Arab University Research Articles

Testing Measurement Invariance of the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS) in American and Arab University Students

Affect describes any feelings, emotions, or moods that a person experiences and is generally divided into two broad dimensions—positive affect and negative affect. The most widely used measure of affect, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS), has recently been translated to Arabic (see Appendix), yet the psychometric equivalence of this adapted measure is not fully understood. Using a series of multigroup confirmatory factor analyses, the current study examined measurement invariance of the English and adapted Arabic versions of the PANAS among 979 American and 1470 Arab university students. Although the two-factor structure of the 20-item PANAS was observed in both groups (configural variance), results did not support full invariance of factor loadings (metric invariance). A partial metric invariance model, however, revealed invariant loadings for all positive affect items and all but four negative affect items; dissimilar factor loadings emerged between groups for irritable, nervous, scared, and jittery. Evidence did not support scalar invariance of the 16 metric-invariant items, with only ten items demonstrating equivalent intercepts across groups. Finally, tests for strict invariance indicated nine of the ten scalar-invariant items had equivalent residual variances across groups. All told, results suggest that the PANAS is partially invariant in American and Arab groups.

Reviewer List

Prof. Seongah Chin, College of IT Engineering, Sungkyul Univ., Korea.Prof. Pavel Loskot, Swansea University, UKProf. Yilun Shang, Northumbria University, UKProf. Pawel Kossakowski, Kielce University of Technology, PolandProf. Subhendu Kumar Pani, Orissa Engineering College, IndiaProf. Sérgio I. Lopes, Polytechnic Institute of Vianado Castelo, PortugalProf. Daschievici Luiza, University “Dunarea de Jos” Galati, RomaniaProf. Defu Liu, Ocean university of ChinaProf. Seifedine Kadry, Beirut Arab University, LebanonProf. Mihaela Popescu, University of Craiova, RomaniaDr. Weimo Liu, Google, CA, USAProf. Roohollah Bagherzadeh, Amirkabir University, IranProf. Anand Nayyar, Duy Tan University, VietnamProf. Ilya Simanovskii, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, IsraelProf. Karim eL Moutaouakil, Polydisciplinary Fuculty of Taza, MorrocoDr. Guillermo Escrivá-Escrivá, Universitat Politècnica de València, SpainProf. Zattera Mekkioui, University of Tlemcen. AlgeriaDr. Lecturer, Lutz Schubert, University of Ulm, GermanyProf. M. Prabukumar, School of IT, Vellore Institute of technology, IndiaDr. Senior researcher, Ladislav Zjavka, Technical University of Ostrava, Czech RepProf. Mădălina Dumitriu, University Politehnica of Bucharest, RomaniaDr. Ateeq ur Rehman, University of Agriculture, PakistanProf. Manu Pratap Singh, Ambedkar University, Khandari Campus, AgraDr. Lecturer, Mihaela Andrei, Dunarea de Jos” University of Galati, IndiaProf. Loc Nguyen, Loc Nguyen’s Academic Network, VietnamProf. J.-R. Poirier, Laplace, University of Toulouse, FranceDr. Loganathan. S, Arba Minch University, EthiopiaProf. Taissir Elganimi, University of Tripoli, LibyaProf. Issam Dawoud, Al-Aqsa University, PalestineProf. Zoltán Ernő Csajbók, University of Debrecen, HungaryProf. Nahid Fatima, Amity University, IndiaProf. Vineet Jain, Mewat Engineering College, IndiaSenior Lecturer, Ioan-Lucian Popa, University Alba Iulia, RomaniaDr. Sarah Samad, Lebanese University, LebanonDr. Merouane SALHI, Blida University, AlgeriaProf. Dejan Dragan, University of Maribor, SloveniaProf. Rémi Léandre, University of Bourgogne, FranceDr. R. DELSHIHOWSALYA DEVI, Bharat Institute of Engineering & Technology, IndiaDr. M.M.KAMRUZZAMAN, Al Jouf University, Saudi ArabiaProf. Takfarinas Saber, School of Computer Science, University College Dublin, IrelandProf. Dariusz Jacek Jakóbczak, University of Gdansk, PolandProf. Khadir Mohamed Tarek, University of Badji Mokhtar, AlgeriaDr. Ray-Hwa Wong, Industrial Technology Research Institute, Taiwan, R.O.C.Dr. M. MADHIARASAN, Bharat Institute of Engineering and Technology, IndiaProf. Ayeley P. TCHANGANI, Université Toulouse, FranceProf. Gorakh Nath Chaurasia, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad, IndiaProf. S.Balakrishnan, Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology, IndiaDr. Kotapally