organization’s core business functions developed in a traditional way using monolith architecture and usually deployed on-premises. Through time, this system is exposed to improvement changes, increasing its size and number of functionalities, thus increasing its complexity, and maintaining it becomes a disadvantage to the organization. Migration to the cloud environment becomes the primary option to improve legacy application agility, maintainability, and flexibility. However, to take advantage of the cloud environment, monolith legacy application needs to be rearchitected as microservice architecture to fully benefit from cloud advantages. This paper aims to understand the motivation for cloud migration, investigate existing cloud migration frameworks, identify the target architecture for the cloud, and establish any empirical quality issues in cloud migration from the implementation point of view. To achieve those objectives, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) of 47 selected studies from the most relevant scientific digital libraries covering pre-migration, migration, and post-migration stages. The SLR outcome provided us with the primary motivation for the cloud migration, existing cloud migration frameworks, targeted migration architecture patterns, and migration challenges. The results also highlight areas where more research is needed and suggest future research in this field. Furthermore, our analysis shows that current migration approaches lack quality consideration, thus contributing to post-migration quality concerns.

Economic efficiency principles for architectural and space-planning design of vertical farms

The paper highlights use of the economic efficiency principles group during construction and architectural planning of vertical farms. Even though vertical farming is a more efficient and sustainable approach to agro-industry than convenient farming, this method requires significant capital for building and operation. To overcome these shortcomings, the paper describes methods of implementing project solutions that can increase the economic feasibility from architectural perspective. The authors divided the principles group into three main ones: the principle of completion from without, the principle of economy and saving resources, and the principle of saving time and space.&#x0D; The basis of the first principle consists of diverse techniques for increasing the system’s stability and adaptability to unpredictable external and internal changes. For this purpose, it is recommended to implement such solutions as poly-functionality of the building, its openness to the public, space-planning and structural flexibility, and dispersal of engineering networks.&#x0D; The main purpose of the second principle is the overall increase in energy efficiency and in building and production sustainability. It is determined that the most appropriate techniques of this principle are: a variable approach to design process with implementation of different comparison methods for architectural solutions; quality assessment of project decisions, using functional-cost analysis, LCA, LCC, and qualimetry; sustainable methods integration for energy and production resources restoration; application of energy efficiency architecture methods.&#x0D; The principle of saving time and space is fundamental for maintaining the main labor and production resources, which is a way to minimize areas, construction resources, and labor costs for construction and production. This principle is the key to a general reduction in the cost of agro-industrial products production, and therefore reducing its cost on the market. Hence, it leads to stabilization and reduction of price, and product accessibility to the consumer.

Influence of Spatial Attributes on Human Behavior in Complying with COVID-19 Health Protocols in The City Park of Puputan Badung Denpasar Bali

The study aims to determine the most effective spatial setting for the fitness spots with pandemic mitigation in the city park of Puputan Badung Denpasar Bali as well as to identify various responses of human behavior in complying with health protocols. A mixed-method strategy was utilized, where a quantitative technique was used to determine the level of compliance. A qualitative inquiry with a case study method was also used to assess the influence of spatial attributes on human behavior. The respondents were selected using accidental sampling during peak times for a week. The sport activities observed were fitness, which was available in several spots of parks. Based on human behavior theories, the fitness space equipped with COVID-19 mitigation measures has not provided optimal stimuli to the people in complying with health protocols, leading to low compliance levels. The results of this study can be used as a reference to evaluate the effectiveness of implementing pandemic mitigation in the city park of Puputan Badung and other city parks with similar characteristics from an architectural perspective.

Origin, development and evolution: the space construction and cultural motivations of Shi Gandang temple in Macau

PurposeThis study aims to explore the relationship between folk religious place-making and the development of urban public spaces and summarize its influence on community network construction and daily behavior to discover the authentic practices and role of folk faith culture in social space.Design/methodology/approachTaking Macau's Shi Gandang Temple and its belief culture as an example, on-site research, historical evidence and interviews were used to elaborate and analyze the processes of place-making, social functions, management mechanisms and folk culture to establish a new perception of folk religious place-making in contemporary urban spaces.FindingsThe article argues that the culture of folk beliefs profoundly influences urban spaces and the social management system of Macau and has a positive significance in building the local community and geopolitical relations. In addition, it suggests that the participation of folk religious places in local practices is important as key nodes and emotional hubs of local networks, reconciling conflicts between communities of different backgrounds and driving urban spaces toward diversity while forming a positive interaction and friendly cooperation between regional development and self-contained management mechanisms, governance models and cultural orientations.Originality/valueThis study takes an architectural and anthropological perspective of the impact of faith on urban spaces and local governance, using the Shi Gandang Temple in Macau as an example, to complement related studies.

Indirect Nutrition and Mobility Risks during Hospitalization: An Architectural Perspective on the nutritionDay Study Findings.

