Archery Target Research Articles

Supporting product designs with design thinking method: functional wooden archery target leg design and application

Türklerin bir savaş sanatı olarak asırlar boyu sürdürdükleri okçuluk, günümüzde de uluslararası arenalarda spor branşı olarak devam etmektedir. Okçuluk sporunda kullanılan malzemelerden ok ve yay üzerine çalışmalar yapılmış fakat hedef ayakları ile ilgili bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Modern ve geleneksel okçuluk sporunda, kullanılan hedefin üzerine takıldığı genel olarak ahşap malzemeden üretilen hedef ayakları bulunmaktadır. Yapılan çalışmada Bartın Üniversitesi okçuluk kulübü antrenmanları izlenmiş, yapılan okçuluk sporunda hedef ayaklarının boyut olarak büyük olduğu bu yüzden de depolarda fazla yer kapladığı ve çalışma alanına taşımada zorluk çektikleri tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen sorunların çözümü için, bu sporla uğraşan kişilerle görüşmeler yapılmış ve sporcuların hedef ayağı için yapılacak olan tasarımdan beklentileri belirlenmiştir. Sorunların belirlenmesinde tasarım odaklı düşünme metodu kullanılmıştır. Sonuç olarak, okçuluk sporu ile ilgilenen kişilerin karşılaştıkları sorunlar dikkate alınarak, modern okçulukta kullanılan hedef ayağını depolama aşamasında az yer kaplayan, antrenman ve spor müsabakalarının yapıldığı alana rahat taşınabilen, aynı zamanda ok ve yay muhafazası için stant eklentisi bulunan fonksiyonel bir hedef ayağı tasarlanmış ve üretimi gerçekleştirilmiştir.

Communal talents build hive versatility

It takes all sorts to build a team, from creative problem solvers to focused strategists and coordinators, and collectively dwelling honeybees may also benefit from the individual strengths of their nest mates. ‘Individuals with different abilities, some faster to learn, others slower but more accurate, may help a group to be more efficient to cope with a broad spectrum of problems encountered in nature,’ says Martin Giurfa from the Université de Toulouse, France. In other words, communities of individuals with a range of aptitudes may be able to respond more flexibly to change. ‘We wanted to study if a good “visual learner” is also a good “olfactory learner”’, says Aurore Avarguès-Weber (Université de Toulouse), who worked with Giurfa and Ricarda Scheiner (University of Würzburg, Germany) to find out whether bees that are smart at one task are equally talented at others.Together they set foraging honeybees three challenges to test their ability to learn. First, to find out whether the insects were able to learn more quickly after practice, Valerie Finke (Université de Toulouse) initially provided a group of 18 honeybees with a choice between two patterns – a mini archery target and a square of horizontal bars – training the bees to recognise one of the patterns by rewarding them with a sugary sip of syrup. Then, she tested how well the bee remembered the pattern it had learned, to distinguish the sharpest bees from the slowest learners. The following day, Finke provided the bees with two new patterns to learn and on the third day she presented the bees with a final pair of patterns. However, the bees did not pick up the task faster on the final day and, when Avarguès-Weber, Finke, Scheiner and David Baracchi (Université de Toulouse) compared the bees’ learning abilities over the course of the experiment, the smarter bees consistently out-performed the weaker learners.Second, having tested the abilities of the first group of bees to learn to recognise patterns, the team set a second group of bees another task, first testing how well the new insects learned to distinguish two patterns and then, a day later, training them to distinguish between two scents – orange (limonene) and a mushroomy odour (2-octanol). This time, some of the bees – which had been slower visual learners – picked up which scent to recognise more quickly, while others that learned to recognise the scent well struggled to learn to recognise one of the images. It seemed that the bees’ abilities depended on which sense they were using when learning the task. Bees that were visually ‘smart’ weren't necessarily so bright when it came to distinguishing odours and vice versa.Then, Finke turned up the pressure during the third task, to find out how well a final group of foragers could learn to recognise the relative position of two objects – either placed side-by-side or one above the other – in addition to the tried-and-tested pattern recognition task, ‘to compare a higher-order form of problem solving, requiring a rule based on a relationship, with a simpler one’, say Giurfa and Avarguès-Weber. And again, the bees’ abilities ranged from very able to slower.So, honeybee communities are much like human society, composed of individuals each with their own strengths. Just like some people pick up languages more easily but struggle with science, some honeybee whiz kids pick up certain tasks swiftly, but slower learners may make better decisions that compensate for their lack of speed. And even though the insects don't seem to learn faster with practice, hives are definitely stronger for the collective contributions of their communal talents.