Harish Kumar, IIT Roorkee, IndiaDr. Shikha Kumari, Jawaharlal Nehru University, IndiaProf. Hasan AYDOGAN, Selcuk University, TurkeyProf. Hua Yi Lin, China University of Technology, TaiwanDr. Paria Assari, Islamic Azad University, Hamadan Branch IranProf. Elżbieta Macioszek, Silesian University of Technology, PolandProf. Manoj Kumar Patra, National Institute of Technology Rourkela, IndiaDr. A.Venkata Subramanian, Anna University, IndiaDr. Sajib Chakraborty, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, BelgiumProf. Najmeh Neysani Samany, University of Tehran, IranDr. Chaoxian Wu, University of Liverpool, UKDr. Omid Aminoroayai Yamani, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, IranDr. Grzegorz Woroniak, Bialystok University of Technology, PolandProf. Grande Nagajyothi, Dept.of Micro & Nanoelectronics SENSE School, IndiaDr. Mohamad Nejat, Fasa University,IranDr. Arun Kishor Johar, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, IndiaDr. Konstantinos M. Giannoutakis, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, GreeceDr. Ertugrul Dogruluk, Centro Algoritmi / University of Minho-PortugalProf. Galkowski Krzysztof, University of Zielona Gora, PolandProf. Stefan SEGLA, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, SLOVAKIADr. Shamsa Kanwal, Fatima Jinnah Women University, PakistanDr. Nelson Méndez Lianes, University of Havana, Cuba.Dr. Salem Sati, Misurata University, LibyaDr. Mohamed El-Amine SLIMANI, University of Science and Technology “USTHB”, AlgeriaDr. Ali Al-Balhawi, Mustansiriyah University, IraqDr. Amira Zaylaa, Lebanese University, LebanonProf. Pedram MASOUDI, Geovariances, FranceDr. Seyedahmad Shahahmadi, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, MalaysiaProf. Pavlo Maruschak, Ternopil Ivan Pul’uj National Technical University, UkraineDr. Vaishali Gupta, IPS Academy, Institute of Engineering & Science, IndiaDr. Peter ChunYu YAU, School of Continuing and Professional Education, City University of Hong KongDr. Shonak Bansal, Punjab Engineering College (Deemed to be University), IndiaDr. Ridhwaan Suliman, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), South AfricaDr. Thein, Yu University of Computer Studies, MyanmarProf. Curtis Miller, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, U.S.A.Dr. Mouhat Ouadia, University Mohammed V, MoroccoDr. Amir Shirkhani, Civil Structural Engineering University of Tabriz, IranProf. Volodymyr Khilenko, National University of Life and Environmental Sciences, UkraineProf. Badrul Hisham Ahmad, Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka, MalaysiaDr. Stamatis Karlos, Unversity of Patras, GreeceProf. Said El Kafhali, Hassan 1st University, MoroccoProf. Amirreza Ghadimi-Avval, University of Arkansas, USADr. Vrjayan Gurumurthy Iyer, Open Learning Program in Entrepreneurship of The EDI, India

Evaluating the Distance University Education Experience after Using the Zoom Application in Jordan from the Students Point of View

This study aimed to evaluate the experience of distance university education using the zoom application from the viewpoint of Amman Arab University students. The study sample consisted of (326) male and female students. To achieve the aim of the study, the researchers prepared a measure to verify the degree of student satisfaction with the distance university education experience and its constraints from their viewpoint. After verifying its validity and reliability, the measure was applied to the study sample. The results showed that there was a moderate degree of satisfaction among students about the distance university education experience, and there were many obstacles faced by students during this experience; the most prominent of which were frequent internet outages during distance learning and students' failure to take notes. The finding also showed that there were statistically significant differences in the degree of satisfaction with the distance education experience attributable to the faculty and in favor of the human faculties, and the presence of statistically significant differences in the level of obstacles faced by students of human faculties during the distance education experience compared to scientific faculties, and the absence of relevant differences Statistical significance attributed to gender or academic program.

