Archaeology Of Architecture Research Articles

Surfaces of 20th century facades: reflections 1 on their archaeological awareness

The archaeological approach to the study of elevations is applied here to 20th-century architecture. In particular, post-World War II facades are examined through several case studies. This research uses the method of the archaeology of architecture: the meticulous attention to materials, workmanship, and technological devices, the examination of the socio-economic context, and the analysis of the motivations behind specific choices. These elements contribute to discovering the history of an artefact in a given period of time as completely as possible. The archaeology of architecture has been widely experimented on historical buildings since the 1970s; very rare has been the application to the study of contemporary buildings. The authors, on the basis of the research already started in 2018, at this stage of the study seek to further develop the topic under investigation, also with comparisons on a broader national and international scale. The architectural surfaces of the second half of the 20th century are analyzed here by studying individual components on the facades: the colour and texture of the plaster, any tile, wood, or stone coverings, or the exposed concrete work. The final aim is to develop an overall method of investigation that considers the specificity of the period examined and the possible adaptation of analysis tools that can help in the archaeological study of these contemporary architectures.

The use of mudbricks and earth in modern Umbrian architectures: a preliminary report

The paper concerns with the use of unbaked bricks and clay in late medieval and early modern architectures in Umbria. In this central Italian region, a few structures are featured by such building materials, especially in areas lacking in good stone deposits. The topic has been sporadically investigated by previous studies and awaits systematic approaches. In particular, it is necessary to clarify the chronology of these building technologies and, regarding unbaked bricks, their relationship with the local baked production. Many different types of evidence will be considered: written sources, historical cartography, stratigraphic data, chrono-typological and mensio-chronological serialisations. Therefore, such focus fully locates the research within the borders of architectural archaeology. The expected goal is specifying the socio-economic, technical and chronological context in which clay-based techniques were developed and used. The paper also aims to enhance the attention and supervision on this type of material culture by related public institutions.

The archaeology of architecture for the knowledge and preservation of the 'modern’

The aim of this research is to find new tools to know, understand and consequently preserve the most recent architec- tural heritage (20th–21th century). This particularly interesting heritage needs attention, often its state of degradation undermines its conservation. This need is evident not only in the Italian context but also in the western world. The 1972 Unesco Convention defined an initial concept and definition of Heritage, and this concept now became increasingly broader; today, more recent artefacts are now looked upon as elements to be protected, in the same way as older ones. The writer started this research, years ago, currently a close collaboration between DAD Genova and Universidad del Pais Vasco brought more enlightening. The objectives are: verification of the applicability of the tools already adopted in the archaeology of the architecture of traditional constructions and development of the specificities in the interpretation of contemporary constructions.

Optical microscopy and SEM-EDS on wall-painting fragments from the St. George’s cathedral at Novgorod

This paper presents the latest data obtained from the analyses of fragments of Russian-Byzantine wall paintings recovered from the architectural excavations carried out in the church of St. George in the Yuriev Princely Monastery built in 1119 at Veliky Novgorod, one of the oldest cities in Russia and UNESCO World site. In the last 7 years the archaeologists of the Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow excavated the 12th century layers and extracted a large number of wall-paintings fragments, which are extremely important for the reconstruction of the history of Novgorod and for the study of Russian-Byzantine art in general. The pigments employed for the paintings and the painting techniques, together with color layers, substrates and mortars, have been studied and analyzed in the last two years in the Laboratory of the Architectural Archaeology and Multidisciplinary Methods for Architectural Research, Institute of Archaeology of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The employed analytical methods were optical microscopy (OM), X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscope with Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (SEM-EDS). OM permits to distinguish the superficial painting method, the inclusions in the mortars, the intonaco and intonachino layers and the various substrates. XRF was applied for a first screening of the fragments and for the first pigment identification. The samples of painted mortar were then mounted in epoxy resin and polished for the analysis with SEM-EDS. The analytical data we possessed up to now indicate a very classical Byzantine technique with the use of expensive pigments such as lazurite and cinnabar, but also green earth, various types of ochres and mixtures of pigments. Special care was taken for the identification of the substrates.

