Evolution Of Architecture Research Articles

Evolutionary pathways for deep-sea adaptation in marine planktonic Actinobacteriota.

The deep ocean, one of the largest ecosystems on earth, is dominated by microorganisms that are keystones in the regulation of biogeochemical cycles. However, the evolutionary pathways underlying the specific adaptations required (e.g., high pressure and low temperature) by this unique niche remain understudied. Here, we analyzed the first representatives belonging to the order Acidimicrobiales, a group of marine planktonic Actinobacteriota, that specifically inhabits the aphotic zone of the oceanic water column (>200 m). Compared with their epipelagic counterparts, deep-sea representatives showed the same evolution in genome architecture with higher GC content, longer intergenic spaces as well as higher nitrogen (N-ARSC) and lower carbon (C-ARSC) content in encoded amino acid residue side chains consistent with the higher nitrogen concentration and lower carbon concentration in deep waters compared to the photic zone. Metagenomic recruitment showed distribution patterns that allowed the description of different ecogenomic units within the three deep water-associated genera defined by our phylogenomic analyses (UBA3125, S20-B6 and UBA9410). The entire genus UBA3125 was found exclusively associated with oxygen minimum zones linked to the acquisition of genes involved in denitrification. Genomospecies of genus S20-B6 recruited in samples from both mesopelagic (200-1,000 m) and bathypelagic (1000-4,000 m) zones, including polar regions. Diversity in the genus UBA9410 was higher, with genomospecies widely distributed in temperate zones, others in polar regions, and the only genomospecies associated with abyssal zones (>4,000 m). At the functional level, groups beyond the epipelagic zone have a more complex transcriptional regulation including in their genomes a unique WhiB paralog. In addition, they showed higher metabolic potential for organic carbon and carbohydrate degradation as well as the ability to accumulate glycogen as a source of carbon and energy. This could compensate for energy metabolism in the absence of rhodopsins, which is only present in genomes associated with the photic zone. The abundance in deep samples of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases associated with the genomes of this order suggests an important role in remineralization of recalcitrant compounds throughout the water column.

Bringing Classical architecture to Tudor England in the 1540s: William Sharington’s Lacock Abbey and the role of his master mason, John Chapman

Summary Studies of the evolution of English architecture during the Tudor period rarely mention Lacock Abbey in Wiltshire. Even when noticed, the commentary tends to be brief and poorly informed. Much of this Tudor country house survives intact, albeit masked by later alterations making way for changing uses. This essay unravels the history and development of the Tudor house to reveal a surprisingly important structure that deserves a better understanding. Additionally, and for the first time, the career and work of John Chapman, a little-known master-mason, is explored through the buildings believed to have been created by him and his team.

The idea of evolution in digital architecture: Toward united ontologies?

Humans have always sought to grasp nature’s working principles and apply acquired intelligence to artefacts since nature has always been the source of inspiration, solution and creativity. For this reason, there is a comprehensive interrelationship between the philosophy of nature and architecture. After Charles Darwin’s revolutionary work, living beings have started to be comprehended as changing, evolving and developing dynamic entities. Evolution theory has been accepted as the interpretive power of biology after several discussions and objections among scientists. In time, the working principles of evolutionary mechanisms have begun to be explained from genetic code to organism and environmental level. Afterwards, simulating nature’s evolutionary logic in the digital interface has become achievable with computational systems’ advancements. Ultimately, architects have begun to utilise evolutionary understanding in design theories and methodologies through computational procedures since the 1990s. Although several studies about technical and pragmatic elements of evolutionary tools in design, there is still little research on the historical, theoretical and philosophical foundations of evolutionary understanding in digital architecture. This paper fills this literature gap by critically reviewing the evolutionary understanding embedded in digital architecture theories and designs since the beginning of the 1990s. The original contribution is the proposed intellectual framework seeking to understand and conceptualise how evolutionary processes were defined in biology and philosophy, then represented through computational procedures, to be finally utilised by architectural designers. The network of references and concepts is deeply connected with the communication between natural processes and their computational simulations. For this reason, another original contribution is the utilisation of theoretical limits and operative principles of computation procedures to shed light on the limitations, shortcomings and potentials of design theories regarding their speculations on the relationship between natural and computational ontologies.