Estimating Sightability for Helicopter Surveys Using Surrogates of White‐Tailed Deer

ABSTRACTOn large management units where terrain allows observation of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) from the air, helicopter surveys may provide managers with cost‐effective and accurate estimates of population abundance; however, imperfect detection of deer introduces negative bias. This can result in potentially inappropriate management recommendations (e.g., harvest prescriptions). Sightability estimators are designed to model detection heterogeneity based on factors that affect observer detection of target animals. Sightability models are widely used to estimate ungulate abundance; however, previous researchers have developed sightability models using radio‐collared animals, potentially introducing bias during model development attributed to unaccounted for movement between initial and follow‐up flights. Therefore, our objectives were to model detection probability using surrogates of white‐tailed deer as a function of covariates including distance from transect, vegetative obstruction, and light conditions to improve population estimates derived from helicopter surveys and apply our final sightability model in operational helicopter surveys. We conducted our study in 2019 on a 399.4‐km2 study area within a 1,210‐km2 cattle ranch in central Florida, USA. We placed 3‐dimensional archery targets as surrogates for white‐tailed deer at assigned locations unknown to observers across a combination of stratified bins of vegetative obstruction and distances from the transect. Our top model indicated that distance from the transect and vegetative obstruction negatively affected detection of deer. Detection probability on the flight transect ranged from 0.95 (95% CI = 0.89–0.98) for vegetative obstruction 0–25% and distance from transect 0–25 m to 0.05 (95% CI = 0.01–0.18) for vegetative obstruction 76–100% and distance from transect 100–125 m. We applied our sightability model to operational surveys on 3 units, which produced population estimates averaging 26% higher than those derived from uncorrected counts. Observers simultaneously recorded live deer during operational flights, of which 60% of deer groups were observed while stationary. Our methods using stationary surrogates to develop region‐specific sightability models could be used in other study areas to account for imperfect detection of white‐tailed deer. © 2021 The Wildlife Society.

Axial localization and tracking of self-interference nanoparticles by lateral point spread functions

Sub-diffraction limited localization of fluorescent emitters is a key goal of microscopy imaging. Here, we report that single upconversion nanoparticles, containing multiple emission centres with random orientations, can generate a series of unique, bright and position-sensitive patterns in the spatial domain when placed on top of a mirror. Supported by our numerical simulation, we attribute this effect to the sum of each single emitter’s interference with its own mirror image. As a result, this configuration generates a series of sophisticated far-field point spread functions (PSFs), e.g. in Gaussian, doughnut and archery target shapes, strongly dependent on the phase difference between the emitter and its image. In this way, the axial locations of nanoparticles are transferred into far-field patterns. We demonstrate a real-time distance sensing technology with a localization accuracy of 2.8 nm, according to the atomic force microscope (AFM) characterization values, smaller than 1/350 of the excitation wavelength.