Unknown Gothic construction at the Latin Cathedral in Lviv

Little-known architectural and archaeological objects studied during the rescue archaeological research on the Cathedral Square in Lviv in 2006: remains of ancient wooden roads, a stone-brick building, and a brick fence of the temple area have been introduced into scientific circulation. Based on stratigraphic and historical-architectural analyses, the dating of the relics was justified, their functional interpretation was carried out, as well as the historical-cartographic identification of some of them. In the first cultural layers formed on a part of the area, complexes of finds from the Early Iron Age (VII–VI centuries BC) and Middle Ages (XI–XIII centuries) were discovered. Until the period of the locational city of the ХІV–ХVІ centuries two tiers of wooden roads were assigned, the discovered fragments of which have reached our days in a good condition of preservation. It was established that their construction consisted of transverse depressions, longitudinal timbers, and transverse boardwalks secured with wooden joints. It is noted that the found fragments of contours and directions of ancient roads indicate a freer planning structure of the Lviv city center in the Gothic period. An unknown stone-brick building located in the corner of the church area is recognized as one of the most mysterious. It was established that its deep pit cuts through a layer of stone paving on yellow sand, which covers a complex of wooden streets and can be dated back to the second quarter of the ХVІ century. Taking into account the Gothic style of brickwork preserved on the third tier of the interior, as well as the stratification of the internal filling, the construction is dated back to the third quarter of the ХVІ century and it was interpreted as the family tomb of one of the richest residents of the city. The unconventional spatial orientation of this type of building is associated with the possible contour of the fence of the area of the church cemetery, which in the plan had a corresponding break in the corner, and the later brick fence of the cathedral area appears in the ХVІІ – the first half of the ХVІІІ century when the burial construction was no longer functioning. It has been established that the cartographic analysis of the situation gives grounds to assume that in the 1760s the tomb was completely leveled, and in its place, there was a corner gate. It is noted that in 10 years, cartographers will record the appearance of a right angle of the fence at the corner of the plot, as well as the making of a new gate, limited by thickened pillars. It is indicated that the foundation of one of them was identified and recorded during archaeological research. As a result of rescue excavations, some architectural and archaeological relics were identified in the modern environment of the square to emphasize the importance of these objects of cultural heritage in the history of Lviv. Key words: Lviv, architectural archaeology, Gothic construction, stone fence, wooden streets, cultural heritage.

Digital Twin for Xiegong’s Architectural Archaeological Research: A Case Study of Xuanluo Hall, Sichuan, China

Xiegong is a unique element of Chinese historic buildings that could date the heritage dynasty. It is more complicated than the Dougong and represents a high level of artistic and structural achievement. Archaeological research on Xiegong is urgent due to the fast rate of erosion rate and the official record of only Dougong without Xiegong. With 3D survey technology, researchers can use 3D digital replicas to record and survey heritage buildings. However, the methodology of applying digital reproductions to facilitate archaeological research is unclear. A comprehensive approach to merging the digital twin into the chronology of forms was proposed based on a literature review of archaeological theory. This multi-methodological approach, including laser scanning, oblique photogrammetry, and BIM, was adopted to develop Xiegong’s architectural archaeology dating research. Using Xuanluo Hall, Sichuan, China, as an example, the site study verified the approach to ensure consistency between 2D and 3D expressions with geometry and semantics. The results indicate that, on the one hand, the digital twin process can help archaeologists recognize historical information. On the other hand, the results of their discrimination can be effectively recorded and easily queried, avoiding the shortcomings of traditional methods of information loss and dispersion.

Church of St. Pantaleon in medieval Halych in light of the architectural and archaeological research