Age-dependent changes in epidermal architecture explored using an automated image analysis algorithm on in vivo reflectance confocal microscopy images.

Reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) allows for real-time in vivo visualization of the epidermis at the cellular level noninvasively. Parameters relating to tissue architecture can be extracted from RCM images, however, analysis of such images requires manual identification of cells to derive these parameters, which can be time-consuming and subject to human error, highlighting the need for an automated cell identification method. First, the region-of-interest (ROI) containing cells needs to be identified, followed by the identification of individual cells within the ROI. To perform this task, we use successive applications of Sato and Gabor filters. The final step is post-processing improvement of cell detection and removal of size outliers. The proposed algorithm is evaluated on manually annotated real data. It is then applied to 5345 images to study the evolution of epidermal architecture in children and adults. The images were acquired on the volar forearm of healthy children (3 months to 10 years) and women (25-80 years), and on the volar forearm and cheek of women (40-80 years). Following the identification of cell locations, parameters such as cell area, cell perimeter, and cell density are calculated, as well as the probability distribution of the number of nearest neighbors per cell. The thicknesses of the Stratum Corneum and supra-papillary epidermis are also calculated using a hybrid deep-learning method. Epidermal keratinocytes are significantly larger (area and perimeter) in the granular layer than in the spinous layer and they get progressively larger with a child's age. Skin continues to mature dynamically during adulthood, as keratinocyte size continues to increase with age on both the cheeks and volar forearm, but the topology and cell aspect ratio remain unchanged across different epidermal layers, body sites, and age. Stratum Corneum and supra-papillary epidermis thicknesses increase with age, at a faster rate in children than in adults. The proposed methodology can be applied to large datasets to automate image analysis and the calculation of parameters relevant to skin physiology. These data validate the dynamic nature of skin maturation during childhood and skin aging in adulthood.

Mapping prediction with recurrent neural networks for future LISP enabled networks

Locator/identifier separation paradigm (LISP) is an emerging Internet architecture evolution trend that decouples the identifier and location of an entity attached to the Internet. Due to its flexibility, LISP has seen its application in various fields such as mobile edge computing, and V2X networks. However, LISP relies on a DNS-like mapping system to associate identifiers and locations before connection establishment. Such a procedure incurs an extra latency overhead and thus hinders the adoption of LISP in delay-sensitive use cases. In this paper, we propose a novel RNN-based mapping prediction scheme to boost the performance of the LISP mapping resolution, by modeling the mapping procedure as a time series prediction problem. The key idea is to predict the mapping data regarding services to be utilized by users in edge networks administered by xTRs and proactively cache the mapping information within xTRs in advance. We compare our approach with several baseline methods, and the experiment results show a 30.02% performance gain in LISP cache hit ratio and 55.6% delay reduction compared with the case without mapping prediction scheme. This work preliminarily proves the potential of the approach in promoting low-latency LISP-based use cases.

Plumbing systems and associated seafloor fluid seepages in deep-water Nigeria: Factors controlling their architecture and cyclic evolution

