Aqueous Cinnamon Extract Research Articles

Maternal cinnamon intake during lactation led to visceral obesity and hepatic metabolic dysfunction in the adult male offspring.

Studies with foods, known to promote health benefits in addition to the nutritive value, show that their consumption by pregnant and/or lactating females could induce negative outcomes to the offspring. It is well characterized that cinnamon intake promotes benefits to energy homeostasis. The present study aimed to analyze the effects of the consumption of an aqueous extract of cinnamon by lactating female rats on the endocrine-metabolic outcomes in the adult offspring. Lactating dams (Wistar rats) were supplemented with cinnamon aqueous extract (400 mg/kg body weight/day) for the entire lactating period. The male adult offspring were evaluated at 180 days old (CinLac). The offspring presented visceral obesity (P = 0.001), hyperleptinemia (P = 0.002), and hyperinsulinemia (P = 0.016). In the liver, CinLac exhibited reduced p-IRβ (P = 0.018) suggesting insulin resistance. However, phosphorylation of IRS1 (P = 0.041) and AKT (P = 0.050) were increased. JAK2 (P = 0.030) and p-STAT3 (P = 0.015) expressions were higher, suggesting that the activation of IRS1/AKT in the CinLac group could have resulted from the increased activation of leptin signaling. Although we observed no changes in the gluconeogenic pathway, the CinLac group exhibited lower hepatic glycogen content (P = 0.005) accompanied by increased p-GSK3β (P = 0.011). In addition, the CinLac group showed increased hepatic triacylglycerol content (P = 0.049) and a mild steatosis (P = 0.001), accompanied by reduced PPARα mRNA expression (P = 0.005). We conclude that maternal intake of aqueous extract of cinnamon induces long-term molecular, metabolic, and hormonal changes in the adult progeny, including visceral obesity, higher lipid accumulation, and lower glycogen content in the liver.

Antimicrobial activity of some plants extracts on bacteria isolated from acne vulgaris patients

Background: Acne is a cutaneous pleomorphic disorder skin disease most frequently occurring during the adolescent in ages of 12-24, with estimated percentage ( 85%) . There are different ways to treat acne such as using of antibiotics , herpes , and mixing treatments . Methods : Antibacterial activity of four concentrations (100,50,25,12.5)mg /ml of alcoholic and cold aqueous crude extracts of Cinnamon(Cinnamomum verum ), Henna (Lawsonia inermis ) , Lupine (Lupinus luteus) were studied against aerobic and an aerobic bacteria isolated from inflamed and discharging pus from thirty Iraqi acne vulgaris patients refer to dermatology unit at AL-Kindy Hospital from December 2016 to March 2017.All information (age, sex ,diseases and using topical treatments) were recorded .The bacterial isolates were identify using morphological characteristics, biochemical tests and the Vitek-2 compact system. Results: Among (30 )Acne samples taken, 8 (26.7%) samples were from males age range (19-33) years and 22(73.3%) were from females within age (17-29)years . twenty five (83%) samples were culture positive, and only (17%) of samples revealed no growth .Most frequent bacteria which isolated (aerobically) from acne patients were Staphylococcus aureus ( 60%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (20%), Escherichia coli (8% ), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4%), and an aerobic bacterial isolates were Propionibacterium acnes (8%) isolates. Antibiotic sensitivity tests were performed against, Ampicillin, Clindamycin, Gentamicin, Cotrimoxazole, Erythromycin, Vancomicine, Tetracycline, Doxycycline, and Azithromycin.All bacterial isolates were resistance to Ampicillin. Staphylococcus aureus and S. epidermidis were sensitive (100%) to Doxycycline and Azithromycin, P. acne were also highly sensitive to these two antibiotics (95.5%,97.1%) respectively, while E. coli and P. aeruginosa were (100%) resistance to these antibiotics. Gentamicin and tetracycline were susceptible by most of the study isolates except for P. aeruginosa which was very resistance to CN and TE (100%&94.8%) respectively. The antimicrobial potential of cold water and alcoholic crude extracts of Cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum ), Hinna (Lawsonia inermis), and Lupine (Lupinus luteus), in concentrations (100,50,25,12.5) mg/ml against the gram positive and gram negative isolates were tested through a well-diffusion method. Alcoholic extract of Henna leaves in concentration (100mg/ml) showed high inhibitory activity to all isolates compared with the aqueous extract and the all concentration of cinnamon aqueous and alcoholic extracts ,while lupine extracts had no effect on all bacterial isolates . Conclusion: Gram-positive bacteria were the most common microorganisms involved in acne infection. There are variations in the incidence of acne infection in relation to sex, age; Alcoholic extract of the Henna leaves could be used to treat acne.