The history of the study and the results of architectural and archaeological research of the Church of St. Pantaleon of the XII century, preserved near Halych on the Dniester River, are considered. During excavations in the inner part of the monument, the crypts with burials of the XVI–XVIII centuries were examined, areas of the foundations of the ancient temple were recorded and other important artifacts were found. A series of 26 survey trenches were excavated at the outer perimeter of the object. Regular foundation projections for supporting the pilasters of the ground walls, as well as two projections at the base of the side wings of the main perspective portal are localized and recorded there. The discrepancy in the planning of the underground and aboveground parts of the building was stated. A unique feature in the composition of the altar part of the church was noticed among the monuments of medieval Romanesque architecture. Based on the analysis of planning, construction-technological, stratigraphic features of the object, well-argued hypotheses of dating, sequence of construction, and use of the measurement module in the construction of the architectural form of the monument are presented. It is noted that the temple was built in a poorly developed area. After the leveling of the area, the strip foundations of the external walls were established on it initially, and before the foundations of the internal sub-cupola columns were built, the plan of the future ground structure was corrected due to the change of the customer of the construction. It is assumed that the strip foundations of the building were established during the first short reign of Roman Msyislavovych in Halych in 1188, and construction was completed before 1193 during the reign of Volodymyr Yaroslavovych. It is established that a measuring foot of 30 cm long was used when planning the ground part of the temple. The importance of the Romanesque monument of European significance is emphasized in the conclusions. The instruction of its protection, preservation, and further comprehensive study is expressed, with the use of fundamental methods of architectural archaeology. Key words: Ancient Halych, Church of St. Pantaleon, architectural and archaeological research, foundations, planning structure, metrology.

Machine Learning for the Built Heritage Archaeological Study

The presence of artificial intelligence in our lives is increasing and being applied to fields such as medicine, engineering, telecommunications, remote sensing and 3D visualization. Nevertheless, it has never been used for the stratigraphic study of historical buildings. Thus far, archaeologists and architects, the experts in archaeology of architecture, have led this research. The method consisted of visually—and, consequently, subjectively—identifying certain evidence regarding the elevations of such buildings that could be a consequence of the passage of time. In this article, we would like to present the results from one of the research projects pursued by our group, in which we automated the stratigraphic study of some historic buildings using multivariate statistic techniques. To this end, we first measured the building using surveying techniques to create a 3D model, and then, we broke down every stone into qualitative and quantitative variables. To identify the stratigraphic features on the walls, we applied machine learning by conducting different predictive and descriptive analyses. The predictive analyses were used to rule out any blocks of stone with different characteristics, such as rough stones, joint ashlars, and voussoirs of arches; these are irregularities that probably show building processes and whose identification is crucial in ascertaining the structural evolution of the building. In supervised learning, we experimented with decision trees and random forest—and although the results were good in all cases, we ultimately opted to implement the predictive model obtained using the last one. While identifying the evidence on the walls, it was also very important to identify different continuity solutions or interfaces present on them, because although these are elements without materiality, they are of great value in terms of timescale, because they delimit different strata and allow us to deduce the relationship between them.

Metodologias ativas como estratégia pedagógica para a aplicação da arqueologia da arquitetura na restauração arquitetônica no Brasil

Los enfoques metodológicos de la arqueología brasileña en la arquitectura siempre han priorizado la información sobre las estructuras enterradas y la exhumación de los objetos. Durante el programa para la recuperación de ciudades históricas, llamado Monumenta, la falta de metodologías para el reconocimiento y análisis de la materialidad constructiva histórica, junto con el desarrollo inmobiliario acelerado, conllevó a la desaparición de parte del testimonio de la hibridación cultural de lo que ahora llamamos Brasil. El propósito de este artículo es mostrar el proceso práctico de los talleres que resultaron en un diseño metodológico para llenar el vacío en la actividad arqueológica brasileña con la restauración del edificio histórico. Después de analizar las limitaciones de los enfoques de arqueología de la arquitectura (AA) sobre los objetos locales, aplicamos “metodologías de enseñanza activa” a talleres pedagógicos para estudiantes universitarios de arqueología y arquitectura en la Universidad Federal de Sergipe. Los resultados de las intervenciones en las ruinas de “Casa n. 3” en Laranjeiras demuestran que la aplicación de AA en un contexto brasileño requiere adaptaciones, pero sigue siendo un instrumento eficiente para identificar y valorar la arquitectura histórica en los procesos de desaparición.
 [pt] As abordagens metodológicas da arqueologia brasileira sobre a arquitetura sempre priorizaram as informações acerca das estruturas soterradas e a exumação do espólio a elas associadas. Durante o programa de recuperação de cidades históricas, denominado Monumenta, a falta de metodologias para o reconhecimento e a análise da materialidade construtiva histórica, aliada a um acelerado desenvolvimento imobiliário, ampliou o desaparecimento de parte do testemunho do hibridismo cultural do que hoje chamamos Brasil. O objetivo principal do presente artigo é demonstrar o processo de elaboração das oficinas que resultou num desenho metodológico para sanar as lacunas da atividade arqueológica brasileira no restauro da edificação histórica. Após análise das limitações das abordagens da arqueologia da arquitetura (AA) para pensar as edificações locais, aplicamos “metodologias ativas de ensino” para alunos de graduação em arqueologia e arquitetura, da Universidade Federal de Sergipe. Os resultados das intervenções nas ruínas da “Casa n. 3” em Laranjeiras demonstram que a aplicação da AA em contexto brasileiro requer adaptações, mas ainda se constitui em um eficiente instrumento para identificação e valorização da arquitetura histórica em processos de desaparecimento.