A range of plumbing systems has been identified in deep-water Nigeria by interpreting multi-scale seismic data sets (reprocessed 3D exploration seismic reflection data and 2D very high-resolution near-bottom seismic reflection data) as well as sedimentological and geochemical data obtained from a long sediment core recovered by the seafloor drill rig MARUM-MeBo70. The plumbing systems are characterized by diverse fault networks and lie above tectonic features including thrust/fold structures and strike-slip faults linked to gravity-driven deformation caused by underlying over-pressured shales. The plumbing systems are associated with fluid seeping structures at the seafloor such as pockmarks, mud volcanoes and seafloor zonations colonized by living benthic macrofauna typical of active fluid flow. The comparison of seismic stratigraphic sequences with climate and environmental proxies determined for sediments including lithology, element ratios such as Ca/Fe and Zr/Rb, sedimentation rates, and planktonic foraminifera δ18O records shows a control of short-term (0.1–0.4 Myr) and long-term (around 1 Myr) sedimentary cycles. During short-term fluctuations, the recurrence of fluid seeping structures is controlled by the lithology (coarse-grained versus fine-grained sediments) linked to glacial-interglacial fluctuations and a monsoon regime. Conditions favorable for fluid flow are related to the deposition of coarse-grained layers, glacial periods, sea-level lowstands, and low sedimentation rates. We hypothesize that cyclic gravity-driven sediment deformations controlled by glacial-interglacial and long-term variations in accommodation and sedimentation, have led to the cyclic evolution of the plumbing systems and associated seeping structures since the Plio-Pleistocene.

Basement structures exert a crucial influence on the structural configuration of later rift development: Insights from the Shanan and Chengbei sag, Bohai Bay Basin

The Early Cretaceous and Paleogene rift structures of the Shanan and Chengbei sags were inherited from basement tectonic deformation of Indosinian and Yanshanian tectonism. However, the architecture of the basement structures and its influence on the structural configuration of later rift development are poorly understood, which impeded hydrocarbon exploration efforts in the study area. Based on 2D high-resolution seismic reflection data in the study area and onshore field data in the Luxi area, we recognize the Indosinian NW-striking low-angle fold-thrust belts and Yanshanian NE-striking high-angle thrusts in basement of the study area. The pre-rift NW- and NE-striking basement structures exert a crucial influence on the two-phase rift architecture and structural evolution of the study area: (1) Low-angle NW-striking Indosinian thrusts are dominantly reactivated as dip-slip major normal faults during Early Cretaceous, such as the Shanan fault and Chengbei faults. The high-angle Yanshanian NE-striking thrusts are primarily reactivated as left-lateral strike-slip faults during this stage, such as the Shaxi fault. (2) During the Paleogene, oblique extension took place across the pre-existing NW-striking reactivated normal faults. A set of half-grabens formed along the major NW-striking oblique-slip faults and large amount of ENE-striking secondary normal faults developed in the NW-striking sags. The pre-existing left-lateral NNE-striking faults shifted to become right-lateral and extensional faults. The Early Cretaceous rift was primarily controlled by NE-SW-directed extension, which was derived from the large-scale left-lateral strike-slip movement of the Tan-Lu Fault Zone. The Paleogene oblique rift was induced by NNW-SSE-directed extension related to the upwelling water-rich mantle wedge of the Pacific subduction zone.

Reviving the Soul of Ganga: A Comprehensive Review of the Development of River Front Ghats

This paper presents a comprehensive review of the impact of the Ganga River front Ghats on spirituality and temple architecture, as well as their development over the years. The Ganga River holds immense religious significance for Hindus, and the Ghats serve as places for spiritual and religious practices such as bathing, worship, and rituals. This paper delves into the different types of Ghats, their architectural styles, and their significance in the religious and cultural life of the people living along the river. The paper also analyzes the historical development of the Ghats, from their initial construction during the Mauryan Empire to their current state of disrepair and neglect. Furthermore, the paper assesses the impact of the Ghats on spirituality and the architectural evolution of temples built around them. It also explores recent efforts made by various organizations and government agencies to restore and develop the Ghats, including the use of modern technology and sustainable practices. The aim of this review is to provide an in-depth understanding of the impact of Ganga River front Ghats on spirituality and temple architecture and to evaluate the progress made in their development over the years.

The Euro on the global stage

Abstract:The war in Ukraine draws renewed attention to the question of whether the international monetary and financial system is moving towards a more ‘multipolar’ character. The euro has been the second most important global currency since its creation, and well-placed to help diversify the global financial architecture. This article reviews the evolution of the euro’s international role along with the evolution of the institutional architecture to support it. Previous and ongoing reforms in the European Economic and Monetary Union (EMU) can support the common currency on the international stage.