Efecto bactericida del clavo de olor, canela y benzoato de sodio en la conservación del mango haden y melón

Se realizó estudio experimental para determinar la inhibición y/o destrucción de los microorganismos patógenos en los siguientes muestras: controles, M-EC, M-S, Me-EC, Me-S, Tratamientos M-EC-CL, M-S-CL, Me-EC-CL, Me-S-CL, M-EC-C, M-S-C, Me-EC-C, Me-S-C, M-EC-B, M-S-B, Me-EC-B y Me-S-B. Dónde: M = mango, Me = melón, EC = Escherichia coli, S = Salmonella spp, CL = clavo de olor, C = canela, B = benzoato de sodio. Calificando cada tratamiento de acuerdo al poder bactericida, como: no efectivo, efecto mínimo, letal y fulminante, en los días 0 (t0), 7 (t7) y 15 (t15); se evaluó el efecto bactericida de extractos acuosos de canela, clavo de olor en concentraciones de 2.5% y benzoato de sodio en concentraciones permitidas según la FDA 0.1%; utilizando el método de cuantificación o conteo de unidades formadoras de colonia (UFC), sobre dos cepas bacterianas, Escherichia coli y Salmonella enteritidis, que se inocularon en muestras de frutas tropicales, mango haden (Mangifera indica) y melón cantaloupe (Cucumis melo). El efecto bactericida de clavo de olor fue diferente en las dos frutas tratadas; en el mango inoculado con E. coli se observó un mínimo efecto y en el inoculado con Salmonella spp, no hubo efecto bactericida. En el melón inoculado con ambas bacterias, se observó el efecto bactericida del clavo de olor. El efecto de la canela fue mínimo en ambas frutas inoculadas con E. coli. En el mango inoculado con Salmonella spp, no hubo efecto bactericida. En el melón si tuvo un efecto letal. El uso del benzoato de sodio ejerció un efecto bactericida, tanto en el melón como el mango, inoculadas con ambas bacterias. En el análisis se observó que en el mango inoculado con E. coli el efecto fue fulminante, (muerte en el día 0). Se determinó materia seca, balance de materia y análisis sensoriales, para tener una mejor conclusión de la investigación.

Perturbation of FoxO1 expression levels in 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes using cinnamon extract

Type 2 diabetes and obesity are among the most prevalent chronic diseases in the United States. Recent research has suggested that these disease states lead to numerous changes in the transcriptome that can be both causal or progressive in nature. Cinnamon has been explored as a potential therapy for type 2 diabetes based on observed decreases in blood glucose in some clinical studies, although its therapeutic benefits are still challenged and its mechanisms of action are still unknown. Aqueous cinnamon extract contains polyphenols, which have been shown to elicit epigenetic changes in several studies. Several key metabolic regulators, thought to be sensitive to epigenetic changes have been identified as players in these disease states. Metabolic regulator FoxO1 is one potential protein sensitive to cinnamon treatment. In addition to metabolic control, FoxO1 has been implemented in numerous other processes including aging, cell death, and lipid localization. Here we present the changes in FoxO1 expression in 3T3‐L1 pre‐adipocytes during early and mid‐stage differentiation both in the presence and absence of cinnamon extract. We have identified increases in FoxO1 expression during mid‐stage differentiation when treated with cinnamon extract. Together with clinical data that demonstrates a phenotype of decreased blood glucose levels in some type 2 diabetic patients when treated with cinnamon, these data suggest the involvement of FoxO1 in the anti‐diabetic mechanisms of cinnamon.Support or Funding InformationOhio Northern University Raabe College of Pharmacy Bower, Bennett and Bennett Research AwardThis abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2018 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Effects of plant extracts and sodium hypochlorite on lettuce germination and inhibition of Cercospora longissima in vitro

