Protection Of Architectural Heritage Research Articles

基于景观安全格局的嘉绒藏族传统村落形态研究——以马尔康市直波村为例

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于景观安全格局的嘉绒藏族传统村落形态研究——以马尔康市直波村为例 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202002190291 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（51908475） Research on traditional village form of Jiarong Tibetan based on landscape security pattern: a case study of Zhibo village in Barkam City Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (General Program, Key Program, Major Research Plan) 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:以优化土地利用、实现村落形态可持续发展为导向，以景观安全格局的理论为基础对高原传统村落形态进行定量化研究。运用最小累积阻力模型和信息量评价模型相结合的方法，选取坡度、坡向、高程差、距水体距离、距道路距离、土地资源和文化景观7个阻力评价因子，构建研究区景观格局体系并分析其村落形态与土地利用的适宜关系。以直波村为例，将之分为4种等级的景观安全水平，共104个"源"地，其由低到高的景观格局及"源"地分为乡土建筑遗产保护源、民俗风情影响源、自然景观影响源、开放空间影响源，占研究区面积的比例分别为29.44%、25.35%、32.41%、12.8%；通过各阻力评价因子的最小累计阻力值和信息量值的大小影响村落形态"源"地的分布概率，计算出研究区村落形态"源"地未来适宜用地范围在高程为2501-2522 m、坡度为9°-15°、坡向为南坡、西坡、西北坡；结合景观安全水平提出土地利用可考虑两种情景：一是根据村落形态重新赋予新的功能，二是采用渐进式更新。研究结果表明通过探究土地利用与村落形态的关系，既能够较好解决人地空间关系，推进川西北高原乡村振兴建设，同时实现嘉绒藏族传统村落形态的存续。 Abstract:In order to achieve sustainable development of village form and optimization use of land resource, the traditional village form on plateau was researched quantitatively based on the theory of landscape security pattern. Accompanied with analysis of suitable relationship between the village form and the land use, the landscape pattern architecture of study region was constructed by the method of combined model, composed of the minimum cumulative resistance and the information amount evaluation, in which seven resistance evaluation factors were applied, namely slope, aspect, elevation difference, distance to water body, distance to road, land resources and cultural landscape. In the case study of Zhibo village, a traditional village of Jiarong Tibetan in Barkam, the village was divided into four landscape security levels from low to high level and 104 sources of village form. All sources of village form in Zhibo were classified into four categories: local architectural heritage protection source, folk customs influence source, natural landscape influence source, and open space influence source, whose distribution proportion in study region were 29.44%, 25.35%, 32.41%, and 12.8%, respectively. The suitable direction of future development of the village form sources was illustrated as follows according to the distribution probability of the village form sources effected by the quantitative values of the minimum cumulative resistance and the information. The elevation should be between 2501 and 2522 m. The slope should be between 9° and 15°. The aspect should be south slope, west slope and northwest slope. Considering the landscape security level, two situations of land use are suggested. The first one is that the new function will be granted to land use based on the village form. The other one is the land use will be gradually updated. The results indicate that the study on relationship between the land use and the village form can provide not only an effective solution that can solve the problems between human being and the land space, but also a significant promotion that can improve the rural construction in the northwestern plateau of Sichuan and preserve the traditional village form of the Jiarong Tibetan. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Appraisal of Heritage Buildings in the Post-War Period in Bosnia

