Land Area Research Articles

Protected areas and conservation of biodiversity

Conservation of our biodiversity needs protected areas which are included among the largest types of land use allocation. These cover more than 10% of the global land area and nearly 2% of the oceans. Some of these are regarded as sacred places as well as sources for food and other natural resources. Many are now known as spots of recreation and scenery. All these areas have been selected on a scientific basis followed by well-organized management practices. The area of these has increased much lately but we still need to fill the gaps. These are expected to serve humanity by safeguarding nature, particularly our biodiversity. If we succeed in making humans understand the economic and social values of biodiversity and role of protected areas, we may succeed in bringing down the threats not only in the protected areas but also our surrounding environment.

Import dependence of the European organic market and the role of Ukrainian exports

rates of organic retail trade (actual demand for organic products) and the growth rates of organic agricultural land areas (potential supply of organic products). This makes the European Union (EU) dependent on global imports. This research focuses on the import of organic products from Ukraine. To understand the underlying factors of the EU-27 countries’ import dependence on Ukrainian exports, this article proposes the following: 1) an analysis of Ukraine’s contribution to the total import volume to EU-27 countries by categories of organic products that have the most significant share in overall imports from Ukraine (these categories include: cereals, other than wheat and rice; soybeans; wheat; oilseeds, other than soybeans); 2) a study of the general trends of the European organic market’s import dependence on imports from Ukraine by the categories with the highest contribution; 3) clustering of the EU-27 countries based on organic market indicators; 4) an analysis of the European organic market using Ukrainian imports as an example. Ukrainian imports do not threaten the domestic European market; instead, countries with the highest level of dependence can use Ukrainian organic raw materials for processing and further re-export.

Analysis of Time–Frequency Characteristics and Influencing Factors of Air Quality Based on Functional Data in Fujian

Increased air pollution is driven by anthropogenic pollution emissions and climate change, which pose great challenges to environmental governance. Strengthening the monitoring of regional air quality levels and analyzing the causes of regional pollution is conducive to the management and sustainable development of the regional atmosphere. Functional data obtained on a wavelet basis were used in the fitting of air quality data of Fujian Province, and wavelet decomposition was performed to obtain low-frequency and high-frequency information. While the Fourier basis cannot adaptively adjust the time–frequency window, resulting in the loss of location information of special frequencies, the wavelet basis solves this problem. Functional analysis of variance was utilized for analyzing spatial differences in air pollution characteristics. Furthermore, the study established a multivariate functional linear regression model to explore the impact of meteorological factors and ozone precursor factors. The results indicated that the overall air quality was gradually improving in Fujian Province, but the concentration of ozone was progressively increasing. Air pollution in coastal areas was higher than that in inland areas. The p-values of the functional analysis of variance for energy values and crest values were less than 0.05. Moreover, the energy entropy and kurtosis values were greater than 0.05. There were significant differences of AQI in the fluctuation amplitude and variation characteristics of different cities. The total squared multiple correlation of regression model was above 50% on average. Ozone is currently the most serious pollution factor, mainly affected by wind speed, temperature, NO2, and CO. In summer, it was principally influenced by VOCs. The findings of this study could act as a reference in exploring the time–frequency characteristics of air quality data and support of air pollution control.

Characteristics and projected changes in maximum daily precipitation across the globe

AbstractResearch indicates a notable rise in extreme precipitation events across the globe in association with a warmed climate. A considerable chunk of such assessments focuses either on global land areas or specific regions, and these have often been reported on an annual basis. However, it is crucial to note that significant monthly variations occur in the precipitation regimes, especially during seasonal transitions. This research evaluates the statistical characteristics of extreme precipitation globally in observations and Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 model projections. Our assessment focuses on maximum daily precipitation on an annual, seasonal, and monthly scale globally for both historical and future climate in the 21st century. The historical assessment is conducted based on the 1980–2014 period, whereas the future climate is sectioned into near future (2040–2060) and far future (2070–2090) focusing on two emission scenarios: SSP245 and SSP585. Monthly assessments of maximum daily precipitation indicate an expansion in the probability density curve's width starting from the boreal winter season going into the peak‐to‐late summer season both in observations and model simulations. Transitioning between unimodal and bimodal distributions in density curves indicates the appearance of one more class of grid points that receive higher precipitation; for example, over the land. Despite large inter‐model spread, future projections assessed based on multimodel mean reveal a substantial rise in maximum daily precipitation in a warmer climate. The reported increase in the intensity of maximum daily precipitation compared with historical climate outweighs the decrease by at least a factor of 1.2 in both scenarios, which is, further, more prominent in SSP585. A large decrease and increase in the intensity of extremes indicates that it may become more variable and intense in future. Additionally, land regions, particularly along the intertropical convergence zone and global monsoon domains, are expected to exhibit more pronounced intensification in future, whereas the decline is mostly confined to tropical–subtropical oceanic regions.

