Varieties Of Arabic Research Articles

Коммуникативные проблемы, порождаемые различными вариантами арабского языка в Верхнем Египте

The linguistic sitting in Upper Egypt comprises three different linguistic varieties: Standard Arabic, Cairene Arabic and Upper Egyptian Arabic (UEA). Standard Arabic is used in formal communication either orally or in writing. Cairene Arabic is the Arabic dialect used mainly in Cairo and most radio and TV programs, while UEA is the dialect used in Upper Egypt. The main objective of this article is to illustrate that although these Arabic varieties belong to the same language and are therefore mutually intelligible (i.e. speakers of any variety understand and can be understood the speakers of the other varieties), the phonological, lexical and morphosyntactic differences exhibited by these varieties are significant enough to cause significant communicative problems as well as learning difficulties.

The Location of Sentential Negation in Arabic Varieties

This paper revisits the issue of the representation of sentential negation in Arabic varieties with particular reference to Standard Arabic and four colloquial varieties, Egyptian Arabic, Gulf/Kuwaiti Arabic, Moroccan Arabic, and Jordanian Arabic/Levantine Arabic. The goals are both empirical and conceptual. Empirically, the paper incorporates data from different Arabic varieties including varieties that have not figured prominently in recent debates about sentential negation in Arabic. Conceptually, the paper aims to engage the important topic of the location of the negative projection relative to the projection that carries the temporal information of the clause. The paper also discusses some patterns that, so far, have not received extensive attention and which provide strong support for locating the negative projection above the temporal projection. The overall goal is to broaden the debate about the syntax and morphology of negation in Arabic varieties and add critical and novel facts that any diachronic or synchronic analysis would want to take into account.

The acquisition of additive scope particles by Moroccan Arabic L1 learners of French

The paper analyzes the acquisition of the additive particles aussi (‘also’), même (‘even’) and encore (‘still’) by five Moroccan Arabic L1 adult learners of French, participants in the ESF project (Perdue 1984). On the basis of a comparison between the French scope particles and their Moroccan Arabic equivalents, it is hypothesised that transfer from L1 plays an indirect role in the acquisition of French scope particles because of major semantic and syntactic differences between the two languages. The paper sets out to describe the emergence and use of additive scope particles in a sample of texts spanning ca. three years. It is shown that aussi is used quite early in the longitudinal data collected. Même is differently used in various learner varieties and encore is acquired late. The paper compares the findings about the acquisition of additives particles in Moroccan Arabic learner varieties with previous work.

Gramsci reloaded dans la condition postcoloniale : identité nationale et désidentification dans le « linguistic turn »

The present paper offers a postcolonial ‘conversion’ of Gramsci’s linguistic approach to political and cultural practice and theory. The ethnolinguistic and sociocultural divide which Gramsci focuses on in relation to the question of Southern Italy reemerges in our times, in the context of the globalized postcolonial and migratory conditions in the Western metropoles. Particularly in France, where the memory of the Algerian war of independence is still alive, the established hegemony is confronted with the presence of a North African migratory population and the resulting presence of Arabic language varieties. This situation represents a permanent provocation to the hegemonic linguistic and sociocultural codes and it reveals the anachronistic character of the notion of national identity itself. In the light of the neo-Gramscian “subalternist” perspective, the disidentificatory potential of this complex contact situation can be identified as the key to a postcolonial conception of a counter-hegemonic project within the framework of a revolutionary socialist strategy for the 21st century.

Languages in contact: Preliminary clues of an emergence of an Israeli Arabic variety

This paper describes from a linguistic point of view the impact of the Hebrew spoken in Israel on the Arabic spoken natively by Israeli Arabs. Two main conditions enable mutual influences between Hebrew and Arabic in Israel: - The existence of two large groups of people speaking both languages within a single geographical area: Israeli Jews and Israeli Arabs. The former are a local, dominant group; the latter are a minority group. - The minority group is sufficiently large that changes originating in language contact become apparent in the minority language. Both Hebrew and Arabic are official languages in the state of Israel. Israeli Arabs, who are citizens of Israel and speakers of Arabic, and Israeli Jews, who are speakers of Hebrew, has daily contact in many fields of life. Many Arabs work for Hebrew-speaking employers, study in Israeli universities and colleges, or provide services to the Hebrew-speaking population. As a result, a great deal of mutual linguistic influence is observed in each language. Our data show that spoken Hebrew elements are very widespread in all linguistic fields of the Arabic spoken by Israeli Arabs, so widespread that the emergence can be identified of a new Israeli Arabic variety

