Evolution Of Architecture Research Articles

From Home to Inn: The Evolution of Rural Dwellings in the Taihang Area of Northern Henan

With the rapid development of China’s economy, rural tourism is developing in full swing throughout the country, attracting significant capital inflow with its unique historical features and natural landscapes. In recent years, vernacular architectures are experiencing a spontaneous transformation. The evolution of vernacular architecture presents a development trend of “self-organization”. In order to study the evolution of vernacular architecture in the context of tourism development, the authors consider tourism villages in the southern Taihang area. Samples of rural vernacular architecture were selected, analysing spatial typologies and the theory of self-organization in the development process. Finally, the article finds that the evolving development mechanisms are considered as vernacular architecture of the region shifts from disorder to order.

Seven Centuries of Church Architectural Evolution and Its Influence on Indoor Acoustics: The Case of the Dome of Conegliano in Italy

Sacred constructions like churches are built both for holy and architectural purposes. They are influenced by the design fashions, city history and the government. When a church, or more generally a religious building, is constructed, it is rarely torn down. Instead, these kinds of edifices are refurbished, expanded and modified according to the architectural trend of a specific period. The indoor activities of the church have changed over time, especially after the Second Vatican Council. Thus, it can be interesting to study the past modifications of churches and their features and uses. The aim of this paper is to explore the influence of a building’s history on the architectural change over time and more specifically, the subsequent influence on the indoor acoustic field. Additionally, this study aims to show how a precise and scientific reconstruction of a church’s history, using ancient documents, can provide researchers with a valuable method of investigation. Furthermore, this study aims to analyze the indoor acoustics of these holy buildings over time and elucidate whether these were considered or not for the purposes of the contemporary sacred celebrations. Therefore, in this paper, the Dome of Conegliano (Italy) is the focus of the present study. Detailed historical research was performed by means of reviewing ancient documents to faithfully reconstruct the Dome’s history. Furthermore, acoustic measurements were executed to characterize its shape in our times. Using these results, the ancient configuration of the dome was reconstructed virtually and compared to the contemporary one. Interestingly, the results show that seven centuries of history did influence the church’s architecture and consequently its indoor acoustics. The source–receiver distance has been shown to be an influential parameter, determining that the church is acoustically more suitable for listening to music rather than voice. Clearly, the Dome of Conegliano’s indoor acoustics were not modified or improved over time to fulfill their potential use, but the internal shape was modified according to the architectural fashion and to fulfill other requests as well as the structural requirements of the owners.

Transforming Russia's participation in the global financial architecture in the face of geopolitical challenges

Subject. This article examines the evolution of the global financial architecture. Objectives. The article aims to analyze the opportunities of Russia in the context of globalization of the financial system. Methods. For the study, I used general scientific research methods. Results. The article substantiates the narrative of creating a parallel management circuit, namely, informal financial institutions (forums) operating in close coordination with international financial structures and providing soft regulation of financial relations on the basis of standards and codes. The article finds that Russia takes second place within the framework of the international financial architecture. Conclusions. Resuming the discussion on securing the status of international means of payment for certain currencies, including the ruble, is in Russia's interest. New instruments of international settlement should be independent of issuers of reserve currencies.

Multi-Objective Evolutionary Architecture Search for Parameterized Quantum Circuits

Recent work on hybrid quantum-classical machine learning systems has demonstrated success in utilizing parameterized quantum circuits (PQCs) to solve the challenging reinforcement learning (RL) tasks, with provable learning advantages over classical systems, e.g., deep neural networks. While existing work demonstrates and exploits the strength of PQC-based models, the design choices of PQC architectures and the interactions between different quantum circuits on learning tasks are generally underexplored. In this work, we introduce a Multi-objective Evolutionary Architecture Search framework for parameterized quantum circuits (MEAS-PQC), which uses a multi-objective genetic algorithm with quantum-specific configurations to perform efficient searching of optimal PQC architectures. Experimental results show that our method can find architectures that have superior learning performance on three benchmark RL tasks, and are also optimized for additional objectives including reductions in quantum noise and model size. Further analysis of patterns and probability distributions of quantum operations helps identify performance-critical design choices of hybrid quantum-classical learning systems.