Nutrition and mobility risks include complex and interrelated physiological, medical, and social factors. A growing body of evidence demonstrates that the built environment can affect patients' well-being and recovery. Nevertheless, the relationship between the built environment, nutrition, and mobility in general hospitals is largely unexplored. This study examines the implications of the nutritionDay study's results for the architectural design of hospital wards and nutrition environments. This one-day annual cross-sectional study uses online questionnaires in 31 different languages to collect ward-specific and patient-specific variables. The main findings relevant to the design of hospital wards were: (1) 61.5% of patients (n = 48,700) could walk before hospitalization and (2) this number dropped to 56.8% on nutritionDay (p < 0.0001), while the number of bedridden patients increased from 6.5% to 11.5% (p < 0.0001), (3) patients who needed more assistance had a much longer mean LOS than mobile patients, (4) mobility was associated with changes in eating, and (5) 72% of units (n = 2793) offered additional meals or snacks, but only 30% promoted a positive eating environment. The built environment may indirectly affect hospitalized patients' mobility, independence, and nutritional intake. Possible future study directions are suggested to further investigate this relationship.

Re] Mapping of Being – Landscape/Cavescape/Humanscape

This exposition opens up the memory space of a landscape that carries a collective knowledge of the events of the Second World War in Sørøya, an isolated region far in northern Norway. Inside its landscape voids, the island conceals places that once became a refuge for half of the region’s inhabitants. In this research project, artists ask themselves what collective memory is and how the landscape opens up an alternative public space in its own depths. How do the caves of the island of Sørøya carefully hide and preserve the memory of the events of the Second World War, and how do these events fade into the shadows of Norway’s inhabitants’ social memory? This exposition shows one chapter of our ongoing research project Dunke-Dunk, where the landscape is becoming the cavescape and the cavescape is becoming the humanscape through the artists’ long field trips to the region, their bodily immersion in caves, and an endless evagation searching for what preserves the memory of the touch of the Second World War through the [re]reading of archives, all the while collecting stories from the inhabitants and the terrain from an architectural and artistic perspective.

Research on the brand image of iOS and Android smart phone operating systems based on mixed methods.

To analyze the differences in system functions, interaction behaviors and user experience between iOS and Android smart phone operating system, and then study the differences in their brand images, so as to provide theory and research method for shaping corporate brand images from the perspective of product interaction design. This study was divided into three stages. In the first stage, the functional information architecture of iOS and Android smart phone operating system are studied comparatively by using information visualization methods. In the second stage, the brand image differences between the two systems at the explicit, behavioral and semantic levels are analyzed comparatively by building the "explicit - behavioral - semantic" product brand gene model. In the third stage, the functions of "setting alarm clock", "sharing pictures" and "modifying passwords" were selected for interactive behavior analysis. First, analyze the user experience of the three system functions from the perspective of interaction process and information architecture, and present the analysis results using the method of information visualization.; Secondly, the user experience and brand image differences between the two systems are analyzed by setting up manipulation task experiments. The brand images of iOS and Android systems are similar in conciseness, clearness and efficiency; In terms of uniqueness, iOS system is more unique, while Android system has stronger applicability. This study constructs an "explicit-behavior-semantic" brand gene model to create a unique product brand image for software products such as operating systems through interactive design, so as to solve the problem of product brand image homogeneity caused by the convergence of function and interaction design.

Security challenges and defense approaches for blockchain-based services from a full-stack architecture perspective

As an advantageous technique and service, the blockchain has shown great development and application prospects. However, its security has also met great challenges, and many security vulnerabilities and attack issues in blockchain-based services have emerged. Recently, security issues of blockchain have attracted extensive attention. However, there is still a lack of blockchain security research from a full-stack architecture perspective, as well as representative quantitative experimental reproduction and analysis. We aim to provide a security architecture to solve security risks in blockchain services from a full-stack architecture perspective. Meanwhile, we propose a formal definition of the full-stack security architecture for blockchain-based services, and we also propose a formal expression of security issues and defense solutions from a full-stack security perspective. We use ConCert to conduct a smart contract formal verification experiment by property-based testing. The security vulnerabilities of blockchain services in the Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE) and China Nation Vulnerability Database (CNVD) are selected and enumerated. Additionally, three real contract-layer real attack events are reproduced by an experimental approach. Using Alibaba's blockchain services and Identity Mixer in Hyperledger Fabric as a case study, the security problems and defense techniques are analyzed and researched. At last, the future research directions are proposed.

CHARACTERISTIC STUDY OF CONTEMPORARY ARCHITECTURE IN VERTICAL FORESTS IN THE CONCEPT OF GREEN BUILDINGS (Case study by Stefano Boeri's Architectural Work)

Contemporary architecture emerges from the desire and desire to get a new nuance due to the saturation of an architectural work that tends to be monotonous. The contemporary architecture itself has developed in line with technological advances and human needs in solving environmental problems in the future. Along with the development of development, the concept of sustainable development began to be recognized and one of its aspects is in the form of green buildings. The green building itself is part of the arrangement of a sustainable city where it is hoped that green buildings can provide benefits in reducing environmental damage as a result of the development process. One of the green building concepts that have become a trend lately is the vertical forest concept which this concept applies a combination of buildings by prioritizing harmony with nature and is applied vertically. This architectural work has become an anti-mainstream work that has been widely applied in several cities around the world. This evaluation aims to find out how far the application of the vertical forest concept is related from the perspective of contemporary architecture. The method used is descriptive qualitative, with hypotheses derived from a theory which is then tested for validity based on empirical data. This research is expected to be able to evaluate the application of contemporary architectural characteristics to the vertical forest design in the green building concept by Stefano Beori.