Effect of small-scale irrigation on rural household agricultural income in Demba-Gofa District, Southern Ethiopia

Even though small-scale irrigation (SSI) is a practical solution to address issues like poverty, food insecurity, and low farm production, its promise is often overlooked in Ethiopia. In the Demba Gofa District of southern Ethiopia, many rural households continued to rely primarily on rain-fed agriculture despite the possibility of irrigation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine the factors that influence the adoption of SSI in Demba Gofa and its effect on farm income. A cross-sectional explanatory research design with a mixed-methods approach was employed on a total of 369 households selected through a multistage sampling procedure. An econometric data analysis using the propensity score matching model was employed to evaluate the effect of small-scale participation on households' farm income. The analysis revealed that the gender of the household head, cultivated land area, market accessibility, livestock ownership, and credit service accessibility positively affect irrigation adoption. Households' irrigation adoption was negatively and significantly associated with the age of the household head and the distance of the farm from the irrigation site. Furthermore, households that did not adopt small-scale irrigation schemes lost 4831.77 ETB in farm revenue compared to those that did. Thus, the study advises the government to support the establishment of adequate, long canals and government-guaranteed credit services for smallholder farmers in order to boost household income and, consequently, food security. Agricultural agents ought to conduct routine evaluations of the canals' operation and offer farmers training to enhance their skills in the sustainable use of irrigation systems.

Correlation Between Agricultural Machinery Fleet and Arable Land Area

The paper examines the dependence of grain and crop production volumes on the availability and utilization of land resources in agriculture. (Research purpose) The study carries out a retrospective analysis of overarching trends and correlation between agricultural land area and the size of the tractor fleet. (Materials and methods) The analysis focuses on the evolution of land use systems and the integration of agricultural lands into economic turnover over three distinct historical periods in Russia: 1920-1940, 1945-1990, and 1991-2022. The study identifies key evolutionary factors and development patterns in the correlation between agricultural land area and tractor fleet capacity. (Results and discussion) The analysis reveals that the industrialization and collectivization programs implemented between 1928 and 1940 led to a significant expansion in agricultural land area, increasing from 113 million to 150 million hectares, and in the tractor fleet, which grew from 27,000 to 531,000 units. In 1945, the sown area reached a low of 113.8 million hectares, with the tractor fleet reduced to 397,000 units. By 1960, the development of virgin and fallow lands had expanded the sown area to 203 million hectares, and the tractor fleet had grown to 1,122,000 units. The study further identified that the highest recorded expansion in sown land area, reaching 210.3 million hectares, occurred in 1985 due to an increase in mechanization, with the tractor fleet peaking at 2,830,000 units. From 1991 to 2022, however, a steady decline in the tractor fleet led to the gradual withdrawal of agricultural land from use. In 1991, the tractor fleet stood at 1,344,200 units, but by 2022, it had decreased by 1,147,400 units, leaving only 196,800 units. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the shift from a state-command to a market economy had a profound impact on the trajectory of Russian agricultural development. (Conclusions) The dynamics of soil use over different periods have reflected both extensive and intensive farming methods. The extensive approach involved expanding agricultural land by developing virgin, fallow, and unused lands. Currently, development follows the intensive path, marked by increased mechanization, automation, chemical use, and higher crop yields.