The unexpected loss of values, as one result of the total destruction during the armed conflicts and war, put us on the challenge to properly decide about methods of rehabilitation, and integrating and understanding values and actions that could vary from restoration to, in many cases, even full reconstruction. During the 1992-1995 war in BiH, many valuable assets of cultural heritage like national monuments, historical places, and historical structures were damaged and/or destroyed. After the aggression, the first step has been to regain and/or establish the function of the places destroyed, while for the cultural heritage assets these attempts called for the approaches more careful. It is not only that the importance or the significance of places and structures destructed is different, the level of destruction also is. These inputs are essential in having preparedness for any action when without possibilities to rely on unique methodology. Even though it is now 20 years after the conflict, Bosnia is still faced with the post-war recovery efforts, with problems newly occurred that are the outcomes of unsuccessfully implemented methods of rehabilitation. This paper aims to present an overview of the interventions implemented within Bosnia and Herzegovina given in respect to the typology of a building, its importance including intangible values and the level of its destruction. Giving examples of Ferhadija/Ferhat Pasha Mosque in Banja Luka and the Old Bridge in Mostar – the examples of total reconstruction, will guide one to understand aspects of choosing the reconstruction action as the appropriate intervention. There are also valuable examples of post-war recovery and rehabilitation for the historical places, such as is the Old town of Počitelj with its entire valuable structures, where after the urban reconstruction – we now have the new challenge of managing the historic place. The inside view shall be more oriented on the case of the Handanija Mosque in Prusac where correct methodology approach had been applied regarding the diagnostic, identifying and/or determining the nature and causes of damage and deterioration of the facility through the inspection and examination, but some rather improper conclusion and decision have been derived from that investigation works. In addition, some analyses of Index of shifts of minaret have been conducted too. Index of shift represents the relation of minaret height – h and width of its layout (D or 2r) or the diameter of circular cross-section. Analyses of conducted work could provide us with a better understanding of the damaged buildings potential weaknesses and weak spots. Reinforcement and strengthening of damaged construction structure has been among the most important tasks. In some cases, improper interventions on heritage structures may have been damaging - in sense of impairing the authenticity, while sometimes it was an insufficient knowledge on structural behaviour and the materials used in historic structures that brought unexpected additional damages. The use of traditional crafts, techniques, and materials is one of the most important elements in the process of architectural heritage protection, contributing to the adequate protection, restoration, conservation, as well as its maintenance.

An Analysis on the Ministry of Health Building in the Early Republican Era

Başkent Ankara’da, Bakanlık yapıları, siyasi gücün temsiliyetini üstlenen sembolik yapılardır. Cumhuriyetin ilanının ardından inşa süreci başlayan bu yapılar günümüz Ankara’sında halen varlığını sürdürmektedir. Yapıların bazıları inşa edildiği tarihten bu yana aynı işleve hizmet ederken bazıları ise farklı işlevlere devredilmiş veya boşaltılmıştır. Araştırma kapsamında Erken Cumhuriyet döneminde inşa edilen ve dönemi konu edinen araştırmalarda ilk “modern” yapı olarak karşımıza çıkan Sağlık Bakanlığı binası ele alınmaktadır. Yapı, Cumhuriyet döneminde inşa edilen ilk modern yapı olarak anılsa da mevcut yazında yapıya ilişkin detaylı bir araştırma bulunmamaktadır. Çalışma hem bu duruma dikkat çekmeyi hem de yapının mevcut durumunu, Modern Mimarlık Mirası’nın korunmasına ilişkin yazın kapsamında, tartışmayı amaçlamaktadır. Avusturyalı mimar Theodor Jost tarafından tasarlanan yapı hem mimari üslup bakımından Uluslararası mimarinin Türkiye’deki ilk örneği olması hem de 90 yılı aşan geçmişiyle önemli bir değerdir. Kültürel ve tarihi belleğin sürdürülebilmesi adına modern mimari yapıların korunarak geleceğe aktarılması önem arz etmektedir. Bu amaçla yapının 2009 yılında geçirdiği yenileme projeleri ile birlikte mevcut iç mekânı değerlendirmeye alınmış ve bu veriler uluslararası tüzük ve anlaşmalarda öne çıkan noktalar doğrultusunda belirlenen ölçütler çerçevesinde irdelenmiştir.