FPGA Implementation of Archery Target Detection using Color Sequence Recognition Algorithm

In this paper, an implementation of image processing methods to extract and recognize a standard tri-colored archery target to a field-programmable gate array is demonstrated. Detection and recognition of the archery target was never been done on an FPGA platform. The platform used to realize the design was the ZedBoard™ Development Kit equipped with Xilinx Zynq®-7000 All Programmable system on chip. The algorithms used to extract the central region is based on color classification in HSV color space. Once each image pixels are classified, the color sequence recognition algorithm attempts to look for the target and extract the central region of the archery target if present. Image filtering techniques and analysis such as morphological filtering and contour feature analysis are used to properly identify the shape and location of the extracted pixels. Discussed next is the implementation of the algorithm both in the software and hardware aspects and a comparison between their response time and accuracy is demonstrated. There was about two-fold decrease in processing time when FPGA implementation was deployed. The accuracy of the system was also tested and able to reach an accuracy of 96.67% for near target distance. For far target distance, the accuracy degraded to 88.33% but the system has managed to maintain its specificity value despite the noise becoming dominant for smaller region occupied by the target.

3D Imaging as a Public Engagement Tool: Investigating an Ox Cranium Used in Target Practice at Vindolanda

Museums have an ethical code of research and education, and 3D imaging has great potential in helping to achieve some of these objectives by providing accurate replications without barriers to access. Digital and printed models may remove object authenticity, but they do provide direct encounters with heritage and archaeological science whilst preserving the archaeological record. To demonstrate the potential for 3D imaging in archaeology and public engagement, this paper investigated an Ox cranium used for target practice at Vindolanda, Northumberland, UK. Vindolanda is a World Heritage Site on the Frontiers of the Roman Empire, known for its exceptional preservation of artefacts.The trauma type, shaping, impact direction and mortem period were identified, followed by comparisons and physical fits with weaponry used by the military at Vindolanda. The digital and printed models provide effective tools for displaying this evidence within the context of Roman archery to the public. The cranium had evidence of repeated target practice from arrows and potentially lances. The fragmentation of the trauma was angled internally, showing that the arrows were aimed from the front and toward the facial area of the Ox. The high-precision of the archers had separated the lower right portion of the facial area from the rest of the cranium. Several arrowhead sites and two lance head sites overlapped with little additional destruction, showing that some weapons were removed and retargeted. These features provide supporting evidence of individuals in the Roman military at Vindolanda actively participating in high-level archery target practice. The success of this pilot study will be developed to produce 3D models of the crania recovered from Vindolanda for the public to directly interact with this complex, contextual information for deep and effective learning.

Exploring the quiet eye in archery using field- and laboratory-based tasks

The ‘quiet eye’ (QE)—a period of extended gaze fixation on a target—has been reported in many tasks that require accurate aiming. Longer quiet eye durations (QEDs) are reported in experts compared to non-experts and on successful versus less successful trials. The QE has been extensively studied in the field; however, the cognitive mechanisms underlying the QE are not yet fully understood. We investigated the QEDs of ten expert and ten novice archers in the field and in the laboratory using a computer-based archery task. The computer task consisted of shooting archery targets using a joystick. Random ‘noise’ (visual motion perturbation) was introduced at high and low levels to allow for the controlled examination of the effects of task complexity and processing demands. In this computer task, we also tested an additional group of ten non-archers as controls. In both field and computer tasks, eye movements were measured using electro-oculography. The expert archers exhibited longer QED compared to the novice archers in the field task. In the computer task, the archers again exhibited longer QEDs and were more accurate compared to non-archers. Furthermore, expert archers showed earlier QE onsets and longer QEDs during high noise conditions compared to the novices and non-archers. Our findings show skill-based effects on QED in field conditions and in a novel computer-based archery task, in which online (visual) perturbations modulated experts’ QEDs. These longer QEDs in experts may be used for more efficient programming in which accurate predictions are facilitated by attention control.

Jegi-chagi: A Traditional Korean Physical Education Activity

Physical education programs should provide a wide range of physical activities. However, several limitations, such as insufficient space and equipment, make it challenging to incorporate variety into the curriculum. Jegi-chagi, a traditional Korean physical activity, has been proven to be a cost-effective, safe and healthy activity for students. Jegi-chagi has simple rules and is easy to teach in school. Additionally, interesting jegi-chagi games such as archery target, modified foot volleyball, and the sport jegi-chagi can be used to increase basic motor skills, balance and muscular strength in physical education. This article provides an introduction to jegi-chagi and its application in physical education.