Integration of 3D modelling with photogrammetry applied on historical images for cultural heritage.

The recovery of past architecture through 3D modelling is an important challenge today to the preservation of heritage. Decisive support for the interpretation of architecture can certainly come from historical images and old photographs that fix a portion of space at a specific time, keeping it unchanged over the years. This acquisition is decisive for studying architectures of the past that can be reinterpreted and analysed. Photos, in fact, capture the advance of time and the life of a building at a precise historical moment, becoming essential documents for the study and knowledge of heritage. An additional advantage is when these old images can be processed through Structure for Motion procedures and, the results obtained, used as support for a 3D model of buildings that no longer exist. The work shows an interesting pipeline applied to the Caltanissetta Centrale Station and the possibility of “recovering”, even if virtually, a phase of its architectural evolution through the integration of photogrammetry from historical images and 3D modelling. The case study is an opportunity to analyse the procedure still under development, as well as to identify the main difficulties encountered in this process and possible future developments.

Transform margin source–sink clastic deposystems

Abstract Shelf to basin floor clastic-sediment-routing models for individual structural parts of a transform margin are presented. Using 3D and 2D seismic, gravity and well data from the Guyana, Coromandal, Romanche, Saint Paul and Zenith–Wallaby Perth margins as examples, and drawing from a wide range of analogues, four discrete tectonic segments are recognized as characteristic of all transform margins: (1) the transform margin sensu stricto ; (2) the local pull-apart segment on the transform margin; (3) the margin segment developed from the narrow horsetail splaying off from the transform; and (4) the margin segment developed from the extensional end of the horsetail structure, although there are other transitional variants specific to each margin. The routing of clastic sediments varies markedly across these segments. The shelfal staging area varies in width between the segments, increasing in width between segments 1 and 4, with wider shelves (10–25 km) characterized by significant sediment sorting through longshore drift, and narrower segments (0–10 km) often fed directly from focused fluvio-deltaic systems. The overall deep-water slope gradient decreases from segments (1) to (4), with sediment runout distance from shelf to basin floor increasing. The seafloor topography along the margin is highly variable, with significant sand sequestration on slopes with intra-slope ramps and terraces found in segments (2)–(4), with rapid downslope transitions from tributary slope gullies to slope channel complexes and then ponded intra-slope frontal splay complexes on the intra-slope terraces. Mass-transport deposits (MTDs) are ubiquitous and found as either regional slope MTDs or local collapses of slope channel complex margins. Stratigraphic and/or combination traps are associated with the ramp–terrace transitions. Local sectors show pinned long-lived intra-slope channel complex and canyon development, with prominent long-lived intra-slope stacking of intra-slope sandbodies. The outboard basin-floor- or trough-confined deep-water frontal splays (lobes), and their head area erosion by slope-originated MTDs, are directly controlled by the deposystems of the inboard slope systems. The lateral and vertical evolution of deep-water slope architecture is directly controlled by the inherited seafloor topography, set up by the underpinning crustal fabric across the four segments.

On accurate characterization of interfacial morphology and damage evolution of thermoplastic composite welded joints: A microscale study via in-situ micro-CT

Thermoplastic composites are regarded as a potential alternative to their thermoset counterparts in aircraft industries owing to their cost-effective manufacturing process and weldability. However, one of the most significant limitations of the currently used evaluation methods for the welded joints is that they are mostly destructive, which makes the loss of information on the initial features of the welding interface. In this study, the interfacial morphology and damage evolution of ultrasonic welded GF/PPS thermoplastic composite joints were accurately characterized by using in-situ micro-CT technique. The morphology of the weldline was demonstrated by the evolution of void defects, fibre architecture and resin contents of specimens created using different sonotrode travels. Based on that, the damage evolution scenario of the specimens welded at 40% and 100% travels was successively analysed via in-situ micro-CT analysis. In the final part, the newly proposed technique was comparatively discussed with the traditional characterization methods.