Arquitectura arqueológica en el noroeste argentino: cien años de interés

A través del análisis de una muestra de trabajos publicados, el presente artículo revisa el tratamiento dado a los restos arquitectónicos hallados en sitios arqueológicos del noroeste de la República Argentina entre los años 1877 y 1977. El objetivo de la revisión fue evaluar si el estudio de dichos restos fue o no tema de interés de la disciplina durante el periodo considerado y cuáles fueron las perspectivas desde las que se propuso su análisis. El resultado obtenido permite afirmar que, si bien de modo irregular, la arqueología argentina sí se interesó desde momentos tempranos por el estudio del registro construido, y que lo hizo mediante una heterogénea variedad de propuestas teórico-metodológicas cuyos criterios pueden ser relacionados con los postulados actuales de la arqueología de la arquitectura.

A ambos lados del cero. Arqueología de la arquitectura en Colombia

El presente artículo brinda un panorama de lo que ha sido la arqueología de la arquitectura en Colombia. A través de varios casos de estudio expone algunas ideas y reflexiones de orden metodológico con relación al carácter diverso e interdisciplinario necesario para el estudio de los edificios como contextos arqueológicos complejos. Así mismo aborda cuestiones en torno al análisis configuracional de las edificaciones y algunas de las posibilidades que ofrece para el estudio estratigráfico. Se plantean ejemplos de datación a partir de análisis arqueométricos y finalmente se presentan algunas consideraciones en torno a los desafíos futuros de este campo de conocimiento.

Arqueología de la Arquitectura, una mirada desde América del Sur

La Arqueología de la Arquitectura en América del Sur, a pesar de diversa y heterogénea, posee algunas características distintivas. Una de estas ha sido un creciente interés por discutir los sistemas de reproducción de las estructuras de poder en la región. Concibiendo la arquitectura como una tecnología del poder y una forma de comunicación no verbal, en este trabajo sintetizamos propuestas teórico metodológicas y casos de estudio, que hemos desarrollado a lo largo de 20 años.

La Arqueología de la Arquitectura a revisión

La idea de lo que es y caracteriza la Arqueología de la Arquitectura puede variar sensiblemente de unos países a otros en función de sus respectivas tradiciones historiográficas. Está por hacer un estudio de conjunto de los diversos enfoques y metodologías sobre las construcciones y los entornos construidos, una realidad material que contiene múltiples dimensiones y que puede ser observada desde las más variadas escalas, temporales, espaciales y conceptuales. Con esta breve aportación se quiere ofrecer una primera síntesis de este complicado rompecabezas, pensando sobre todo en quienes quieren introducirse en la materia. Se reivindica una Arqueología de la Arquitectura abierta, plural, responsable y comprometida.

Del edificio al paisaje, una panorámica metodológica de la Arqueología de la Arquitectura en el banco de pruebas de Vitoria-Gasteiz (País Vasco)

El presente artículo está pensado para ofrecer una panorámica general de diversas metodologías que, respetando la perspectiva estratigráfica inherente a la Arqueología de la Arquitectura, se han ensayado en las últimas dos décadas con el fin de ampliar el horizonte de aplicabilidad de la disciplina, desde el ámbito habitual de trabajo que es el edificio singular, para llegar al paisaje antropizado. Prácticamente todas las experiencias de las que se habla han sido desarrolladas por el Grupo de Investigación en Patrimonio Construido de la UPV/EHU en el ámbito territorial del municipio de Vitoria-Gasteiz.