Abstract Vegetables that are propagated by seeds are considered to be commercially and nutritionally valuable. However, there is a need to overcome the present challenge of developing alternative technologies for organic horticulture. This paper evaluates the potential use of the aqueous extracts of clove, cinnamon, and coriander and the sodium hypochlorite in the germination of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) seeds and in the control of Cercospora disease. Two experimental groups were thus designed: 1) the effects of the different aqueous extracts on germination and initial development of lettuce seeds were observed and; 2) the effects of these extracts on the mycelial growth of the fungus Cercospora longissima (isolated from lettuce plants) were evaluated. The treatments used in the first group were control (with water only), 5% (v/v) sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 5% (w/v) aqueous extracts of clove, cinnamon, and coriander. The pretreatment of seeds was performed just before placing them for germination by immersing in these solutions. In the second set of the experiment, the inhibition of mycelial growth of the Cercospora longissima, isolated from lettuce plants presenting cercosporiosis symptoms, was evaluated. In the seeds treated with clove and cinnamon extracts, the germination speed index was negatively affected, while those treated with coriander extract showed an increase in the fresh mass of the aerial part and in the number of leaves of lettuce seedlings. In the second experimental group, it was observed that the growth of Cercospora longissima was inhibited completely by the cinnamon extract and by sodium hypochlorite.

Antihyperglycemic Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Zingiber Officinale, Cinnamonum Zeylanicum and their Combination in Experimental Rats

This research was conducted to evaluate antihyperglycemic property of aqueous extract of Cinnamon (Cinnamonum zeylanicum) bark; Ginger (Zingiber officinale) rhizome and a combination of the two on Alloxan induced diabetic rats. Thirty two rats were grouped into eight groups of four rats each. Group I served as normal control, group II were normal rats and administered with 200mg/kg body weight of ginger aqueous extract, group III were normal rats and administered with 150mg/kg body weight of Cinnamon aqueous extract. Group IV served as diabetic control group, group V were diabetic and administered with 200mg/kg body weight of ginger extract, group VI were diabetic and administered with 150mg/kg body weight of Cinnamon extract. Group VII were diabetic and administered with a combination of Ginger and Cinnamon extract in a ratio of 4:3 respectively. Group VIII were diabetic and administered with metformin at a dose of 500mg/kg body weight. The animals were administered with the extracts for 14 days while monitoring the fasting blood glucose at a 3-day intervals. The fasting blood glucose level was found to be significantly (p<0.05) decreased in all groups administered with the extracts, with the highest hypoglycemic activity seen in group VII administered with a combination of the two extract compared to the diabetic control group. The findings of this study suggests that Ginger rhizome, cinnamon bark and their combination may be used in the management of diabetes mellitus, although further studies need to be carried to confirm their potential benefits in diabetes management.

Evaluation of the toxic influence of vitamin E (dl-alpha-tocopheryl acetate) and treatment with aqueous extracts of cinnamon or anise on lipid profile and liver functions of female wistar rats

The toxic effects of vitamin E and its treatment with aqueous extracts of Cinnamon or anise on lipid profile and liver functions of female wistar rats were examined for six weeks during September 2016 at labs in al-Neelain University. 18 rats were divided into six groups: 1. negative control group (sunflower oil), 2. Positive control group and rest groups given (1500 mg/Kg/BW/day of Vitamin E). After two hours, the four treated groups received a low dose (2.13g/Kg) and a high dose (3.20g/Kg) 20g/Kg from Cinnamon aqueous extract (CAE) and Anise aqueous extract (AAE). At the end rats were sacrificed then serum and liver tissues were analyzed. Vitamin E toxic dose had caused a significant increase in serum Triglycerides (TG), Alanine amino transferase (ALT) levels, while it decreased the levels of High-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC) and Aspartate amino transferase (AST). All treatments decreased TG and ALT levels. CAE low dose significantly increased TC, LDL and HDL levels. CAE high dose caused a significant decrease in AST, TC, and LDL. Both doses of AAE, caused significant increases on AST levels, and only anise low dose caused a significant decrease on TC and LDL levels. Vitamin E toxic dose caused severe fatty change in liver histology, which was near normal in both doses of CAE with a small necrosis in a low dose. Only AAE low dose normalized the liver. To conclude Vitamin E oral administration with a dose of (1500 mg/Kg) induced liver injury with an elevation in ALT and TG levels, which was significantly ameliorated by both treatments. Cinnamon was better than anise in ameliorating the toxicity. Cinnamon high dose was better than Cinnamon low dose; in contrast anise low dose was better than Anise high dose.