The impact of war generations on spatial environment and military resistance challenges in urban planning

The subject of scientific study is the role of generations of war in the development of architecture according to the military classification. War-resistant architecture has evolved with the changing nature of warfare and advances in military technologies. These challenges remain relevant even today. Through a multi-content analysis of scientific literature, this research observes the impact of wars on urban development activities. Analysing the historical correlation between urban development and military progress can provide insight into the evolution of military-resistant architecture. The results of this study can contribute to the development of future urban planning solutions to meet both current and future military challenges. As a part of the analysis, a table is presented, which summarizes the relevant parallels of the classification of the generations of wars, used weapons, the type of conflict, and urban defence.

Channel Shuffle Neural Architecture Search for Key Word Spotting

The evolution of Network Architecture (NA) allowed Key-Word Spotting (KWS) to exhibit high performance. Generally, NA for KWS is required to have low parameter and computation complexity maintaining high classification performance. Most of the attempts so far have been based on manual approaches, and often the architectures developed from such efforts dwell in the balance of the performance and the network complexity. Then, several KWS models based on Neural Architecture Search (NAS) technique have been proposed. However, these methods do not consider the number of parameters and FLOPs for NA in the search process and manually adjusted the complexity of NA by reducing the number of cells. It may not produce optimized NA with a balance between network complexity and performance. To develop effective network architecture for KWS, network complexity and performance must be considered. In this paper, we propose Channel Shuffle Neural Architecture Search (CSNAS) with channel weights. CSNAS selects whether each channel of the input feature is reflected in the computation or not in the search process and simultaneously controls the number of parameters, FLOPs, and performance. Experiment results show that CSNAS can generate NA that satisfies complexity and performance conditions, and NAs generated by CSNAS outperform state-of-the-art KWS methods.

Fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy for deciphering the morphological evolution of supramolecular self-assembly.

The properties and functions of non-covalent interaction-driven fluorescent supramolecular self-assembly depend greatly on their evolution dynamics. Electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy have been used to elucidate the formation of molecular self-assembly. However, some pertinent issues, such as the drying or freezing of the sample for electron microscopy, the influence of the interactions between the tip and the sample in atomic force microscopy imaging, and the low spatial resolution of confocal laser scanning microscopy images, often impede the real-time analysis and exploration of the dynamics of molecular self-assembly processes. In this context, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy have recently been explored to unravel the physical picture of the in situ growth dynamics and stimuli-induced morphological transformation of luminescent self-assembled structures. The current highlight article demonstrates the need for fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy to acquire precise information on the dynamics and morphological evolution of fluorescent self-assembled architectures using a few remarkable recent studies. In addition to the current status and challenges, the future directions for the further exploration of dynamic self-assembly processes towards developing next-generation functional materials have been delineated.

GiusBERTo: Italy’s AI-Based Judicial Transformation: A Teaching Case

In an age when open access to law enforcement files and judicial documents can erode individual privacy and confidentiality, miscreants can abuse this open access to personal information for blackmail, misinformation, and even social engineering. Yet, limiting access to law enforcement and court cases is a freedom-of-information violation. To address this tension, this collaborative action-research-based teaching case exemplifies how Italy’s Corte dei Conti (Court of Auditors) used artificial intelligence in the automated deidentification and anonymization of court documents in Italy’s public sector. This teaching case is aimed at undergraduate and graduate students learning about Artificial Intelligence (AI), Large Language Model (LLM) (e.g., ChatGPT) evolution, development, and operations. The case will help students learn the origin and evolution of AI transformer models and architectures, and discusses the GiusBERTo operation and process, highlighting opportunities and challenges. GiusBERTo, Italy’s custom-AI model, offers an innovative approach that walks a tightrope between anonymizing Italy’s judicial court documents without sacrificing context or information loss. The case ends with a series of questions, challenges, and potential for LLMs in data anonymization.

The Dodecahedron and the Basket of Fruit: Architecture in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

Starting from the late 1980s, the advent of digital design—the possibility to ideate, develop, and generate projects via computers—has progressively pushed the disciplinary discourse to rethink architecture’s role in society, as well as its formal manifestations. The contemporary evolution of digital architecture has taken different directions, which are sometimes contradictory and ambiguous in their intents. This paper especially focuses attention on one of those directions—the opportunities that artificial intelligence can offer in the future production and communication of architecture. Recent episodes are analysed and contextualised within the historical antinomy between two diverging worldviews that, since the fifteenth century until the end of the twentieth century, have informed the architectural discourse. These worldviews can be exemplified in the dichotomy between the dodecahedron and the basket of fruit.

Pursuing excitonic energy transfer with programmable DNA-based optical breadboards.