El templo viejo de Huaca de la Luna (Perú): una aproximación desde la aplicación de la sintaxis espacial

Este artículo muestra una primera aproximación de un edificio público religioso de la cultura mochica (s. I - IX d. C.), a través del uso de los análisis sintácticos como el análisis espacial, de percepción visual y de movimiento (herramientas tomadas de la Arqueología de la Arquitectura). El templo viejo de Huaca de la Luna está conformado por 14 espacios funcionales que engloban parte de un complejo religioso. Este templo fue un espacio arquitectónico muy bien diseñado y cumplió su rol hegemónico en una sociedad teocrática. Los resultados obtenidos respaldan lo supuesto y nos permiten reconocer los niveles de privacidad y jerarquización que tenía cada espacio construido.

Review on structural health monitoring for restoration of heritage buildings

This study to an enormous number of heritage structures around the world. Hence, the safety of structures will be decreased due to aggressive environmental conditions and vulnerable actives. So, we can maintain and conservation of heritage buildings. The Non-destructive testing (NDT) can be used for architectural archaeology, structural stability analysis, materials characterization, durability, and we observed that structural health monitoring with the help of combined wired and wireless sensors are power and time-consuming and costly, and it needs to be replaced by the more efficient system to be used in engineering application, using different routines and the research work done by collecting data and application of the long term and short term structural health monitoring system on structures using linear and nonlinear method of Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques.

Igreja Matriz de São Raimundo Nonato-PI: Uma análise a partir da Arqueologia da Arquitetura

O presente trabalho analisou a Igreja Matriz de São Raimundo Nonato-PIuma pelo viés da Arqueologia da Arquitetura por tratar-se de uma edificação de grande valor histórico para a cidade e uma das construções mais antigas da região. Foi edificada em 1876, data anterior a própria emancipação da cidade, que ocorreu em 1912. O foco principal deste trabalho foi identificar, analisar e descrever as características arquitetônicas e construtivas presentes na estrutura externa da Igreja, ou seja, a fachada. A arqueologia da Arquitetura e Histórica nos deram o embasamento teórico e metodológico necessário para analisar essas características, e por meio dos apontamentos da bibliografia especializada comparativamente identificar que a mesma se correlacionava aos modelos arquitetônicos vigentes no período colonial. Partindo desses pressupostos foi possível elencar 22 características arquitetônicas e construtivas coloniais na fachada da Igreja Matriz além de corroborar sua adequação ao estilo arquitetônico denominado Chã/chão.

Landscape and urbanism in the 21st century: some reflections on the state of affairs

Durante varias décadas, la noción de paisaje ha sido instrumentalizada por diversos campos de estudio y con los puntos de vista e intereses más diversos. Esta es una noción que reúne todas las características de los espacios liminales, áreas caracterizadas por su naturaleza mediadora. Sin embargo, el éxito y la rápida extensión del concepto de paisaje aún no ha experimentado un desarrollo similar en el campo metodológico ni está logrando un consenso suficiente para ser aplicado al ámbito administrativo. En esta contribución, ajustaremos nuestra reflexión en torno a la idea de paisajes urbanos históricos, destacando la necesidad de abordar el enfoque de "gestión del cambio" exigido por las ciudades del siglo XXI. Con este fin, profundizaremos en algunas nuevas iniciativas de gestión urbana, en las que la "prosumer citizenship" comienza a ser un elemento clave en la construcción de la identidad de los espacios habitados. En la misma línea, también se discutirá el alcance y el contenido de la disciplina emergente del urbanismo táctico, prestando especial atención a las limitaciones del "pensamiento de diseño" en los centros históricos de las ciudades; áreas afectadas por ambientes que frecuentemente son problemáticos, donde entran en juego las complejas regulaciones de tutela individual o colectiva que requieren los bienes culturales. Durant diverses dècades, la noció de paisatge ha estat instrumentalitzada per diversos camps d'estudi i amb els punts de vista i interessos més diversos. Aquesta és una noció que reuneix totes les característiques dels espais liminar, àrees caracteritzades per la seva naturalesa mediadora. No obstant això, l'èxit i la ràpida extensió del concepte de paisatge encara no ha experimentat un desenvolupament similar en el camp metodològic ni està aconseguint un consens suficient per ser aplicat a l'àmbit administratiu. En aquesta contribució, ajustarem la nostra reflexió al voltant de la idea de paisatges urbans històrics, destacant la necessitat d'abordar l'enfocament de "gestió del canvi" exigit per les ciutats de segle XXI. Amb aquesta finalitat, aprofundirem en algunes noves iniciatives de gestió urbana, en què la "prosumer citizenship" comença a ser un element clau en la construcció de la identitat dels espais habitats. En la mateixa línia, també es discutirà l'abast i el contingut de la disciplina emergent de l'urbanisme tàctic, prestant especial atenció a les limitacions del "pensament de disseny" en els centres històrics de les ciutats; àrees afectades per ambients que freqüentment són problemàtics, on entren en joc les complexes regulacions de tutela individual o col·lectiva que requereixen els béns culturals. For several decades, the notion of landscape has been instrumentalised by various fields of study and with the most diverse views and interests. This is a notion that brings together all the features of liminal spaces, areas characterised by their mediating nature. The success and rapid extension of the concept of landscape, however, has not yet seen a similar development in the methodological field nor is it achieving sufficient consensus to be applied to the administrative scope. In this contribution we will adjust our reflection around the idea of historic urban landscapes, highlighting the need to address the “change management” approach demanded by 21st-century cities. To this end, we shall delve into some new urban management initiatives, in which the “prosumer citizenship” is beginning to be a key element in the construction of the identity of the spaces inhabited. In the same vein, the scope and content of the emerging discipline of tactical urbanism will also be discussed, paying special attention to the limitations of “design thinking” in historic city centres; areas affected by environments that are frequently problematic, where the complex regulations of -individual or collective- tutelage that cultural assets require come into play.