Effects of aqueous cinnamon extract on chemically-induced carcinoma of hamster cheek pouch mucosa

This study aimed to investigate the effects of aqueous cinnamon extract (ACE) on 7, 12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced oral carcinogenesis in hamster cheek pouch (HCP) mucosa. Sixty male Syrian hamsters were randomly divided into six equal groups. The hamsters of groups I, II and III received no treatment, DMBA and ACE respectively, for 16 weeks. Groups IV and V were handled as group II and concomitantly treated with ACE for the same period and additionally group V received ACE for other 16 weeks after the stoppage of DMBA application. Group VI hamsters were handled as group III and additionally received DMBA for other 16 weeks after the stoppage of ACE supplementation. Hamsters of each group were euthanized according to the experimental schedule. The buccal pouches were and prepared for H&E stain, PAS reagent, CD3 and PDGF immunohistochemical reactivity. All groups showed dysplastic changes with varying degrees except groups I and III. Deep invasive carcinomas were recorded in 90% of the samples of group II, 60% of group IV, 50% of group V and 40% of group VI. From the previous results, it can be concluded that ACE has the potentiality preventing oral cancer initiation better than inhibiting oral cancer progression.

Protective effects of aqueous extract of cinnamon on diabetes-induced nephrotoxicity in wistar rats

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder with multi-systemic adverse effects on the body. Cinnamon is atraditional folk herbsused for treatment of diseases and was popularas an embalming agent. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of crude aqueous extract of Cinnamon for its protective activities on diabetes-induced nephrotoxicity in Wistarrats. Twenty-four adult Wistar rats of both sexes were assigned to three groups containing eight rats (n=8). Group A was the control group, group B was the streptozotocin-treated group, and group C was the streptozotocin followed by crude aqueous extract of Cinnamon treated group. Group B received 50mg/kg of STZ by the intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection. Group C received 50 mg/kg of STZ i.p. and 300 mg/kg/day of the aqueous extract of Cinnamon for 21 days. All the rats including the control group were fed with commercially formulated feeds and water ad`libidum for the same number of days. Effect of concurrent oral administration of crudeaqueous extract of Cinnamon at a dose of 300 mg/kg/day on the renal integrity was determined using serum creatinine, blood urea as indicators of kidney damage supporting histopathological findings. It was observed that the crude aqueous extract of Cinnamon significantly protect rat kidneys from diabetes-induced histopathological changes. This extract also normalized the increase in serumcreatinine and blood urea that characterized the diabetic group of rats.In conclusion, administration of aqueous extract of Cinnamon protects the kidneys of adult Wistar rats against diabetes-induced nephrotoxicity.Keywords: Aqueous extract, Cinnamon, Histological, Nephrotoxicity, Streptozotocin (STZ), Integrity

MCF‐7 Morphological changes upon treatment with aqueous cinnamon extract

Epigenetics has emerged as a key component in both the prevention and the development of various cancers. Polyphenolic compounds from a variety of sources have been explored as potential epigenetic modifiers for both methyaltion and acetylation. Furthermore, studies exploring extracts versus individual components have demonstrated up to 50% more activity when treating cells with the full extract rather than select components. Our studies suggest a similar synergistic effect when treating MCF‐7 breast cancer cells with aqueous cinnamon extract. These cells exhibit a proliferative response when exposed to heightened endogenous estrogen and progesterone. Upon administration of certain natural substances, however, proliferation can be lowered significantly. Simulating potential cancer treatments in vitro can be accomplished with this cell line, since it has characteristics of metastatic breast cancer. Visible changes in cell morphology, including shrinking and becoming rotund, can be observed in the MCF‐7 cells treated with cinnamon extract. Similar results have been obtained from trials involving turmeric and curcumin, which researchers believe may be due to the qualities of the polyphenol levels that exist in these organic compounds. Here we present results of a morphological study involving treatment of MCF‐7 cells with cinnamon extract and or various components identified in the extract. We report changes in cell shape, with treated cells adopting a round shape rather and polygonal which is not induced by changes in monolayer attachment. We also see a significant difference in cell size upon cinnamon treatment. We explored changes in methylation patterns from extracted DNA and selected target genes of interest, FoxO1 and GSK3beta for anaylsis by methylation specific PCR.Support or Funding InformationDepartments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences and Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University.