Development of an Easy-to-Use Prediction Equation for Body Fat Percentage Based on BMI in Overweight and Obese Lebanese Adults.

An accurate estimation of body fat percentage (BF%) in patients who are overweight or obese is of clinical importance. In this study, we aimed to develop an easy-to-use BF% predictive equation based on body mass index (BMI) suitable for individuals in this population. A simplified prediction equation was developed and evaluated for validity using anthropometric measurements from 375 adults of both genders who were overweight or obese. Measurements were taken in the outpatient clinic of the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at Beirut Arab University (Lebanon). A total of 238 participants were used for model building (training sample) and another 137 participants were used for evaluating validity (validation sample). The final predicted model included BMI and sex, with non-significant prediction bias in BF% of −0.017 ± 3.86% (p = 0.946, Cohen’s d = 0.004). Moreover, a Pearson’s correlation between measured and predicted BF% was strongly significant (r = 0.84, p < 0.05). We are presenting a model that accurately predicted BF% in 61% of the validation sample with an absolute percent error less than 10% and non-significant prediction bias (−0.028 ± 4.67%). We suggest the following equations: BF% females = 0.624 × BMI + 21.835 and BF% males = 1.050 × BMI − 4.001 for accurate BF% estimation in patients who are overweight or obese in a clinical setting in Lebanon.

MASALAH PEMBELAJARAN KEMAHIRAN MEMBACA DALAM KALANGAN PELAJAR KOLEJ BAHASA ARAB TONGXIN WILAYAH NINGXIA CHINA

Reading skill proficiency is a pre-requisite for language teaching and learning (T&amp;L) activities that students need to master. This is because by mastering the reading skill, one can understand the content of the reading text and enrich their vocabulary. However, the data showed that the students at Tongxin Arabic College of Ningxia in China were still facing the challenge to master the reading skill. This situation indirectly poses a barrier to achieving the objectives of T&amp;L activities. Therefore, this study was conducted to obtain data related to the problems faced by students in mastering the reading skill in Arabic language T&amp;L activities at Tongxin Arabic College. The instruments used in this study were questionnaires, observations, and interviews. The simple random sampling method used in this study involved 56 female students, 44 male students, 3 male teachers, and 9 female teachers. The data obtained were analysed using SPSS software. It was found from the findings of the study that there were five factors that had influenced the reading skill proficiency among students, namely physiological factors, self-motivation, effort, implementation strategies, and lack of vocabulary size. Apart from that, there were other additional factors that also influenced students' reading skill proficiency, which included poor grammar, passive engagement in the classroom, lack of exercise, lack of educational resources, and rewards for teachers. This study also proposes a number of appropriate measures to address this problem from the students’ aspects and the teachers’ aspects. From the students’ aspects, it is proposed that the reading resources are diversified such as the use of the electronic medium as an alternative reading medium. Whereas from the teachers’ aspects, it is proposed that the methodologies used in T&amp;L activities are strengthened. It is hoped that this study will improve the level of reading skill proficiency among students in Tongxin Arabic.

The academic linkage of the information and library departments in Arab universities and its impact on developing their curricula and academic decisions .

The academic linkage of the information and library departments in Arab universities and its impact on developing their curricula and academic decisions .

The relationship between ineffective methods of applying quality management and functional combustion in Arab Universities

The relationship between ineffective methods of applying quality management and functional combustion in Arab Universities

Relationship between multiple weight cycles and early weight loss in patients with obesity: a longitudinal study.