Late Pleistocene to Holocene facies architecture and sedimentary evolution of the Zhejiang coast, East China Sea

The Holocene mud wedge that extends from the Yangtze River mouth to the Taiwan Strait along the Zhejiang–Fujian coast, East China Sea, has attracted considerable research attention; however, the pre-Holocene sedimentary evolution of the same area has been less well documented owing to limited data. We conducted an integrated analysis of 7000 km of high-resolution shallow seismic profiles and two ∼60–80-m-long borehole cores from the Zhejiang coast of eastern China to improve our understanding of the formation of the mud wedge in the context of the post-Late Pleistocene sedimentary evolution of the coastal area. Five major seismic units (numbered SU 1 to SU 5 in descending order) and various subunits that have formed since Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 were identified in the study area. SU 5 is recognizable only in the southeastern part of the study area and is interpreted to comprise subtidal to inner-shelf deposits (SU 5b) that were formed during MIS 5 and littoral to tidal-flat deposits (SU 5a) that were formed during the overall sea-level fall of MIS 4 and early MIS 3 (∼60–40 ka). These two subunits are divided by an intervening erosional surface that was likely generated by subaerial exposure of the study area during the sea-level lowstand of MIS 4. During the period from late MIS 3 to MIS 2, the study area was gradually exposed subaerially owing to further sea-level fall, with numerous small rivers incising the underlying strata to form a subaerial unconformity surface (T4). During the early postglacial transgression between ∼15.0 and ∼ 14.0 ka, the study area was progressively flooded, and the river channels were transformed into small estuaries (tidal rivers) that then coalesced into a large-scale, wave-dominated estuary during sea-level rise from ∼14.0 to ∼10.0 ka. The sandy fluvial and/or tidal-river deposits above T4 constitute SU 4. The wave-dominated estuary included a central estuarine bay on the landward side and an estuary-mouth complex on the seaward side, corresponding to fine-grained (muddy) deposits (SU 3a) and coarse-grained (sandy) deposits (SU 3b), respectively. The estuarine deposition concluded with the formation of a transgressive ravinement surface by erosional shoreface retreat during the rising sea level in the early MIS 1 from ∼13.5 ka in the southeasternmost part of the study area to ∼10.0 ka in the area closer to the shore. During the following transgressive phase, the study area was under coastal to shelf sedimentary environments during deposition of SU 2a. Tidal sand ridges (SU 2b) in the eastern part of the study area were formed at ∼11.5 ka and have been active since then. The maximum flooding surface was formed at ∼7.6 ka, and a mud wedge (SU 1) in the study area (except in the eastern part) has been developing since that time and is interpreted to have resulted from the deposition of sediments derived predominantly from the Yangtze River under the modern current system established since the maximum flooding in the Middle Holocene. The study provides new insights into the paleoenvironmental and paleogeographic evolution and facies architecture of the Zhejiang coast since MIS 5, which were controlled by preexisting geomorphological conditions and changes in sea level, hydrodynamics, and sediment supply.

Study on Modern Veranda Style Architecture of Yantai Mountain in Fuzhou under the Fusion of Chinese and Western Culture

After the Opium War, veranda style architecture, as an important type of modern Chinese architecture, took root and sprouted in the major open trading cities, which was the result of the collision and fusion of Western architectural culture and regional construction culture. Yantai Mountain in Fuzhou is rich in modern veranda style architectural culture heritage, which has a profound influence on the modern urban pattern of Fuzhou and the evolution of modern architecture in southern China. Guided by the theory of modern Chinese architecture and detailed field research and literature research, this paper analyzes the function and form of modern veranda style architecture in Yantai Mountain, Fuzhou, discusses its evolution process under the background of regional characteristics in Fujian on the basis of the above, and expands the ideas of protection and activation of veranda style architecture.