DNA nanotechnology has now enabled the self-assembly of almost any prescribed 3-dimensional nanoscale structure in large numbers and with high fidelity. These structures are also amenable to site-specific modification with a variety of small molecules ranging from drugs to reporter dyes. Beyond obvious application in biotechnology, such DNA structures are being pursued as programmable nanoscale optical breadboards where multiple different/identical fluorophores can be positioned with sub-nanometer resolution in a manner designed to allow them to engage in multistep excitonic energy-transfer (ET) via Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) or other related processes. Not only is the ability to create such complex optical structures unique, more importantly, the ability to rapidly redesign and prototype almost all structural and optical analogues in a massively parallel format allows for deep insight into the underlying photophysical processes. Dynamic DNA structures further provide the unparalleled capability to reconfigure a DNA scaffold on the fly in situ and thus switch between ET pathways within a given assembly, actively change its properties, and even repeatedly toggle between two states such as on/off. Here, we review progress in developing these composite materials for potential applications that include artificial light harvesting, smart sensors, nanoactuators, optical barcoding, bioprobes, cryptography, computing, charge conversion, and theranostics to even new forms of optical data storage. Along with an introduction into the DNA scaffolding itself, the diverse fluorophores utilized in these structures, their incorporation chemistry, and the photophysical processes they are designed to exploit, we highlight the evolution of DNA architectures implemented in the pursuit of increased transfer efficiency and the key lessons about ET learned from each iteration. We also focus on recent and growing efforts to exploit DNA as a scaffold for assembling molecular dye aggregates that host delocalized excitons as a test bed for creating excitonic circuits and accessing other quantum-like optical phenomena. We conclude with an outlook on what is still required to transition these materials from a research pursuit to application specific prototypes and beyond.

Urban influences in the Architecture of Rural Dwellings in Southern Muntenia and Oltenia in the Late 19th and Early 20th Centuries.

The article aims to capture a stage in the evolution of residential architecture in the lowland villages in the south of the country, identified during field research, which illustrates changes in the architecture of some dwellings and in the organization of rural households built in the late 19th – early 20th centuries. The changes are due to the influence of the urban architecture of provincial towns, the emergence of new buildings in rural settlements, owned by institutions (town halls, credit unions, headquarters of postal agencies), and the diversification of the activities carried out in homes and households in plain villages, especially due to the development of trade (shops, groceries), of crafting activities (furriers, tailors), and of services (notaries, barbers). The examples preserved in situ that were identified in the villages under research were synthesized into a series of building categories that illustrate this phenomenon. The article follows, in addition to the presentation of urban influences on the architecture of rural homes, the changes they brought to the traditional household in terms of location of facilities on the plot of land and the relation between the main building of the household (the house) and the public space.

Whole-genome phylogeography of the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis

Abstract Understanding the factors that have shaped the current distributions and diversity of species is a central and longstanding aim of evolutionary biology. The recent inclusion of genomic data into phylogeographic studies has dramatically improved our understanding in organisms where evolutionary relationships have been challenging to infer. We used whole-genome sequences to study the phylogeography of the intertidal snail Littorina saxatilis, which has successfully colonized and diversified across a broad range of coastal environments in the Northern Hemisphere amid repeated cycles of glaciation. Building on past studies based on short DNA sequences, we used genome-wide data to provide a clearer picture of the relationships among samples spanning most of the species natural range. Our results confirm the trans-Atlantic colonization of North America from Europe, and have allowed us to identify rough locations of glacial refugia and to infer likely routes of colonization within Europe. We also investigated the signals in different datasets to account for the effects of genomic architecture and non-neutral evolution, which provides new insights about diversification of four ecotypes of L. saxatilis (the crab, wave, barnacle, and brackish ecotypes) at different spatial scales. Overall, we provide a much clearer picture of the biogeography of L. saxatilis, providing a foundation for more detailed phylogenomic and demographic studies.

Quelques questions sur la ville contemporaine

The article looks into a few relatively new questions pertaining to the architectural and social evolution of our cities : the urban crisis concept, the city or agglomeration, landscape and urban identity, the rhythm of growth.