To assess the relationship between multiple weight cycling (WC) and early weight loss (e-WL). Using a longitudinal prospective design conducted between May 2017 and November 2019, early weight loss was assessed at month 2 of a weight management programme in 100 adult participants with overweight or obesity, at the Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at Beirut Arab University (Lebanon). Weight cycling was defined as intentional weight loss of ≥ 3kg followed by involuntary weight regain of ≥ 3kg and participants were then categorized as multiple WC if they had experienced ≥ 2 cycles. Of the 100 participants with a median age of 34.90 (22.94-50.67)years and a median BMI of 35.25 (32.75-39.48)kg/m2, 75 met the criteria for WC and displayed a lower e-WL percentage than those without WC (4.69 ± 2.78% vs. 6.58 ± 2.80%; p = 0.006). Linear regression analysis showed that e-WL was lower by ≈ 2% (β = - 1.935; 95% CL - 3.221, - 0.648; p = 0.004) in the WC group compared to the non-WC group after adjusting for age, gender and baseline BMI. In a 'real-world' clinical setting, multiple WC decreases e-WL rates. New strategies could be adopted for these patients to improve this early clinical outcome, since e-WL predicts longer-term success. III, prospective longitudinal study.

Contribution of the Teaching Staff of the College of Education at Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University in the Educational Decision Making and its Association with the Organizational Affiliation from their Viewpoint: مشاركة أعضاء هيئة التدريس بكلية التربية جامعة الإمام محمد بن سعود الإسلامية في صنع القرار وعلاقته بالانتماء التنظيمي من وجهة نظرهم

The study aimed to know the reality of participation of the teaching staff of the College of Education at Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University in the educational decision making from their viewpoint and its association with the organizational affiliation among them. For fulfilling the study objectives, the research used the descriptive survey method, and the study tool was by applying questionnaires for 157 participants members from the teaching staff of the College of Education at Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University in Riyadh. Main findings: overall tool of degree of contribution in decision making and its association with organizational affiliation according to responses of the teaching staff of the College of Education at Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University gained total average of (3.95/5) and at the both fields level. Also, the field of contribution of teaching staff member in decision making gained an average of (4.02/5), while the field of organizational affiliation gained an average of (3.88) and both gained a nearly high level. There’s a statistically significant correlation found between degree of contribution of the teaching staff of the College of Education at Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University in decision making and organization affiliation (P value= 0.39) which is a moderate positive correlation, in which whenever the contribution in decision making increases, the organizational affiliation increases. According to these results, a set of recommendations and suggestions are given for increasing the level of contribution and improving the organizational affiliation at Imam Muhammad Bin Saud Islamic University particularly and the Saudi Arabian and Arabic Universities generally.

The research‐teaching nexus in a graduate CALL course: An action research study

AbstractThe ‘research‐teaching nexus’ means integrating disciplined‐based research into course content to develop students’ research ability. Though such integration has been investigated in various higher education content areas, no previous CALL teacher education research seems to have addressed it. This study explored how research should be integrated into a graduate CALL course and how such integration influences students’ research awareness and skills. The content‐focused and process‐focused forms of the research‐teaching nexus were integrated into a graduate CALL course taught in a language teacher education programme at an Arab university. The course was taught to a group of female MA student teachers for a 15‐week academic term. Qualitative data was collected using observation and an open‐end questionnaire within an action research framework. The students reported positive evaluation of research integration into the CALL course. Meanwhile, the observational data indicates that research integration has fostered their CALL research awareness and enabled them to learn how to craft some key research elements, namely developing research titles and questions, and selecting the research method. The results generally imply that developing students’ CALL research skills through the process‐focused teaching forms is a more complicated task than enhancing their research awareness via the content‐focused ones.