Multi-Scenario Simulation of Urban–Rural Land Use Spatial Reconstruction in Highly Urbanized Areas: A Case Study from the Southern Jiangsu Region

China’s rural population flowing into highly urbanized areas has led to the spatial reconstruction of urban–rural land use. Exploring the laws and trends of urban–rural land use in highly urbanized areas is of great significance in promoting rural transformation. This paper takes the southern Jiangsu region as a research area and uses a system dynamics (SD) model to simulate the demand for different land types based on economic, social, policy, and environmental (ESPE) factors. Future land use simulation (FLUS) is used to simulate the spatial evolution trend of urban–rural land use based on point–axis elements. The results show that the agricultural production space is severely squeezed by the urban living space. Under the scenario of rapid expansion, the decrease in arable land quantity and the demand area for rural residential areas are the largest. Under the scenario of high-quality development, the decrease in arable land area and the demand for land in rural residential areas are lowest. Based on the spatial simulation, it is reported that the areas with more intense land use spatial reconstruction in the three scenarios are mainly concentrated in the region’s urban–rural border areas. The future evolution of urban–rural land is summarized into three models: (1) single-center-driving expansion, (2) patchy expansion near the city center, and (3) multi-center-driving expansion. This paper proposes targeted policy recommendations to provide a scientific reference for solving the conflict between urban and rural land use.

Legal support for post-war reconstruction measures of land resources of Ukraine

In the article, the authors provided a description of the legal regulation of approaches, methods and measures of post-war recovery of land resources of Ukraine. It is emphasized that this topic is extremely relevant in the current conditions of the ongoing full-scale war, especially considering the circumstances that significant areas of land are degraded, unsuitable for use, mined, or are generally under occupation. The authors stated that one of the most important tasks of modern land legislation is the development and further legislative consolidation of legal methods of regulating land relations in the field of restoration. A prerequisite for this is a large number of Ukrainian land areas close to a critical condition. Fertile soils in Ukraine are recognized as one of the most important natural resources and national wealth. Military actions have the most destructive effect precisely on the most fertile layers of the land cover. Because of this, our country suffers numerous losses, primarily in the economic sphere, since almost a third of the world’s chernozems are concentrated on the territory of Ukraine. Natural recovery of these soil layers is extremely slow and may take tens or even hundreds of years. All this means that there is already a need for the development and legislative regulation of national strategies aimed at the accelerated restoration of soils after the end of hostilities on the territory of Ukraine. As well as the practical application of the developed methods and measures of land restoration in the territories where this is possible due to the absence of hostilities. The authors determined that approaches to restoration and reclamation of war-damaged land resources should be comprehensive and include legislative, ecological, economic and social aspects. A progressive idea seems to be the involvement of international aid (it can consist of various measures: provision of technologies and modern equipment; training and education of domestic specialists; provision of various methods developed in the field of land resource restoration; attraction of investors to finance various restoration projects, etc.). The authors conclude that the improvement of the legislative framework in the field of regulation of land restoration is an essential prerequisite for starting the process of reclamation of Ukrainian lands after hostilities.

Invasion risk posed by the pet trade

The legal trade in exotic pets is linked to the establishment of nonnative species and climate change compounds the risk of invasion, overwhelming management efforts. We characterized the world's largest market for exotic pets—the US—by providing a real‐time snapshot of species with invasion potential, and assessed the current and future risk posed to native systems. We found a diverse marketplace of 1178 terrestrial vertebrates, predominantly tropical species. Using 2818 brick‐and‐mortar pet stores, we developed spatial models of propagule risk, from which it was determined that future climate change may increase climate suitability by 194%, which in turn equates to 83% of total land area in the contiguous US becoming suitable for invasion by 2080. Rapid growth in the exotic pet trade industry is expected to exacerbate current findings, especially at southernmost latitudes. The real‐time nature of this study provides more actionable management information than outdated import data.

Analysing the Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Ecological Land Encroachment by Cropland Expansion and Its Drivers in Cambodia