Methylation status of the gene encoding Akt2 in cinnamon extract treated MCF‐7 cells

The role of epigenetics in cancer development and progression has exponentially grown in recent years. Polyphenolic compounds from green tea and other sources have been demonstrated to alter methylation status in a variety of genes, including those linked to cancer. Our studies suggest similar results may be possible from treatment of cells with cinnamon extract. We selected the MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line to explore the effects of cinnamon treatment on DNA methylation patterns. Following confirmation of total methylation changes we selected genes of interest in cancer development to complete methylation specific PCR aimed at determining the effects of gene specific methylation changes in cinnamon treated cells. Akt2 signaling can play a major role in different signaling pathways to prevent cellular apoptosis and lead to prolonged cell life. Research also demonstrates variable localization of the Akt2 protein, with confirmed identification in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Preliminary results in the lab demonstrate the potential for aqueous cinnamon extract to methylation the Akt2 gene in MCF‐7 cells, potentially decreasing expression of the protein. Here we will present our results demonstrating the methylation change on Akt2 upon cinnamon extract treatment as well as further characterize effects of cinnamon on Akt2 expression and localization. Collection of treated and untreated cells under various treatment regimes will allow further methylation analysis, RNA extraction followed by quantitative PCR to evaluation expression of Akt2. Additionally we will perform Western blot analysis on cytoplasmic and nuclear proteins to determine both protein expression and localization.Support or Funding InformationDepartments of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences and Biological and Allied Health Sciences, Ohio Northern University

Maternal cinnamon extract intake during lactation leads to sex‐specific endocrine modifications in rat offspring

Cinnamon supplementation has been associated with an improvement in glucose disposal and a reduction in fat mass in type 2 diabetes. Maternal nutrition during lactation impacts the health of the offspring throughout life. We hypothesize that cinnamon intake by lactating rats affects maternal physiology, leading to hormonal and metabolic changes in their offspring. To investigate this hypothesis, dams received aqueous cinnamon extract (400 mg cinnamon kg-1 body mass day-1 ) or water orally, during lactation. Maternal cinnamon intake did not affect the body mass gain or food intake of dams or their offspring, although it decreased visceral white adipose tissue mass in dams and in their adult offspring of both sexes. Cinnamon-treated dams exhibited no differences in serum insulin, adiponectin, leptin or estradiol levels, although they presented higher serum progesterone. At weaning, cinnamon male pups exhibited lower insulinemia, whereas cinnamon female pups exhibited lower glycemia. Interestingly, in adulthood, only the female offspring exhibited an altered hormonal profile, with reduced serum leptin, adiponectin and insulin levels accompanied by lower glycemia. The present study demonstrates that maternal cinnamon intake during lactation promotes mild changes in dams and can trigger sex-specific metabolic programming in pups that lasts into adulthood. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Cinnamaldehyde, Cinnamic Acid, and Cinnamyl Alcohol, the Bioactives of Cinnamomum cassia Exhibit HDAC8 Inhibitory Activity: An In vitro and In silico Study.