Researchers at Arab Universities Hold Positive Views on Research Data Management and Data Sharing

A Review of:&#x0D; Elsayed, A. M., &amp; Saleh, E. I. (2018). Research data management and sharing among researchers in Arab universities: An exploratory study. IFLA Journal, 44(4), 281–299. https://doi.org/10.1177/0340035218785196&#x0D; Abstract&#x0D; Objective – To investigate researchers’ practices and attitudes regarding research data management and data sharing.&#x0D; Design – Email survey.&#x0D; Setting – Universities in Egypt, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.&#x0D; Subjects – Surveys were sent to 4,086 academic faculty researchers.&#x0D; Methods – The survey was emailed to faculty at three Arab universities, targeting faculty in the life sciences and engineering. The survey was created using Google Docs and remained open for five months. Participants were asked basic demographic questions, questions regarding their research data and metadata practices, and questions regarding their data sharing practices.&#x0D; Main Results – The authors received 337 responses, for a response rate of 8%. The results showed that 48.4% of respondents had a data management plan and that 97% were responsible for preserving their own data. Most respondents stored their research data on their personal storage devices. The authors found that 64.4% of respondents reported sharing their research data. Respondents most frequently shared their data by publishing in a data research journal, sharing through academic social networks such as ResearchGate, and providing data upon request to peers. Only 5.1% of respondents shared data through an open data repository. Of those who did not share data, data privacy and confidentiality were the most common reasons cited. Of the respondents who did share their data, contributing to scientific progress and increased citation and visibility were the primary reasons for doing so. A total of 59.6% of respondents stated that they needed more training in research data management from their universities.&#x0D; Conclusion – The authors conclude that researchers at Arab universities are still primarily responsible for their own data and that data management planning is still a new concept to most researchers. For the most part, the researchers had a positive attitude toward data sharing, although depositing data in open repositories is still not a widespread practice. The authors conclude that in order to encourage strong data management practices and open data sharing among Arab university researchers, more training and institutional support is needed.

The Impact of Sarcopenic Obesity on Health-Related Quality of Life of Treatment-Seeking Patients with Obesity.

There is a paucity of studies on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and sarcopenic obesity (SO). This study aimed to assess the potential association between SO and impaired HRQoL. The ORWELL 97 questionnaire was used to assess HRQoL and body composition was measured using a bioimpedance analyser (Tanita BC-418) in 130 patients with obesity, referred to the Nutritional and Weight Management outpatient clinic of Beirut Arab University in Lebanon. Participants were then categorized on the basis of the absence or presence of SO. Sixty-four of the 130 participants met the criteria for SO (49.2%) and displayed significantly higher total ORWELL 97 scores than those in the group without SO (64.00 vs. 41.00, p=0.001), indicative of poorer HRQoL. Linear regression analysis showed that SO was associated with an increase in ORWELL 97 scores by nearly 24 units (β=24.35, 95% CI=11.45-37.26; p<0.0001). Moreover, the logistic regression analysis showed that SO increased the odds of clinically significant impairment of HRQoL (ORWELL 97 score ≥74.25) by nearly seven-fold (OR=7.37, 95% CI=1.92-28.39; p=0.004). Our findings show that the presence of SO was associated with increased impairment of HRQoL that reaches clinical significance when compared to obesity only. Future studies are needed to clarify whether this may influence clinical outcomes. If this is shown to be the case, weight management programs should incorporate additional strategies to improve HRQoL in individuals with SO.

Revising BMI Cut-Off Points for Obesity in a Weight Management Setting in Lebanon.

Obesity is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 Kg/m2. This study aimed to test the validity of this BMI cut-off point for adiposity in a weight management clinical setting in Lebanon. This cross-sectional study of 442 adults of mixed gender, categorized by the WHO BMI classification, included: 66 individuals of normal weight, 110 who were overweight and 266 with obesity. The clinical sample was referred to the Outpatient Clinic in the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at Beirut Arab University (BAU) in Lebanon. All participants underwent anthropometric evaluation. The gold standard for defining obesity was based on the National Institutes of Health (NIH)/WHO guidelines for total body fat percentage (BF%). The best sensitivity and specificity were attained to predict obesity, according to the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. The BMI cut-off point for predicting obesity in the clinical sample was nearly 31.5 Kg/m2, and more than 90% of individuals with obesity and cardiometabolic disease were above this cut-off point. In conclusion, this new BMI cut-off point, an obesity definition higher than suggested in Western populations, was demonstrated to have clinical usefulness. Obesity guidelines in Lebanon, therefore, need revising.