Modification of large tow textile grade polyacrylonitrile fiber by dopamine hydrochloride to prepare low-cost carbon fibers

Owing to high specific strength and modulus, low density, corrosion resistance, etc., polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers (CFs) have been widely used in aerospace, new energy, sporting goods, and other fields. However, their application in some civil fields is limited due to their high price. Textile grade polyacrylonitrile fiber (TPF) has a structure similar to the PAN precursor of PAN-based CFs and its cost is also comparatively low, which could be expected to replace the PAN precursor in the preparation of low-cost CFs. However, the lack of active groups in the initial copolymer of TPFs leads to rapid cyclization and extremely exothermic reaction in the pre-oxidation process, which further results in the danger of fiber melting and combustion. In the present work, surface impregnation of TPFs in dopamine hydrochloride aqueous solution together with a further ultrasonic treatment were carried out, and successive pre-oxidation and carbonization resulted in the formation of TPF-based CFs. The results showed that the cyclization temperature of modified TPFs decreased significantly and the exothermic peak also widened with the introduction of oxygen anion of dopamine hydrochloride during the pre-oxidation process, and the microstructure characterization detected by FTIR, XRD and Raman confirmed that the functional groups of dopamine hydrochloric were helpful to accelerate the formation of a ladder structure. Owing to the controllable evolution of fiber architectures during the whole heat treatment process, the final tensile strength and tensile modulus of obtained TPF-based CFs were 3.31GPa and 223.80GPa, respectively.

José Saramago’s “Blindness” and a Vision for Mental Healthcare: perspectives in the fields of Literature, Architecture, Philosophy, Politics and Economics

IntroductionThe Portuguese writer and Nobel prize winner José Saramago, is well-known for his sharp depiction and reflection of human condition. The recent events of the COVID pandemic juxtapose with his novel “Blindness” (1995) – original title: “Ensaio sobre a Cegueira”–, where the expression of fear of dehumanization in a globalized world where any contemporary society may lead to the obligation to follow what power structures define and establish. In his epidemic of blindness, an abandoned psychiatric asylum was chosen by the author as a quarantine ward and the centre of the plot. A question imposes: why an asylum? What is the focus of such a place in a cultural postmodernism message?ObjectivesAn historic background revision is proposed, glancing at the evolution of the architectural concept of asylum evolved until modern times, while setting a reflection towards today’s mental health services and European models.MethodsA narrative review was performed, gathering points of view in the fields of Literature, Architecture, Philosophy, Politics and Economics.ResultsBertolt Brecht claims that “all art is political and the question is simply whether art attacks existing structures of power or refuses such attacks and thereby contributes to the continuation of those structures”. Regarding evolution of Asylum Architecture, and the principles which ought to control Modern Construction, In “Blindness”, the thematic of space appears above all through the reference of Marc Augé’s Non-Place. Initially extended to the city, gives way to the funneling of the space that leads to the “asylum” - a space that centralizes all the action. Through Saramago’s description, the floor plans were designed by Portuguese architect José Cardoso. As the first waves of blind people are imprisoned, it is characterized as a heterotopia, the embodiment of Foucaudian panopticism, as it is constituted as a prison whose role is to isolate, even if this attitude is motivated by despair of the government. A mental healthcare system assumes a multidisciplinary approach to psychiatric disorders. Evidence points to a balance between community-based and modern hospital-based care, with frontline services based in the community and hospitals playing a more specialized role. For most European countries, mental healthcare is financed in the same way as other healthcare services, using either national, regional or local budgets and four ways to purchase mental health services are looked at in depth. Therefore, general decisions about such financing may not be in line with mental health policy-maker or planner.ConclusionsWhere culture meets anthropology, social policies, legal boundaries and ethic reflections, a time for a joint dialogue arises. How to surpass the differences and heterogeneity between countries? Is there a place for a common system in mental health care?Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Boundaries of the Hyperconjugation from π-Extended Six-Membered Phosphorus Heterocycles.