El arma sagrada: el combate con arco y flecha en Irán

<p class="AMresumen">The following article presents the development of the bow and arrow, and its important role in the history of Iran. The bow always played an important role not only on the battlefield, but also in hunting. It was also considered as a sacred weapon and additionally a royal symbol. Bow and arrow were considered as a superior weapon in comparison with other types of weapons because one could fight with them at a safer distance as one offered by swords, maces and axes. The first part of the article presents a short history of the bow in Iran. Based on historical Persian manuscripts, the next part explains the structure of the composite bow and the materials used for making it. The third part describes some types of bows based on the material, place of production, the usage, and bow type based on the length of the bow and the arrows. The following part talks about different types of arrows based on morphology of arrowheads, the type of plume/feather, the material of the shaft, the material of the arrowhead, the length of arrows, the target of arrows, the place of production of arrowheads and terms for describing its different features of an arrowhead. Then, the article talks about different types of thumb rings, bowstrings, quivers and bow cases and arrow guides for shooting short arrows. The next part discusses different principles of archery as explained in Persian manuscripts. Finally the article describes different archery targets.</p>

An archer's perceived form scales the “hitableness” of archery targets.

For skills that involve hitting a target, subsequent judgments of target size correlate with prior success in hitting that target. We used an archery context to examine the judgment-success relationship with varied target sizes in the absence of explicit knowledge of results. Competitive archers shot at targets 50 m away that varied in size among five diameters. Immediately after the arrow's release, its flight and landing were occluded and archers chose which of 18 miniature targets looked most like the distal target. Greater apparent size correlated with higher accuracy. In a second experiment, nonarchers merely aimed the bow (without an arrow) at varied targets. Apparent size was larger when the bow arm was stabilized than when it was not. Archery is seemingly an instance of affordance-based control: For an archer, the affordance of the target is the "hitableness" of its central regions, a property inclusive of his or her momentary, and perceptible, archery form.

Effect of an Acute Bout of Intense Physical Exertion on Shooting Accuracy in Police Officers: Current & Recruits

The effect of an acute bout of intense physical exertion (PE) upon shooting accuracy in police officers is unknown. PURPOSE: The purposes of this study were to a) determine the effects of PE upon heart rate and firing accuracy in Police Officers (PO) and Police Officer Recruits (POR), and b) to determine if PO respond differently than POR to PE. METHODS: PO (n=5) and POR (n=11) were randomly assigned to a counterbalanced order of a Static Shooting Protocol (SSP) or an Active Shooting Protocol (ASP). A line-of-duty PE simulation was implemented within the ASP. Each subject used a 9mm pistol to fire eight shots within two minutes (1 shot, every 15sec) at eight separate archery targets while standing at a distance of 40 feet. RESULTS: Statistical significance was set at an alpha level of p ≤ 0.05. Heart rate significantly increased from SSP to ASP in both PO (89.4 ± 22.9 vs. 140.4 ± 16.5 b/min) and POR (112.2 ± 19.3 vs. 159.1 ± 8.3 b/min). A significant decrease was found in PO initial firing accuracy (SSP = 7.4 ± 3.2 vs. ASP = 3.2 ± 2.6) between conditions, but not for POR initial firing accuracy (SSP = 5.4 ± 3.2 vs. ASP = 4.9 ± 2.8). CONCLUSION: Results indicate that although more accurate during the SSP, PO firing accuracy decreases immediately following PE, the same is not true for POR. PE appears to have a greater effect on the firing accuracy of professionals as opposed to professionals in training.

Neural correlates of pre-performance routines in expert and novice archers

The objective of the present study was to determine differences in neural networks between expert and novice archers during an archery pre-performance routine period (PPR). The experiment was conducted with eight world-class competitor or Olympic medalist archers and eight novices. In the experiment, the task was to shoot (by clicking a mouse with the right hand) if an archery target appeared on an LCD embedded in an functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scanner. The resultant fMRI data showed that when the experts were aiming, the occipital gyrus and temporal gyrus were activated, but when the novices were aiming, the frontal area was mainly activated. In addition, the anterior cingulate and posterior cingulate gyrus of the limbic lobe were also activated in the expert and novice groups, respectively. Our results demonstrated that expert and novice archers differed in levels of brain activation during the PPR period of a simulated archery task.