The rapid expansion of cropland in Cambodia, the world’s seventh-largest rice exporter, has created an imbalance in land use structure. However, there is a lack of quantitative investigation of the loss of ecological land as a result of the expansion of cropland and its drivers. In this research, spatial autocorrelation, landscape pattern index and transfer matrix methods were used based on land use data from 2000 to 2023. Then, the eXtreme Gradient Boosting-SHapley Additive exPlanations (XGBoost-SHAP) and Geographic Detector were used to explore the drivers of cropland expansion. The findings indicate that the expanse of agricultural land in Cambodia has significantly increased by 13.47%. The proportion of cropland to the land area (37.87%) is close to that of forest (40.19%). Cultivated land is dominated by rice fields, supplemented by drylands. Spatial clustering is obvious in both drylands and rice fields. Drylands are mainly concentrated in the eastern and western mountainous areas and the northern border, while rice fields are concentrated in the central plains. Cultivated land encroached on a total of 30,579.27km2 of ecological land, of which 62.88% was dry land and 37.12% was rice fields. Forests and shrubs are the main source of expansion of cropland. In addition, soil type (0.18), elevation (0.17) and GDP (0.17), population (0.52) and their interactions strongly drove the expansion of dryland and rice fields. Cambodia should conduct scientific research to assess the demand for cropland by population growth and economic progress. It should realize the orderly growth of cultivated land, reduce the damage to ecological land, and promote the coordinated development of society, environment and economy.

Liquid Biofuel Production in Eastern Africa: The Sustainability Challenge of Land and Feedstock Availability

Liquid biofuel utilization is required to keep global warming below 2°C. In eastern African countries like Ethiopia, Sudan, Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda, feedstocks for liquid biofuel production do not conflict with food crops. This study aimed to determine the land and feedstock availability for biofuel production in selected eastern African countries. In Ethiopia, 23.3 million ha of land area is suitable for biodiesel crops and 333,500 ha for bioethanol crops. Sudan has more than 60 million ha of land suitable for biofuel crops. In Tanzania, 435,000 ha of land was allocated for biofuel crops. In Uganda, 60% of the arable land area is ideal for Jatropha and 50% for sugarcane. About 20% of the potential arable land in Kenya is suitable for Croton. In 2009 Kenana Sudan Sugar Company launched 65 million litres of ethanol production. Tanzania was producing biodiesel for electricity. Uganda produced ethanol from sweet sorghum. Ethiopia and Tanzania can produce 35.588 and 7.089 billion liters of lignocellulosic ethanol, respectively, higher than their import of petroleum. However, other Eastern African countries, such as Burundi and Djibouti, had no liquid biofuel production in 2023. In eastern Africa, land and feedstock are widely available to produce biofuel for clean bioenergy that should be used in appropriate land use plan. Keywords: biodiesel, bioethanol, feedstock, land, land use, productivity

Study on the Spatiotemporal Evolution of Habitat Quality in Highly Urbanized Areas Based on Bayesian Networks: A Case Study from Shenzhen, China

Rapid urbanization presents significant challenges to biodiversity through habitat degradation, fragmentation, and loss. This study focuses on Shenzhen, China, a highly urbanized region experiencing substantial land use changes and facing a considerable risk of biodiversity decline, to investigate the dynamics of habitat quality over two critical periods: 2010–2015 and 2015–2020. Using the InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs) model for habitat quality assessment and Bayesian networks to analyze causal relationships, this research offers an innovative comparison between habitat recovery and degradation across these two phases. Results indicate that from 2010 to 2015, localized habitat recovery was achieved on 0.53% of the land area due to restoration policies, yet the overall trend remained negative. During the 2015–2020 period, habitat degradation intensified (7.19%) compared to recovery (5.7%); notably, 70.6% of areas that had been previously restored are now experiencing degradation once again. This re-degradation highlights the instability of earlier restoration efforts under ongoing urban pressure. By integrating spatial analysis with Bayesian network modeling, this study provides offers a nuanced understanding of where and why initial recovery efforts were unsuccessful, identifying areas susceptible to persistent degradation. The research emphasizes that urban expansion—particularly the development of construction land, was the primary driver of habitat degradation, while ecological sensitivity played a crucial role in determining the long-term success of recovery efforts. This approach provides valuable insights for designing more effective, sustainable conservation strategies in rapidly urbanizing regions.

POTENSI TALAS BENENG (Xanthosoma undipes) UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS HUTAN RAKYAT DI CIAMIS, JAWA BARAT

The productivity of community forests is still low when measured on an annual average. It is caused by exploitation that still relies on wood products. Therefore, developing agricultural commodities with high economic value could be a solution to increasing the productivity of community forests. This research aimed to analyse the potential of taro beneng to increase the productivity of community forests and how much land has the potential for its development. We conducted surveys and interviews with two key informants (head of the beneng-taro farming group in Sukamaju Village and Kutawaringin Village, Ciamis Regency) and literature studies from various sources on the internet. A spatial analysis was conducted to calculate the potential land area for developing beneng taro in community forests. The results of this study showed that beneng taro has the potential to be developed in community forest land because it is shade-tolerant, easy to cultivate, has a high production of tubers and leaves, and has export opportunities. The total area of land that has the potential for developing taro beneng in Ciamis Regency reaches 35,260.05 ha, consisting of categories from moderately suitable to highly suitable, spread across 26 sub-districts.