In the context of materials science, six-membered phosphorus heterocycles are intriguing building blocks due to their tunable properties through phosphorus post-functionalization and their unique hyperconjugative effects arising from the phosphorus substituents that contribute to further tuning the optoelectronic properties of the system. Seeking for the discovery of improved materials, the latter features have triggered an astonishing evolution of molecular architectures based on phosphorus heterocycles. Theoretical calculations showed that the hyperconjugation causes a reduction in the S0-S1 gap, which strongly depends on the nature of both the P-substituent and the π-conjugated core, but where are the limits? Outlining the hyperconjugative effects of six-membered phosphorus heterocycles would allow scientists to know how to design next-generation organophosphorus systems with enhanced properties. Herein, we discovered that, in cationic six-membered phosphorus heterocycles, an increase in the hyperconjugation does not affect the S0-S1 gap anymore; i.e., quaternizing the phosphorus atoms leads to properties that go beyond those provoked by hyperconjugative effects. DFT calculations revealed that the latter is particularly marked in phosphaspiro derivatives. Our detailed investigations spotlight the potential of π-extended systems based on six-membered phosphorus spiroheterocycles for accessing properties beyond those achieved to date through hyperconjugative effects, thus laying the groundwork for new research possibilities toward improved organophosphorus systems.

Socio-political determinants of the evolution of post-war Soviet architecture

Socio-political determinants of the evolution of post-war Soviet architecture

Internal architecture and structural evolution of a horst relay zone from the northern Gulf of Suez rift, Egypt: Implications for syn-rift sedimentation

A remarkable outcrop of an extensional NW-oriented horst block takes place between conjugate normal fault segments at the Akheider-El Ramliya fault block (ARFB), along the northwestern termination of the Gulf of Suez rift. Detailed field geological mapping is accomplished to identify the architecture, linkage style as well as evolution of the encountered normal fault system at the ARFB. The resultant structural model revealed several geometries of normal faults interaction that form soft- and hard-linkage relay zones affecting pre- and syn-rift rock units. Such relay zones are well developed between the boundary faults of the ARFB. Additionally, three E-W oriented fault belts are mapped at the northern, central and southern parts of the ARFB enclosing left-stepping en echelon normal faults, where several relay zones are formed between the overlapped fault segments. Structural analysis and evolution of the mapped area revealed that the overall architecture of the ARFB representing a broad horst relay zone between the conjugate divergent boundary normal faults. Also, two sub-basins have been recognized at the downthrows of the border faults comprising syn-rift Oligocene and Miocene sediments. The results show that these faults are rejuvenated by a continued NE-SW extension through Late Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene times. Additionally, the formed relay zones via growth and propagation of such faults have main controls on syn-sedimentation at the northern Gulf of Suez rift. The results of the present study offer constraints on horst relay zones including, internal structural architecture, geometries and interaction of boundary faults as well as role of inherited structures. Also, it provides an outcrop model for architecture and evolution of similar structural styles (e.g., the Gulf of Suez rift) as well as for subsurface mapping and exploration in extensional relay zones.

Evolution of genome fragility enables microbial division of labor

Division of labor can evolve when social groups benefit from the functional specialization of its members. Recently, a novel means of coordinating the division of labor was found in the antibiotic‐producing bacterium Streptomyces coelicolor, where specialized cells are generated through large‐scale genomic re‐organization. We investigate how the evolution of a genome architecture enables such mutation‐driven division of labor, using a multiscale computational model of bacterial evolution. In this model, bacterial behavior—antibiotic production or replication—is determined by the structure and composition of their genome, which encodes antibiotics, growth‐promoting genes, and fragile genomic loci that can induce chromosomal deletions. We find that a genomic organization evolves, which partitions growth‐promoting genes and antibiotic‐coding genes into distinct parts of the genome, separated by fragile genomic loci. Mutations caused by these fragile sites mostly delete growth‐promoting genes, generating sterile, and antibiotic‐producing mutants from weakly‐producing progenitors, in agreement with experimental observations. This division of labor enhances the competition between colonies by promoting antibiotic diversity. These results show that genomic organization can co‐evolve with genomic instabilities to enable reproductive division of labor.