Preposition-possessum agreement and predication in possessive noun phrases

This article discusses two relatively novel properties of possessive noun phrases in Arabic and explores their implications for existing analyses. First, in some dialects of Moroccan Arabic the genitive preposition shows agreement in number and gender with the possessum to its left in analytic (Free State) noun phrases. Preposition-possessum agreement appears to parallel verb-subject agreement and is to all intent and purposes an instance of predicate-subject agreement. Secondly, in many Arabic varieties inalienable noun phrases are incompatible with the analytic pattern and can only have the synthetic (Construct State) pattern. These two properties are difficult to accommodate under an analysis that assigns a uniform syntactic structure to both alienable and inalienable noun phrases, where the possessum is the head noun and the possessor is its specifier. Instead, they point to an analysis where the two types of noun phrases derive from radically different syntactic structures. While inalienable noun phrases derive from a structure where the inalienable possessum is the head noun and the possessor is its argument, alienable noun phrases derive from a structure along the lines outlined in Den Dikken (2006), where the possessum is the subject and the possessor a predicate complement, and the relationship between the two is necessarily mediated by a relational category that corresponds to the genitive preposition in the analytic pattern. A version of this analysis is adopted here that accounts for additional known properties of analytic and synthetic noun phrases, including their PF interface properties. The latter part builds on the analysis outlined in Ouhalla (2009b) and addresses questions left open there.

Al-lugha al-fuṣḥâ : archéologie d’un concept « idéolinguistique »

Every French Arabicist knows that the expression al-lugha al-fuṣḥâ designates the Arabic variety that they themselves call Classical Arabic. But today, we have forgotten this expression comes from and what was its original meaning. In the first part of this paper, entitled « Theology and philology of Medieval Islam » we will recall that the expression is primarily a rewritting of ’afṣaḥ al-lughât al-‘arabiyya (« the most polished Arabic way of speaking »), which designs the lughat Quraysh, to whom the Quranic language is identified on a scriptural basis and not on a linguistic one. In a second part, entitled « Ideology and Linguistics at the Modern Period » we examine how and when this medieval expression was revitalized to design what a famous Arab nationalist thinker described as a lugha muwaḥḥida wa-muwaḥḥada (« a unifying and unified language»). In both cases, we will point out that the concept is at the crossroad of ideology and linguistics; a reason why we suggest to define it as ideolinguistic, on the model of sociolinguistic.

A Study on the Language Education Situation in Modern Egyptian Society: Arabic Varieties and Their Teaching

A Study on the Language Education Situation in Modern Egyptian Society: Arabic Varieties and Their Teaching

Dinâmica de cálcio e magnésio em folhas e frutos de Coffea arabica

Conhecer a dinâmica de nutrientes minerais em cafeeiro permite identificar o período de maior exigência nutricional da planta e, assim, melhorar a eficiência das práticas de adubação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a dinâmica de Ca e Mg em frutos de cafeeiro da antese à maturação e compará-la à dinâmica desses elementos em folhas dos ramos produtivos. O experimento foi realizado com três variedades de Coffea arabica (Catuaí Vermelho IAC-99, Rubi MG-1192 e Acaiá IAC-474-19) distribuídas em três ensaios independentes (níveis de adubação baixo, adequado e alto), instalados em blocos ao acaso com duas repetições, em um esquema de parcelas subdivididas no tempo. As variedades apresentaram as maiores concentrações de Ca e Mg nos frutos no estádio de chumbinho, com redução na concentração desses elementos no estádio de expansão rápida. Nos estádios de crescimento suspenso e granação-maturação observou-se pouca ou nenhuma variação nas concentrações de Ca e Mg nos frutos. No 3º e 4º pares de folhas de ramos produtivos foram constatados decréscimos nas concentrações de Ca e Mg no início do período reprodutivo, havendo recuperação posteriormente. De modo geral, os níveis de adubação influenciaram a concentração de Ca e Mg em frutos e folhas das variedades de Coffea arabica ao longo do período reprodutivo. Contudo, as concentrações de Ca e Mg em folhas e frutos não foram influenciadas somente pelos níveis de adubação empregados, mas também por outros fatores que determinam a taxa de distribuição dos elementos minerais nas plantas de cafeeiros, como a carga pendente de frutos.