CONTEXT AS A CREATIVE TOOLKIT FOR ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: PERSPECTIVES OF MANAGEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN HERITAGE

Integration into architectural or urban context as an evaluation criterion is claimed to be subjective and hardly substantiated. In spite of its ambiguity, it is generally accepted as one of the basic demands in architectural design. So what the context is in architectural design? The article explores specific understandings of architectural-urban context from characteristic perspectives in urban heritage protection and management. From perspective of architectural heritage protection, context is physical architectural objects nearby, perceived visually in a static mode, and respected in interventions by achieving harmonious relationship with it. From the point of view of cultural landscape, context is an interacting natural and man-made environment, constantly changing according to place-specific natural and cultural processes; its processual character and the accumulated meanings that rise from imbedded experiences ought to be continued in following architectural transformations. Historic urban landscape approach assumes that context is constantly developing through urbanization, cultural, social and economic processes, which cultural uniqueness and identity is saturated by place-based meanings, experiences and emotional relationships attributed by local community, ought to be contributed in present-day architectural transformations. From the point of view of sustainable development, context is an inherited cultural, social, material, economic resource and a source of traditional knowledge, performance and behaviours to be adapted and carried on towards a greater sensitivity to the environment, culture, climate, and place, and for the wellbeing of local community.

Adrian Craciunescu, To Move and Reconstruct Monuments – Conflicts with Authenticity and Integrity

Moving heritage has never been a problem of engineering. From technical point of view, when heritage became a doctrinal issue, everything was technically achievable already. Present understanding of built heritage is more and more connected to the place where such heritage was constructed and still, less and less related to its materiality. In the early sixties, Salvaging Abu Simbel in the early sixties overexposed this issue of deep link between a monument and its place. It was of such magnitude that even contributed directly to the World Heritage Convention. After more than half a century, due to new technologies and due to many changes in the way heritage is perceived, it appears that concepts of “place” and “reconstruction” tend to become less and less restrictive, to the point that the core concepts of World Heritage - “authenticity” and “integrity” - may become very difficult to assess at a certain moment. At least one position on Romania’s heritage in the World Heritage List is affected by the possibility of “dismantling, transfer and reinstatement at a suitable location” stated by the Granada Convention for the protection of architectural heritage of Europe. The wooden churches are movable by tradition, and this aspect is better reflected in the revised principles of Venice Charter reflected in ICOMOS Australia’s Burra Charter and, more recently, in Nara Document on Authenticity. However, having already so many precedents already, where else could we anymore trace a border line between acceptable and non-acceptable of such transfers and reconstructions in respect of authenticity and integrity? If such a line can be traced, does this mean then that a principle may be negotiable? Can it be properly set in a clear regulation or methodology?

Research of documents on the architectural heritage protection in terms of the preservation of the Samara historical urban nucleus

The article presents the attempt to define principles, which could serve as the basis for developing an approach to the reconstruction, rehabilitation and modernization of the historical urban nucleus of the Samara city. In order to identify significant aspects of this issue, the article deals with documents relating to the protection, restoration and reconstruction of architectural, historical, and cultural heritage (international agreements, charters, conventions) that appeared in the late 19th - 20th centuries.

Prilog istraživanju istorije Zemunskog groblja i mogućnosti unapređenja njegovog savremenog uređenja

The focus of the academic subject themed The Protection and Revitalisation of Architectural Heritage in the academic 2019/2020 year was on defining the preservation of cultural, historical, architectural and urban-planning values of the spatial cultural and historical unit of great importance - the Old Downtown of Zemun. The purpose of this paper was to collect and review the literature and other sources and conduct fieldwork in the said area with the view to examining its cultural and historical values, identifying issues, and exploring the potential for its revitalisation and the preservation of its authenticity and identity. The paper presents the results of the research into the historical development and values of Zemun cemetery in Gardoš, and the possibilities for the improvement of its current condition and its further protection. The study spurred the proposals on revitalisation and planning of the space, the increase of its capacity, and the communication of its significance to the community.