An Unusual Radiologic Presentation of an Uncommon Bronchogenic Lung Carcinoma

(CHEST 2005; 127:2264–2265) A 63-year-old woman presented with a short history (a few months) of persistent cough and mild shortness of breath. On further enquiry, she admitted to having a poor appetite, with an associated weight loss of approximately 4 kg over a period of 6 months. Clinical examination was unremarkable and did not reveal any signs of lung malignancy. A chest roentgenogram showed bilateral multiple pulmonary nodules (Fig 1). Blood tests for angiotensin-converting enzyme levels, systemic vasculitic screen, antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody, and rheumatoid factor were normal. The C-reactive protein was mildly elevated at 52 mg/L. CT with IV contrast enhancement confirmed multiple nodular lesions within both lungs (Fig 2). The majority of the lesions had an unusual appearance, with a solid rim surrounding necrotic material and a more dense opacity at the center, reminiscent of an archery target. There was a larger cavitating lesion in the left lower lobe suggesting a primary tumor with multiple metastases. CT also revealed a mass in the left ovary. However, oophrectomy and subsequent histology revealed the lesion to be a benign ovarian fibroma. An open-lung biopsy was carried out to establish the diagnosis of the multiple lung nodules. At surgery, several visceral puckering nodules were identified. Histology of a lingular biopsy revealed multiple well-circumscribed tumors with central necrosis and cavitation. The tumors consisted of pleiomorphic epithelial cells with both glandular and squamous features, each of which comprised approximately 50% of the tumor and in keeping with primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the lung. She made an uneventful recovery from the surgical intervention and was referred for further treatment to her local oncologist.

Surgical robotics: Impact of motion scaling on task performance

Robotic systems have been shown to enhance surgical dexterity, and the advantage has been hypothesized to result from the removal of tremor and addition of motion scaling. But these purported gains over traditional laparoscopic instrumentation have not been quantified. This study was designed to compare the surgical accuracy between conventional laparoscopic instruments and a robotic surgical system and evaluate the importance of tremor filtration (TF) and motion scaling (MS) in these robotic systems. Fifteen participants with no previous surgical experience were enrolled. To simulate microsurgical techniques, a 29-gauge needle was used to puncture the center of 6 microscopic archery targets (circle diameters 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5 mm). The robotic system was configured to three different degrees of MS and compared with the unassisted laparoscopic platforms in accuracy. Accuracy with robotic assistance with TF alone (1:1 MS) was not significantly different from unassisted laparoscopic control. Both moderate (2.5:1) and fine (7:1) MS significantly improved accuracy over traditional laparoscopic control (p < 0.001 for both). Robotic assistance with MS equalized the performance of both hands (p = 0.03) in precision, and manual laparoscopy demonstrated no statistical difference in handedness (p = 0.80). Motion scaling, rather than tremor filtration, plays the major role in the enhanced accuracy seen in robotic surgical systems. Robotic assistance with MS significantly improved accuracy above laparoscopic instruments alone and robotic assistance with tremor filtration alone. MS also creates ambidexterity in an otherwise unidextrous population, optimizing the surgeon's ability to undertake tasks requiring microsurgical accuracy.