The development of the performance of Arab universities in light of the application of e-learning - requirements and prospects With reference to my experiences in Egypt and Saudi Arabia

Universities in the Arab world are seeking to improve their performance by exploiting all available internal environment resources in a strategy that promotes the quality of their educational and research outputs. In an external environment characterized by rapid changes in information and communication technology, this is the most difficult challenge in the confrontation. In view of the international universities and the analysis of their experiences, e-learning is one of the most modern methods adopted by international universities in order to raise the level of their performance and upgrade their level in the world ranking. The development of the performance of Arab universities requires a strategic analysis of the environment in which they work and to adopt an e-learning strategy and prepare the parties to the educational process To practice e-learning and make use of it to the fullest extent possible. Through this article, we will discuss the extent to which the application of e-learning in the development of the performance of Arab universities, the availability of requirements for the application of e-learning and reference to the experiences of Egypt and Saudi Arabia in this field

Predictive Equations Based on Body Composition for Resting Energy Expenditure Estimation in Adults with Obesity.

An accurate estimation of Resting Energy Expenditure (REE) in patients with obesity is crucial. Therefore, our aim was to assess the validity of REE predictive equations based on body composition variables in treatment-seeking Arab adults with obesity. Body composition and REE were measured by Tanita BC-418 bioimpedance and Vmax Encore 229 IC, respectively, and predictive equations based on fat mass and fat-free mass were used in REE estimations among 87 adults of both genders, in the Outpatient Clinic in the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at Beirut Arab University (Lebanon). The mean differences between the measured and estimated REE values were calculated to assess the accuracy, and the Bland-Altman method was used to assess the level of agreement. Ten predictive equations were included. In males, all the predictive equations gave significantly different estimates of REE when compared to that measured by IC. On the other hand, in females, the mean difference between the REE value estimated by Huang and Horie-Waitzberg equations and that measured using IC was not significant, and the agreement was confirmed using Bland-Altman plots. Huang and Horie-Waitzberg equations are suggested for accurate REE estimation in females; however, new validated REE estimation equations for males in this population are still needed.

Reduction of Resting Energy Expenditure and Sarcopenic Obesity in Adults with Overweight and Obesity: A Brief Report.

The last decade has seen the emergence of a new condition, describing the coexistence of obesity and sarcopenia, termed Sarcopenic Obesity (SO). The aim of this study was to assess the potential association between SO and reduced Resting Energy Expenditure (REE). Body composition and REE were measured using a bioimpedance analyser (Tanita BC-418) and Indirect Calorimeter (Vmax Encore 229), respectively in 89 adults with overweight or obesity of both genders, referred to the Outpatient Clinic of the Department of Nutrition and Dietetics at Beirut Arab University (Lebanon). Participants were then categorized on the basis of having SO or not. Thirty-nine of the 89 participants met the criteria for SO (43.8%), and these participants displayed a significantly lower REE per unit body weight than those in the group without SO (19.02 ± 2.26 vs. 20.87 ± 2.77; p = 0.001). Linear regression analysis showed that the presence of SO decreases REE by 1.557 kcal/day for each kg of body weight (β = -1.557; CI = -0.261 - (-0.503); p = 0.004), after adjusting for age and gender. SO appears to be present in a high proportion of treatment-seeking adults with overweight or obesity of both genders, and it seems to be associated with a reduced REE, compared with those without SO. Future studies are needed to clarify whether this may influence clinical outcomes.