From national to cultural monuments: an overview of architectural heritage protection in Albania (1912–1992)

ABSTRACTLegislation on architectural heritage protection in Albania follows the political and historical events of the country. In this paper, I will outline how ‘cultural monument’ concept evolves within the main Albanian legislative timeline in the cultural heritage protection field. The discussion will highlight how cultural monuments significance, from the early concept of ‘National Monuments’ at the dawn of the new Albanian State, to ‘Cultural Monuments’ conceived as people common heritage, have always had, and still have, a pivotal role in the Albanian cultural debate. Purged from the regime ideology, those notions reflect the concept of monument intended as the main outstanding material testimony of an artefact or a constructive culture or of its formal and technical evolution which cannot be preserved through passive constraints. Finally, following the years after the regime collapse (1992), the recent updating of the national law on cultural heritage protection has been a priority for the country and the debate is still open. Thus, the 2000s legislative framework, evolved since the post-communist period until present, should be considered in the light of the transition from the notion of cultural monuments to that one of cultural heritage paying attention to cultural values recognition process and significance.

RESEARCH PROGRESS ON THE FOUR-IN-ONE METHOD SYSTEM FOR SUSTAINABLE PROTECTION OF ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE

Abstract. With the development of social economy, the definition, scope and connotation of architectural heritage have also evolved. However, the architectural heritage is facing the threat of destruction and destruction. The sustainable protection of architectural heritage has become a major strategic need of the country to enhance cultural self-confidence. In the past century, the concept of architectural heritage protection has evolved many times. At present, preventive protection and research protection have become the consensus in the field of architectural heritage protection. The idea of preventive protection is to delay the destruction or extinction of architectural heritage by controlling the main factors that cause the changes in the ontology. Preventive protection is different from emergency protection after the destruction of architectural heritage. It mainly discovers and eliminates hidden dangers through scientific records, periodic inspection, systematic monitoring and routine maintenance. It emphasizes the analysis of damage evolution law through risk assessment and scientific monitoring and takes effective protection measures. Based on the concept of preventive protection and research protection, combining the accumulation of prior art development and protection practices, this paper proposes a four-in-one sustainable preservation method system for architectural heritage. It mainly includes four aspects: architectural heritage value and protection demand cognition, all-round information access technology, architectural heritage monitoring and evaluation, architectural heritage performance improvement and value continuation.

Some Topical Aspects of Improvement of Architectural Environment in Russia: Problems of Providing Legal Support

The scientific novelty of the problem of protection of architectural heritage in the Russian Federation is that many of its aspects are of not only theoretical, but also practical significance. The preservation of historical memory is becoming increasingly popular in our country, where, till recently, utilitarianism and pursuit for endless renewal have prevailed. It has been realized that every object of national cultural and historical heritage, regardless of the aesthetic effect and form of ownership, belongs to all the people of present and future generations. Every individual has the right to cultural property. A comparative method in cultural and protection activity is extremely relevant, since different countries have different stereotypes of assessment of tengible heritage. The authors have determined the regularities of different evaluations of similar phenomena, in connection with which carriers are assigned to two types of cultures. A methodological basis of the study includes the following theoretical provisions: «self-sufficient» communities are communities that thoroughly examine and fit each artifact into the mosaic of the existence of the community; «less self-sufficient» communities recognize their legacy as flawed, i.e. «ugly» physically and spiritually disabled, which «helps» part with them easily. On the example of the city of Krasnoyarsk the authors provide for the analysis of facts allowing to consider the second opinion «inspired» and subject to correction. This case as a phenomenon of the legal field manifests itself as a conflict of private and public interests, which requires its resolution. In order to find the most effective model of organization of the state apparatus and formation of legislation in the field of culture, it is necessary to use the method of state legal modeling. The conclusions of the authors are accompanied by recommendations, assessments, and proposals of practical importance.