Innovative Trends in the 6G Era: A Comprehensive Survey of Architecture, Applications, Technologies, and Challenges

While the fifth-generation mobile network is being commercialized worldwide, researchers have recently started looking towards the next generation, called the 6G network. Unlike 5G and previous generations of wireless technologies designed to improve network performance for greater bandwidth, lower latency and greater reliability, 6G ecosystems is considered a platform conducive to innovations in the fields of computing, artificial intelligence, connectivity and sensors, virtualization and more. It is designed to meet the requirements of higher global coverage, greater spectral efficiency, a reduced carbon footprint, with an emphasis on sustainability, equity, trust and security through unprecedented architectural evolutions and technology. 6G will be an integrated network system that includes a traditional terrestrial mobile network, space network, and underwater network to provide ubiquitous network access. Even if there are studies on vision of 6G network that have already been published, there is still a significant amount of ground to cover. There is no decision made yet regarding anything and nothing has been ruled out. The focus of this study is to identify a complete picture of changes in architectures, technologies, and challenges that will shape the 6G network. We hope the research results will provide indications for further studies on 6G ecosystems.

Architectural evolution of space settlements in cinema and television

Space settlement as a science fiction theme has been very popular in the last 70 years in cinema and television. Gaining its roots from scientific and technological developments, the topic evolved throughout decades to become much more comprehensive nowadays. The evolution that started with physical models to depict the space station as a pure geometric form continues today with much more complex structures that express the infrastructure, features, and appearance of a space settlement. Through developments in space technologies, together with the progress in computer generated imaging methods, contemporary movies represent space stations and settlements in a much detailed way. Therefore, the architecture of the space settlement in cinema and TV becomes a remarkable theme. Consequently, the role of architects in the design of space settlements in cinema and TV increases. This paper presents an analysis of the architectural evolution of space stations and settlements in cinema and TV through examples with a chronological order from 1950s to 2000s. The analysis is based on the relationship of scientific requirements of a space settlement and existing scientific studies on the design of space settlements with their reflections on the cinema and television industries. The outcomes of the analysis put forth that the detail level, functionality, and architectural style of space settlements in movies evolved through time. Therefore, architects’ role in movies and the design of space settlements shall increase thanks to the developments in representation, production, and construction technologies

The evolution of railway station architecture in Java

ABSTRACT Almost all existing railway engineering systems in Java, from those established at the inception of the railway to those more recently developed, have already been investigated. However, the evolution of railway station architecture on the island of Java has not been explored in depth. Currently, not all stations are functional or in good condition, some being unused, damaged, dilapidated, or neglected. The transformation of stations, between the establishment of the railway in Java and the arrival of the Japanese in 1942, demands attention and more detailed study because it could show the genesis of the island’s railway station architecture. This study finds that Java’s station architecture has originality because it was designed to deal with the conditions in the island. The station buildings are testament to engineers’ pragmatic work before 1900 to deal with geography and climate and architects’ efforts after 1900 to explore local architectural knowledge.

Pixels and columns: tracing the symbiotic evolution of digital graphics and contemporary architecture

Technological advancements have rewritten the perspective and functionality of all fields, including art and architecture. This paper delves into the evolution of the symbiotic relationship between digital graphics and contemporary architecture, highlighting their profound impact on architectural representation, design processes, and visual communication. By tracing the historical development of digital graphics in architecture, from initial implementations to the transformative effects of Computer-Aided Design (CAD), we examine how digital graphics have reshaped architectural representation techniques, empowering architects to create realistic renders, animations, and virtual reality applications. The integration of digital graphics into architects' design workflows, especially through parametric design and algorithmic tools, enables the realization of dynamic, responsive architectural forms. Through case studies of iconic structures, the pivotal role of digital graphics in shaping architectural projects is demonstrated. Furthermore, we explore the influence of architectural aesthetics on digital graphics in various industries, such as video games and advertising, emphasizing the importance of ethical considerations in the responsible representation and marketing of architecture. Looking to the future, upcoming technological advancements, including augmented and virtual reality, real-time rendering, and generative design, are predicted to steer architectural innovation and redefine the future of digital design. The seamless interplay between pixels and columns will continue to inspire architects to create innovative, sustainable, and visually striking architectural experiences for future generations.