Translation Strategies Employed by EFL Learners and the Impact of That on Their Translation Skills Development

The present cross-sectional empirical study investigates the different types of strategies and methods that the undergraduate students employ when translating from their native language into the target language and vice versa. The study was conducted on one hundred twenty, third and fourth year, students at the College of Science and Arts, King Khalid University. The data were collected through translation tasks and questionnaires. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used to analyze and interpret the data collected to achieve the objectives of this study. The study revealed valuable information. The most favored strategies by Arab college students were literal translation, free translation and word-for-word translation respectively. More than half of the all used strategies were literal translation with a percentage of about fifty-five. The mixed translation strategies were found to be about twenty one percent for all the three levels. Free translation strategy was only fourteen percent which is, somehow, a low percentage. The students showed considerable improvement as they progress from one level to a higher one. It is expected that translation instructors as well as course designers will reflect on the findings of this study by raising the learners&amp;rsquo; awareness of the great differences between English and Arabic when teaching or designing translation courses. Parallel texts that include literal translation as well as free translation have to be included to show the deficiency and ungrammaticality of the texts produced when applying literal translation.

What universities in the Middle East can learn from the American online education system

In this paper, the author provides insights and lessons that can be learned from colleagues at American universities about their online education experiences. The literature review and previous studies of online educations gains are explored and summarized in this research. Emerging trends in online education are discussed in detail, and strategies to implement these trends are explained. The author provides several tools and strategies that enable universities to ensure the quality of online education. At the end of this research paper, the researcher provides examples from Arab universities who have successfully implemented online education and expanded their impact on the society. This research provides a strategy and a model that can be used by universities in the Middle East as a roadmap to implement online education in their regions.

Preface

The 2019 4th International Seminar on Computer Technology, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (ISCME 2019), supported by National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Hainan Tropical Ocean University and Association for simulation and multidisciplinary design optimization, was successfully held on December 13-15, 2019 in Chengdu, China. This conference is an international forum for discussing the latest research achievements in the fields of computer technology and mechanical and electrical engineering, aiming to provide a collaborative platform for experts, scholars and practitioners in these fields to share their advanced studies, discuss the existing problems and challenges, and explore the frontier technology. We are pleased to have Prof. David Bassir from French University of Technology as our Conference Chairman, and Prof. Seifedine Kadry from Beirut Arab University as our Program Chairman. ISCME 2019 has attracted many experts and scholars in this field around the world to attend and explore the advanced research on computer and mechanical and electrical engineering.ISCME 2019 was carried out in two forms of activities. The first one is forum, which is the main form of ISCME 2019. At the forum, participants discussed the latest hot issues in the IT industry and society, sending their voice to the whole society. The second form is scientific report, by which scholars share their advanced academic thoughts and achievements to this industry. During the conference, poster presentation was also held, and the best poster was selected via WeChat app. This poster activity, served as a communicative platform, presented the scientific achievements of the experts and scholars. The experts and scholars actively held Q&A on site, forming a strong academic vibe.At last, ISCME 2019 would like to thank the keynote speakers and guests for their distinguished talks and discussion during the forum. We also would like to express our gratitude to the committee members for their supports, and all the participants for coming to Chengdu and attending the conference. Special thanks also go to the sponsors of this conference for their generous funding supports, which ensure the high quality of this forum. We hope ISCME will be held better and see more success in the future.The Organizing Committee of ISCME 2019List of Committee member are available in this pdf.

Biochemical and Haematological Parameters Among Gas Station Employees

Human exposure to heavy metals has significant harmful health effects and might be associated with the risk of blood abnormalities and biological parameters. The wasteful in the use of these metals was reached a high level of risk, leaving a huge burden on the environment. Therefore, the current study was designed to investigate any changes in the hematological and biochemical profile with the blood lead level among employees occupationally exposed to gasoline in different gas stations in Riyadh City. The exposed group included 35 gas station employees. They were compared to a corresponding group of healthy 35 male at the Department of Forensic Science, College of Criminal Justice, Naif Arab University for Security Sciences. The number of white blood cells, platelets, lymph, mean corpuscular volume, liver enzymes, Alanine transaminase, Aspartate Aminotransferase, and creatinine mean corpuscular hemoglobin were significantly higher with relatively small decreased in red blood cells, Haemoglobin, Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration and Hematocrit with increasing in the level of lead in gas stations employees compared to the control group. Keywords: Lead, CBC, ALT, AST, creatinine. DOI: 10.7176/CMR/12-4-03 Publication date: April 30 th 2020