TOWARDS BUILDING A SEMANTIC FORMALIZATION OF (SMALL) HISTORICAL CENTRES

Abstract. Historical small urban centres are of increasing interest to different interacting fields such as architectural heritage protection and conservation, urban planning, disaster response, sustainable development and tourism. They are defined at different levels (international, national, regional), by various organizations and standards, incorporate numerous aspects (natural and built environment, infrastructures and open spaces, social, economic, and cultural processes, tangible and intangible heritage) and face various challenges (urbanization, globalization, mass tourism, climate change, etc.). However, their current specification within large-scale geospatial databases is similar to those of urban areas in a broad sense resulting in the loss of many aspects forming this multifaceted concept. The present study considers the available ontologies and data models, coming from various domains and having different granularities and levels of detail, to represent historical small urban centres information. The aim is to define the needs for extension and integration of them in order to develop a multidisciplinary, integrated semantic representation. Relevant conventions and other legislation documents, ontologies and standards for cultural heritage (CIDOC-CRM, CRMgeo, Getty Vocabularies), 3D city models (CityGML), building information models (IFC) and regional landscape plans are analysed to identify concepts, relations, and semantic features that could form a holistic semantic model of historical small urban centres.

Identifying the Critical Stakeholders for the Sustainable Development of Architectural Heritage of Tourism: From the Perspective of China

Architectural heritages, especially heritages of tourism, were destroyed in the process of urban reconstruction of China because of lacking protection from stakeholders. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify the critical stakeholders to perform the responsibility of protection. The paper, focusing on architectural heritage of tourism, aims to identify the most important stakeholders for making them realize their critical roles in maintaining architectural heritages. Moreover, this paper also aims to evaluate the enthusiasm of stakeholders. As a result, the stakeholders with high importance and enthusiasm would be the critical stakeholders in maintaining architectural heritages. Thirteen stakeholders were selected through comprehensive literature review and the reality of China. A questionnaire survey was conducted with the qualified respondents in Mainland China. A five-point Likert scale and other statistical methods were used for achieving the results of evaluation. The findings demonstrated local government, central government, real estate development enterprise, expert groups, administration of architectural heritage protection, and construction company of architectural heritage are considered as the critical stakeholders for the sustainable development (SD) of architectural heritage of tourism. Finally, some helpful implications were introduced for improving the efficiency of participation and cooperation among all stakeholders.

Architectural Heritage: A Discussion on Conservation and Safety

This paper presents a study carried out in the Italian region of Umbria, after the 2016 Central Italy earthquake. The aim is to address the problem of the conservation and protection of architectural heritage in Italy. The application of retrofitting strategies, while improving the seismic performance of historic—and frequently listed by conservation bodies—buildings, will not significantly alter their appearance, will be reversible, and fall within the principle of minimum intervention (minimal (least) intervention (or conservative repair)). These issues were evaluated in the paper by considering the different points of view of structural engineers and conservators. Heavy structural-oriented interventions as well as the underestimation of the importance of the structural safety for masonry monuments has produced, in the past, irreversible damage to important buildings and monuments, and loss of architectural heritage in Italy. The requirement of structural safety, especially for monuments located in seismic-prone areas, is compared with the need for conservation. The Italian building guidelines for interventions of cultural heritage are also discussed, highlighting some limitations and important advancements.