The State-of-the-Art of Dating Techniques Applied to Ancient Mortars and Binders: A Review

ABSTRACTThe most recent workshop on mortar dating (25–27 Oct. 2018, Bordeaux, Montaigne University, France), which closely followed the publication of an extensive round robin-exercise involving several laboratories, was an opportunity to review the history and challenges of mortar dating methods and procedures currently in use. This review stems from the keynote lectures presented at the meeting, and wishes to summarize recent results, present trends, and future challenges. Three major areas are brought into focus (1) radiocarbon (14C) dating of complex mortars: can we assess the chances of successful dating?, (2) 14C dating of archaeological carbonate materials: difficulties, new directions and applications, and (3) single grain optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of mortars in architectural archaeology: the current state of the art. This paper reflects the material presented by the authors and discussed at the workshop.

Geospatial platforms and immersive tools for social cohesion: the 4D narrative of architecture of Australia’s Afghan cameleers

<p class="VARAbstract">This paper focuses on examining the scope of virtual architectural archaeology in forms of digital geospatial platforms and immersive tools such as Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) to be used for achieving social cohesion, particularly in a multicultural and multi-ethnic society like Australia’s. In the context of the current global and national concern about Muslims and Islam, as well as for the mistrust towards and distance between Muslims and Non-Muslims in Australia, it is imperative to delve deeper into the contribution of early Muslim pioneers, in this case, the Afghan Cameleers, in the social fabric of colonial Australia. Based on the premise that architecture could be a unique and revealing research frame to gain insight into human values, worldview and material culture, the main aim of this paper is to address two key issues using virtual architectural archaeology. Firstly, to demonstrate the application of 4D capturing and component-based modelling with metadata and paradata regarding the past of the lost architectural heritage sites in remote central and western Australia, also counting on assets such as Linked Open Data (LOD) for further dissemination and use. Secondly, to propose a mode to disseminate new knowledge through digital platforms and VR/AR experiences to the GLAM (Galleries, Libraries, Archives, and Museums) audiences and schools regarding the Muslims in Australia. Understanding properly them and their contribution to the Australian society would eventually minimise the cultural distance between Muslims and Non-Muslims in Australia. Greater awareness could mitigate the myth of fear and mistrust regarding Muslims and Islam, widely misunderstood for a long time.</p><p>Highlights:</p><ul><li><p>Architectural-archaeological heritage as a tool for achieving social cohesion and to minimise cultural/social differences between Muslims and non-Muslims in Australia.</p></li><li><p>4D capturing and digital geospatial platforms for contextualising architectural-archaeological heritage in a spatial and chronological way.</p></li><li><p>Gamified and non-gamified Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) applications to engage the general public with architectural-archaeological heritage from remote, hard-to-access areas.</p></li></ul>