ADDRESSING THE NECESSITY AND CONTRIBUTION OF URBAN GREEN SPACE IN METROPOLITAN CITIES

The role and contribution of urban green space have become crucial. In addition to serving as a space to maintain environmental quality and improve people's living conditions, urban green space also serves a purpose in the transformation of an urban region. This study aims to examine what factors influence the increase in the amount of UGS in Bekasi Municipality as a Metropolitan city. The data were collected from Spatial Planning Office and Central Bureau of Statistics in 2013- 2022. Using Multiple Regression techniques, this research explores the association of variables in terms of the necessity for UGS. The result of this study shows that the population have a positive correlation but no significant impact on the total area of UGS. The total area of residential has a positive and significant impact on UGS, while the growth of the real estate sector has a negative impact and is not significant on the total area of UGS in Bekasi City. With the increasingly limited land area, the government of Bekasi Municipality should pay attention to the availability of existing land so that it can be used for urban green areas.

Modeling land-degradation vulnerability in coal-mined environs through geospatial and AHP techniques: potential strategies for eco-restoration.

Coal is the most important and abundant source of energy in India, where 66% of the thermal power is generated from the combustion of coal. Therefore, understandinghow coal-mining activities increase land-degradation risks and vulnerabilities in different land uses is essential to devise site-specific restoration plans for complementing the national targets of land degradation neutrality (LDN). This study was carried out in the Chirimiri coal-mining region of Chhattisgarh, India, employing geospatial methods. The Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) and Operational Land Imager (OLI) data corresponding to 2000, 2010, and 2020 were digitally classified using maximum-likelihood algorithm in ERDAS IMAGINE and ArcGIS platforms. Spatio-temporal satellite data analysis revealed that an area encompassing ~ 112 km2 (48.9%) of forests and 6.63 km2 (37.6%) of waterbodies was lost due to the expanse of mining between 2000 and 2020. Consequently, the degraded land and built-up areas rapidly expanded during the same period accounting for a net increase of 101.1 km2 (47%) and 9.13 km2 (322%). The mining disturbances degenerated the soil health, drastically reducing soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), and available nitrogen (N) in the mined area exacerbating the region's vulnerability to degraded lands. Land Degradation Vulnerability Index (LDVI) map shows that mined area was highly vulnerable, followed by barren wasteland, agriculture, and forest area, while destructive mining and other associated activities in the past 20years made 52% of the landscape vulnerable. The study discusses the implications of effective eco-restoration for minimizing the land degradation processes and building resilient ecosystems for mitigating land degradation in coal-mined landscapes.

Development of Local Original Income Potential (PAD) in Magelang City with System Parking Subscribe

The Magelang City Government increases its Regional Original Income through parking fees in line with increasing need for provision of supporting facilities needed by the community. Magelang City has a land area of around 18.12 km² with an average population growth from 2017- 2020 as big as 3%. By Because That, Magelang City need arrangement parking Which effective And efficient. Studies This aims to compile and analyze parking management strategies that have an impact on increasing PAD Magelang City. Location studies implemented in 11 block parking Magelang City with using method quantitative descriptive research source the data came from secondary data. The analysis that done use comparison between System For Results And System Parking Subscribe. Results analysis shows that parking fee income with the Subscription Parking System has potential value which is better in increasing the Original Regional Income of Magelang City compared to the Revenue Sharing System. Results.

Bumblebee Abundance in Species-Rich Grasslands in Southern Sweden Decreases with Increasing Amount of Arable Land at a Landscape Level.