Speech Perception Test for Arabic-Speaking Children: Prueba de perceptión del habla para niños hablantes del árabe

The high incidence of hearing impairment in the Arabic-speaking population in Israel, as well as the use of advanced aural rehabilitation devices, motivated the development of Arabic speech assessment tests for this population. The purpose of this paper is twofold. The first goal is to describe features that are unique to the Arabic language and that need to be considered when developing such speech tests. These include Arabic diglossia (i.e., the sharp dichotomy between Literary and Colloquial Arabic), emphatization, and a simple vowel system. The second goal is to describe a new analytic speech test that assesses the perception of significant phonological contrasts in the Colloquial Arabic variety used in Israel. The perception of voicing, place, and manner of articulation, in both initial and final word positions, was tested at four sensation levels in 10 normally-hearing subjects using a binary forced-choice paradigm. Results show a relationship between percent correct and presentation level that is in keeping with articulation curves obtained with Saudi Arabic and English monosyllabic words. Furthermore, different contrasts yielded different articulation curves: emphatization was the easiest to perceive whereas place of articulation was the most difficult. The results can be explained by the specific acoustical features of Arabic.

A New Perspective on the History of Arabic Variation in Marking Agreement with Plural Heads

This paper examines variation in marking agreement in Arabic. In particular, the investigation focuses on the variation between plural and feminine singular agreement with plural head nouns. Tape-recorded naturalistic speech from sociolinguistic interviews conducted in Cairo constitute the data for the study of agreement in New Arabic. These results are compared to agreement patterns found in a corpus of Old Arabic texts. Some have suggested that the agreement variation found in New and Old Arabic varieties is random and meaningless. However, multivariate analysis of the Cairene and the Old Arabic patterns indicate both are systematic and that the two are similar in many respects. The agreement patterns in question appear to be a resource which speakers exploit to classify referents. It is generally agreed that the language contact situation resulting from the spread of Islam had a profound effect on the development of vernacular varieties of Arabic. Some have argued that the process of language shift to Arabic was rapid, resulting in deep-reaching changes in spoken varieties of Arabic. On the other hand, the formal variety of Arabic that came to be Classical Arabic is touted as having changed little. This study suggests that Classical Arabic, too, appears to be the result of some contact induced change and that the agreement system of Cairene is, in some ways, closer to that of early Old Arabic than is that of its standardized cousin, Modern Standard Arabic. From the standpoint of agreement, it would appear that varieties such as Cairene have changed less and that Classical Arabic changed more than one might suppose. These findings suggest that a re-examination of the history of Arabic is in order

The influence of the Berber language on Moroccan Arabic

Moroccan Arabic is much influenced by Berber phonetics, phonology, morphology, and lexicon because Berber Speakers have carried over many structural features of their native language into this variety of Arabic, to the extent that Middle East Arabic Speakers can hardly communicate with Moroccans unless they resort to the classical variety of Arabic. For this reason, Moroccan Arabic is phonologically and morphologically more distant from Classical Arabic or the Middle East colloquial varieties than it is from Berber. As a consequence of the important impact of Berber, the everyday Arabic variety spoken in the Maghrebi region as a whole is linguistically distinct from that in the Middle East areat especially at the phonological and morphological levels.

Dialect Variations and the Teaching of Arabic as a Living Language*

ABSTRACT In teaching Arabic the cultivated speech of a significant cultural center can provide continuity and a relatively smooth transition from the familiar to the formal. It thus helps us avoid the present dichotomy of “colloquial” and “classical.” Furthermore, cultivated speech is the appropriate form for beginning a living language. It is easier and more appealing than any other Arabic variety. While syntactically it is characterized by nearly the same basic features as formal literary Arabic, morphologically it retains fewer distinctions. If the content is carefully selected, the controlled vocabulary and patterns will provide a common core throughout the learning stages. Careful consideration must be given to gradation and significant cultural context. Only then can the use of audiolingual/visual techniques be effective. Once the learner has mastered the cultivated spoken Arabic he can proceed to writing and literary varieties.