Heritage of Early Modernism in Residential Architecture in Sarajevo

Appearance of modern architecture in the early 20th century brought revolutionary changes in the meaning and sense of architectural design. New design implies a new way of life of modern man and entirely new approach to residential architecture. The new ideal of residential architecture becoming sunlit living units oriented toward the green, free of bulky furniture, with flexible, open plan, equipped and materialized in accordance to the time. Pure and simple design without decorations started to replace eclectic artistic expressions of the past times. In many European countries, a modernism was reaching its peak during the 1920s and 1930s by promoting and strengthening the ideas of the Bauhaus School and Athens charter and by increasing a number of young architects that have finished schools of architecture in Central European universities and continue to work with significant names of modernism. Such the case was in Sarajevo with a numerous of architects that worked from the second half of the 1920s and later. They have developed remarkable pieces of modernist architecture that are not appropriately treated by institutions and understood by wider public. The purpose of paper is to contribute indicating of value of such architecture that should result with raising of awareness about its importance and future proper interventions based on experience of similar projects related to protection and promotion of modern architectural heritage, that were realized in Europe and wider. Early modernism in residential architecture has brought tectonic changes in development of architecture and cities, quality and way of human living. It was just beginning in creation of extraordinary avant-garde modernism that existed during period of Socialist Yugoslavia in second half of 20th century. A comprehensive understanding of modernism from mentioned period in study case of Sarajevo and promotion its values will help to build positive and honest relation to heritage which was part of common international European identity.

Energy consumption and seismic retrofitting interventions in the architectural heritage: building performance simulations of a historical building in Italy

This study focuses on retrofit interventions that allow a seismic improvement of the Architectural Heritage whose critical aspects are conservation and enhancement of existing buildings. During the last decades, designers and researchers have invested in the technical development of seismic retrofitting interventions with the aim of improving the structural performances in a cost-effective way without sacrificing the aesthetical aspects of valuable buildings. Moreover, recent research on historical masonry provided important references and data on the advantages of these interventions in the Architectural Heritage protection. Despite the technological progress, seismic interventions in terms of environmental performance still represent a critical issue, so it is essential to assess their effects on energetic behaviour. The aim of the research is to evaluate the effects of most used seismic retrofitting interventions on energy performance of a masonry historical buildings. The Authors present and analyse the hypothesis of seismic interventions applied on the masonry of a historical building located in the town of L’Aquila and severely damaged by an earthquake that in 2009 struck Abruzzo County, in Italy. The study includes results of building performance simulations (BPS) of the entire building, carried out with the software “Design Builder”, which allows the assessment of the seismic interventions from the environmental point of view on the basis of the variation of energy consumption and the internal comfort.

A Study on Protective Reuse of Traditional Architecture in Lhasa

Traditional Tibetan architecture in Lhasa has a unique position in the world. Under the special social background of economic development demand and tourism, it has gradually become a pillar industry, and how to rationally protect and reuse this traditional architecture has become an urgent problem that must be solved. Based on the traditional architectural patterns, regional characteristics and modern needs of Lhasa, this paper discusses the strategies for the protection and reuse of architectural heritage, the specific methods of reuse and their advantages and disadvantages, in order to provide a reference for the protection of traditional buildings and the inheritance of culture in Tibet.

BEAUTY OF HISTORIC URBAN CENTRES – EVOLUTION IN CONSERVATION THEORY

Abstract The paper aims to investigate if the changing principles in the protection of historic urban spaces arose as a result of evolving rationale of modern architecture and town planning over the last two centuries. The research was performed using a chronological comparison of the literature, source texts and analyses of graphic materials. Considerations include the concept of beauty of a city upgraded by its reconstruction and conservation, in the perspective of the 19th century great theoreticians representing two different aesthetic attitudes: Viollet-le-Duc and John Ruskin. The theory concerning beauty as an essential value of a city underwent a radical change in the 2nd half of the 20th century. The initial theories were followed by expert groups and institutions resulting in formulating directives and charters, e.g. the Venice Charter. Conventions and regulations concerning the protection of architectural and urban heritage were the achievement of communities, also beyond Europe. They expanded the concept of beauty of a city by the aspect of cultural heritage, taking into account the human being and the role of aesthetic experience (Cesare Brandi). The research reveals a new understanding of historic urban centres. Starting with monuments protection, now conservation encompasses heritage spaces as a whole, implements legal provisions and often influences development of new methods and technologies with social aspect: sustainability and preservation of cultural continuity.