Conservation of bumblebee populations is essential because of their role as pollinators. Declines in bumblebee abundance have been documented in recent decades, mostly attributed to agricultural intensification, landscape simplification and loss of semi-natural grasslands. In this study, we investigated the effects of landscape composition on bumblebee abundance at different spatial scales in 476 semi-natural grassland sites in southern Sweden. The area of arable land had a negative effect on total bumblebee abundance at all scales. This was most pronounced for short-tongued bumblebees, species typical of forested landscapes, and species with medium to large colony sizes and early queen emergence. The area of semi-natural grassland had a clear negative effect up to 1 km, affecting short-tongued bumblebees in both forested and agricultural landscapes and species with medium colony sizes and early queen emergence. The negative effect of arable land on bumblebees calls for action to adapt farming practices to ensure their conservation, e.g., by reducing pesticide use, improving crop diversity and promoting the presence of floral resources and alternative bumblebee habitats, such as species-rich field margins.

Spatio-Temporal Variation and Drivers of Land-Use Net Carbon Emissions in Chengyu Urban Agglomeration, China

Land-use change is an important cause of carbon emissions (CEs). In the context of achieving carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals, understanding the coupling mechanisms between land-use change and CEs is of great significance for fostering regional low-carbon sustainable development. In this study, the land-use net carbon emissions (LCN) calculation and evaluation model was built based on the perspective of land-use change. The land-use variation matrix, standard deviation ellipse, and spatial autocorrelation analysis were used to analyze the spatio-temporal evolution of land-use and the LCN in the Chengyu urban agglomeration (CUA) from 2000 to 2020. Meanwhile, the economic contribution coefficient and ecological support coefficient were applied to evaluate the alignment among the CEs, socio-economic development, and the ecological environment. In addition, the modified Kaya and Logarithmic Mean Divisia Index (LMDI) models were used to quantitatively analyze the drivers and underlying influence mechanisms of the LCN. The results showed the following: (1) The area of built-up land and forest land expanded rapidly, mainly transforming grassland and farmland to built-up land and forest land in the CUA during the study period. The built-up land was the main source of the regional CEs. The land-use changes led to the migration of the LCN center and the variations in spatial clustering. (2) The growth rate of the LCN decreased after 2010, and the disparities in carbon productivity and the carbon compensation rate among the cities gradually narrowed from 2000 to 2020. The alignment among the regional CEs, socio-economic development, and ecological environmental governance was effectively improved. (3) The economic development level and energy consumption intensity were the primary facilitator and inhibitor of the LCN, respectively. The results could offer valuable references and insights for formulating regional carbon reduction strategies and policies.

Spatiotemporal Evolution and Influencing Factors of New-Quality Productivity

New-quality productivity (NQP) serves as a critical indicator for measuring the level of high-quality economic development. Gaining insights into the spatial and temporal patterns along with the key drivers of NQP is essential for promoting the global industrial transformation and revitalizing old cities. This study utilized spatial analysis, Dagum Gini coefficient, Markov chains, and optimal parameter geographical detectors to analyze spatial patterns and influencing factors of NQP across 271 Chinese prefecture-level cities from 2011 to 2021. Findings reveal that the average index of NQP increased from 0.045 in 2011 to 0.072 in 2021, with spatial patterns showing higher levels in coastal regions compared to inland areas. The overall disparity of NQP has diminished, although significant internal imbalances persist, particularly in the eastern region, where the pronounced gap between eastern and central areas remains the primary source of variation. Local NQP development is strongly influenced by proximity to adjacent areas, characterized by path dependence and club convergence effects. Additionally, cultural foundation, urbanization, and economic development play pivotal roles in fostering NQP, with their interactions exhibiting notable nonlinear and dual-factor enhancement effects. These findings provide valuable theoretical and practical insights for advancing NQP levels in China and globally.

The Welfare Analysis of Rice Farmer Households Based on Cultivated Land Area in Sale Village, Rembang Regency

Rice farming in Sale Village is the population's main occupation to earn income. Less land makes it easier for rice farming in Sale Village to make economic profits, so farmers have to look for additional income both in and outside of agriculture to achieve prosperity that is considered sufficient to meet their household needs. The objectives of this research are (1) to analyze household income and (2) to analyze the level of farmer welfare. The method used in this research is an analysis of income, expenditure, and household welfare using criteria (Sajogyo, 1997) and the BPS poverty line. The research results show that farming is the most significant contribution to household income for small, medium, and large land farmers. The household expenditure value of lowland rice farmers is above the welfare criteria and is classified as a moderate and not poor household.