Major histocompatibility complex genomic investigation of endangered Chinese alligator provides insights into the evolution of tetrapod major histocompatibility complex and survival of critically bottlenecked species

BackgroundThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) gene family, a vital immune gene family in vertebrates, helps animals defend against pathogens. The polymorphism of MHC genes is important for a species and is considered to be caused by the numerous alleles of MHC antigen-presenting genes. However, the mechanism of this process is unclear due to the lack of data on the MHC structure. The evolutionary trajectories of the tetrapod MHC are also unclear because of insufficient studies on the reptile MHC architecture. Here, we studied the Chinese alligator (Alligator sinensis), which experienced a population bottleneck, but the population increased rapidly in the past 30 years and is proposed to have a unique MHC system to face pathogenic challenges.ResultsWe successfully constructed a 2 Mb MHC region using bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) library and genome data of the Chinese alligator and checked the antigen-presenting genes using transcriptome data and the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) technique. The MHC architecture reported here uncovers adjacent Class I and Class II subregions and a unique CD1 subregion. This newly added information suggested that the Class I-II structure pattern was more ancient in tetrapods and helped reconstruct the evolution of the MHC region architecture. We also found multiple groups of MHC class I (MHC-I) (12 duplicated loci, belonging to three groups, two of which were novel) and MHC class II (MHC-II) (11 duplicated loci, belonging to two groups) inside the 2 Mb MHC region, and there were three more duplicated MHC-I loci outside it. These highly duplicated antigen-presenting loci had differences in expression, amino acid length of antigen-presenting exons, and splice signal of exon and intron, which together promoted the polymorphism of duplicated genes. Although the MHC antigen-presenting genes were identified as monomorphic or oligomorphic in our previous population study, the loci with high copy numbers and many differences can make up for this loss, presenting another mechanism for polymorphism in antigen presentation. These MHC-I and MHC-IIB loci with low polymorphism for each locus, but high numbers in all, may also contribute to MHC antigen-presenting binding variability in a population.ConclusionTo summarize, the fine MHC region architecture of reptiles presented in this study completes the evolutionary trajectories of the MHC structure in tetrapods, and these distinctive MHC gene groups in the Chinese alligator may have helped this species to expand rapidly in the past recent years.

Salt geometry in the Central Basin of the Nova Scotia passive margin, offshore Canada based on new seismic data

This study describes the structural architecture of the central portion of the Scotian Basin and focusses on Mesozoic salt deposition and deformation linked to magma-rich rifting. BP acquired a high-quality 3D seismic survey called the Tangier survey and built a detailed velocity model with RFWI (Reflection Full Waveform Inversion) and tomography. This has allowed for high resolution seismic imaging of target sedimentary reservoirs but also for the first time, imaging of the complex crustal architecture along the central part of the Nova Scotia margin. We evaluated the regional basin architecture and salt tectonic evolution in context of Late Triassic and Early Jurassic rifting followed by passive margin gravity spreading. An exploration well (Aspy D-11) was drilled based on the 3D seismic interpretation and penetrated halite, carnallite and anhydrite salt in an allochthonous salt sheet. Basement is thought to have rifted during deposition of interlayered halite, shale, carnallite and anhydrite. Carnallite may have precipitated from enriched brines that formed at the more distal (southern) end of an elongated seaway of rifted basins which began opening first in the North in the Late Triassic and propagated southward towards Florida (e.g., Jansa, 1980; Jansa and Tucholke, 1986; Roberts and Bally, 2012). Water flowed southwards from Tethys along a chain of complexly interconnected areas of rifted basins. Flow of seawater along Nova Scotia is interpreted to have been southward along a widening and progressively subsiding region of rifts possibly as dynamic elevation associated with the CAMP (Central Atlantic Magmatic Province) dissipated southward much like what occurred in the Central South Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico (GoM) (e.g., Quirk et al., 2013; Morgan et al., 2020; Pindell et al., 2020; Pindell and Heyn, 2022). Brine was enriched along the seaway by evaporation, causing deposition of the most-soluble salt components furthest south along the sequence of basins. The presence of weathered basalt in salt and SDRs on the seismic supports magma-rich Mesozoic rifting and suggests that heating of brine pools may not have been exclusively caused by the sun, but that hydrothermal systems probably contributed to heating and the precipitation of Carnallite.

Don’t Shoot the Messenger SVP: A Brief Essay on the Theory of Typology

The evolution of architecture has been recurrently dependent, either consciously, or subconsciously, on inherited knowledge. However, not within a scheme of literal replicas, but yes through a symbiosis between copy and invention on abstract core characteristics. The present essay intends to shine some light on Type and Typology’s role on the awareness of such process, by developing a brief journey through their juvenile and tumultuous existence as a theoretical problem. Besides that, this essay also explores two collateral reasonings. Firstly, that Typology, although being only a tool, has been taken as the ‘scapegoat’ of the architectonic ideologies that took profit of it. And secondly, that Types, in architecture, should not be solely associated with the structure of forms, but to the larger realm of Concepts.