Protection of Western Crimean Monuments and Sites from the Late-Eighteenth to Early-Twentieth Centuries

The article deals with the problem of the organization cultural heritage protection in the Russian Empire. The author focuses on the description and analysis the practices architectural and archeological heritage protection in the Western Crimea in the late 18 th – early 20 th century. The study is based on the legislative acts, personal documents, official documents of state and academic institutions, scientific publications. The particular attention is paid to the activities of Taurida Provincial Academic Archival Commission ( Tavricheskaia uchenaia arkhivnaia komissiia ) in the sphere of the Western Crimea archeological heritage protection. In the accordance sources data the cultural heritage protection was limited architectural objects in the Yevpatoria (first of all – Juma-Jami mosque) at the end of the 18 th – the first half of the 19 th century. The low interest of official structures and scientific organizations to the antiquities of the Western Crimea led to the loss of most medieval buildings. In the second half of the 19 th – beginning of 20 th century considerable attention was paid to the organization of the archaeological sites protection in the region. Significant efforts were directed at suppressing predatory excavations and destruction of archeological monuments. The attempts were made for restriction of archaeological finds trading. The author describes the main factors affected to the destructions and damages the Western Crimea cultural heritage: effectless system of registration and monitoring architectural and archeological sites, grave robbing and treasure-hunting, cultural properties trading and collecting, unregulated economic and construction activity.

Regenerating Regeneration: augmented reality and new models of minor architectural heritage reuse

<p>The paper presents the first results of an interdisciplinary research conducted by the Department of Architecture of Roma Tre University aimed at developing guidelines for enhancement of minor architectural heritage, urban and suburban. The research evaluates the creation of a widespread museum that exploit cultural dissemination technologies in augmented reality. The economic crisis, not yet overcome, leads to rethink urban development and heritage conservation, reorienting design towards techniques and practices of reuse. These strategies represent one of the most effective ways to enhance and protect the minor architectural heritage, often protagonist of degradation and abandonment. It seems necessary that the architectural heritage protection has been articulated through contemporaneity, adapting itself to the age of Information Communication Technology. In addition to the architectural heritage, strictly intended as a monument, Italy has a complex system of goods well explained, in the broadest sense, as "minor architectural heritage ". This approach makes possible to identify the Italian Historical Cities as a new category of widespread heritage to be protected. Consequently, it emerges the need to put aside the discretization in punctual assets, approaching an entire system of architectural goods, characterized by a high degree of complexity. Valuing the latter in a sustainable way also passes through new technologies as augmented reality.</p>

Photocatalytic Nanocomposites for the Protection of European Architectural Heritage.

In the field of stone protection, the introduction of inorganic nanoparticles, such as TiO2, ZnO, and Ag in polymeric blends can enhance the protective action of pristine treatments, as well as confer additional properties (photocatalytic, antifouling, and antibacterial). In the framework of the “Nano-Cathedral” European project, nanostructured photocatalytic protective treatments were formulated by using different TiO2 nanoparticles, solvents, and silane/siloxane systems in the blends. The results about the characterization and application of two promising nano-TiO2 based products applied on Apuan marble and Ajarte limestone are here reported, aiming at investigating the complex system “treatment/stone-substrate”. The nanocomposites show better performances when compared to a commercial reference siloxane based protective treatment, resulting in different performances once applied on different carbonatic substrates, with very low and high open porosity, confirming the necessity of correlating precisely the characteristics of the stone material to those of the protective formulations. In particular, the TiO2 photocatalytic behavior is strictly linked to the amount of available nanoparticles and to the active surface area. The alkyl silane oligomers of the water-based formulation have a good penetration into the microstructure of Ajarte limestone, whereas the solvent-based and small size monomeric formulation shows better results for Apuan marble, granting a good coverage of the pores. The encouraging results obtained so far in lab will be confirmed by monitoring tests aiming at assessing the effectiveness of the treatments applied in pilot sites of historical Gothic Cathedrals.