Effects of Variable Practice on Retention and Motor Schema Development in down Syndrome Subjects

Portions of Schmidt's schema theory, the effects of variable practice on retention and ability to learn a novel motor task, were tested using Down syndrome subjects. 23 subjects ranged in mental and chronological ages from 3.0 to 5.1 yr. and 4.6 to 22 yr., respectively. IQs ranged from 32 to 62. The two throwing tasks were closed, discrete movements requiring no feedback or error detection during movement. Subjects were randomly assigned to a specific-practice, variable-practice, or control group. Specific group subjects practiced 100 trials from the test-target location. Variable-practice subjects also practiced 100 trials but from four different practice locations. The control group practiced an unrelated kicking activity. All subjects participated in identical pretests, posttests, and retention tests to assess accuracy on these throwing tasks. A standard archery target was used to score tosses. To examine the effects of practice on a novel task, two target conditions, or tasks, were employed. On Task A the subject tossed a bean bag at the archery target placed flat on the floor. For Task B, the novel task, the target was placed upright on the wall. Subjects were assigned higher scores for tosses landing closer to the center of the target. Analysis of variance indicated no significant differences between groups on Task A pretest or posttest. Significance was detected for the main effect of group for Task B. However, the Scheffé post hoc test indicated that the simple main effects were nonsignificant. This research did not support Schmidt's schema theory.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

The Bow at Night: An Inappropriate Weapon?

IN THE DOLONEA, Iliad 10, Odysseus and Dolon each carry bow (10.260, 333). In due course Dolon's is stripped from him (459), and Odysseus uses his to whip the horses of Rhesus (500, 513-514). Is there something amiss here? Miss Lorimer's Homer and the Monuments is the place to start. She discusses the episode twice, both times in much the same terms. For her, the Dolonea is late, later than the Odyssey, because here alone in the Iliad is there any hint of Odysseus the bowman. In both discussions, as confirmatory detail, she insists that the bow is a strange weapon, surely peculiarly inappropriate weapon, to take on night reconnaissance.1 One would infer from her remarks that cannot be used at night. The topic is hardly one of the burning issues in the poem. Still, from time to time in conversation with colleagues, one may gain the impression that Lorimer has settled the matter. She is in fact unequivocally wrong, and we might as well dispose of her misapprehension for all time. The evidence comes from other societies in which the bow was at home. We begin with England, in the late eighteenth century. Sir Foster Cunliffe (1755-1834) tells of meeting at Hardwick, Buckinghamshire, in 1792, at which, after the evening meal, when was quite dark, the host set up archery targets lit by candles in paper lanterns. At first, reports Sir Foster, it was difficult to hit the boss . . . All [the] arrows went to the left, but in short time, by paying attention to that circumstance, the difficulty was overcome. The source that quotes the memorandum remarks, An interesting entry, as is perhaps the only contemporary record of this class of shooting, though we know was practised. 2 Likewise in England, in 1545 Roger Ascham (1515-1568), who later became Queen Elizabeth's tutor, recommended technique to train an archer to look at the target instead of his arrow. Let him take his bowe on the night, and shoot at two lightes, and there he shall be compelled to looke alwayes at his marke, and never at his shafte: this thinge, ones or twise used, will cause him to forsake looking at his shafte. 3

Relationship between Speed and Accuracy in an over-Arm Throw

Principles of force and variability of force suggest that generating maximal forces will result in greater spatial accuracy. 18 right-handed males performed an over-arm throwing task at 50, 75, and 100% of maximum velocity while attempting to hit an archery target. A one-way analysis of variance of velocity with repeated measures on the target showed that the 75% condition was significantly more accurate than either of the other two. The principles may not be generalizable to tasks involving muscular coordination; it seems Fitts' Law may be more applicable.

The relation between performance in throwing task and work-induced activation.

The effect of work-rate on psychomotor performance was investigated in 24 male subjects. Five work levels were employed on a bicycle ergometer and a throwing task used as criterion. After a controlled level of unresisted pedalling, loads were set lo elicit heart rates of 100, 125, 150 and 175 beats min−1 based on individual heart rate/power output regression lines determined in a preliminary investigation. Perceived exertion (RPE) and hearl rate were recorded after 4-5 to 5-25 min. Over the last 90 s of work subjects threw 20 squash balls at an archery target 4-25 m away. Performance was found to deteriorate at the severest work level (p⩾0.05), no other differences being significant. The shape of the performance curve suggested a shallow and distorted inverted U pattern.