Background:The altered expression of histone deacetylase family member 8 (HDAC8) has been found to be linked with various cancers, thereby making its selective inhibition a potential strategy in cancer therapy. Recently, plant secondary metabolites, particularly phenolic compounds, have been shown to possess HDAC inhibitory activity.Objective:In the present work, we have evaluated the potential of cinnamaldehyde (CAL), cinnamic acid (CA), and cinnamyl alcohol (CALC) (bioactives of Cinnamomum) as well as aqueous cinnamon extract (ACE), to inhibit HDAC8 activity in vitro and in silico.Materials and Methods:HDAC8 inhibitory activity of ACE and cinnamon bioactives was determined in vitro using HDAC8 inhibitor screening kit. Trichostatin A (TSA), a well-known anti-cancer agent and HDAC inhibitor, was used as a positive control. In silico studies included molecular descriptor Analysis molecular docking absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity prediction, density function theory calculation and synthetic accessibility program.Results:Pharmacoinformatics studies implicated that ACE and its Bioactives (CAL, CA, and CALC) exhibited comparable activity with that of TSA. The highest occupied molecular orbitals and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals along with binding energy of cinnamon bioactives were comparable with that of TSA. Molecular docking results suggested that all the ligands maintained two hydrogen bond interactions within the active site of HDAC8. Finally, the synthetic accessibility values showed that cinnamon bioactives were easy to synthesize compared to TSA.Conclusion:It was evident from both the experimental and computational data that cinnamon bioactives exhibited significant HDAC8 inhibitory activity, thereby suggesting their potential therapeutic implications against cancer.SUMMARY Pharmacoinformatics studies revealed that cinnamon bioactives bound to the active site of HDAC8 enzyme in a way similar to that of TSAThe molecular descriptors of cinnamon compounds successfully correlated with TSA values. The binding interactions and energies were also found to be close to TSASynthetic accessibility values showed that cinnamon bioactives were easy to synthesize compared to TSA. Abbreviations used: ACE: Aqueous Cinnamon Extract; DFT: Density Function Theory; CAL: Cinnamaldehyde; CA: Cinnamic Acid; CALC: Cinnamyl Alcohol; MW: Molecular Weight; ROTBs: Rotatable Bonds; ROF: Lipinski's Rule of Five; TSA: Trichostatin A; PDB: Protein Data Bank; RMSD: Root Mean Square Deviation; HBA: Hydrogen Bond Acceptor; HBD: Hydrogen Bond Donor; ADMET: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion and Toxicity; FO: Frontier Orbital; HOMOs: Highest Occupied Molecular Orbitals; LUMOs: Lowest Unoccupied Molecular Orbitals; BE: Binding Energy.

Inhibition of pancreatic lipase and amylase by extracts of different spices and plants

The aim of this study is to search new anti-obesity and anti-diabetic agents from plant and spices crude extracts as alternative to synthetic drugs. The inhibitory effect of 72 extracts was evaluated, in vitro, on lipase and amylase activities. Aqueous extracts of cinnamon and black tea exhibited an appreciable inhibitory effect on pancreatic amylase with IC50 values of 18 and 87 μg, respectively. Aqueous extracts of cinnamon and mint showed strong inhibitory effects against pancreatic lipase with IC50 of 45 and 62 μg, respectively. The presence of bile salts and colipase or an excess of interface failed to restore the lipase activity. Therefore, the inhibition of pancreatic lipase, by extracts of spices and plants, belongs to an irreversible inhibition. Crude extract of cinnamon showed the strongest anti-lipase and anti-amylase activities which offer a prospective therapeutic approach for the management of diabetes and obesity.

Paracetamol induced hepatic toxicity and amelioration by cinnamon in rats

The study was designed to evaluate the hepato-protective activity of aqueous extract of cinnamon in acute experimental liver injury induced by paracetamol. Twenty four male albino rats were randomly divided into four groups (six rats in each). Group I rats received distilled water for 15 days and served as a vehicle control. The animals in the group II were given single oral administration of paracetamol (1 g/kg), 1 h after last distilled water administration and acts as paracetamol toxic control group. Groups III and IV received aqueous extract of cinnamon (200 and 400 mg/kg bwt), respectively, once daily for 15 consecutive days followed by a single oral administration of paracetamol (1 g/kg), 1 h after the last cinnamon dose administration. The degree of hepatoprotection was measured using liver enzymes (Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), bilirubin, albumin, and lipid profile levels. Also, histopathological examinations of liver were done. The significantly disturbed liver functions by paracetamol toxicity were restored to nearly normal values by administration of cinnamon. Also, the change in biochemical parameters in groups received paracetamol alone was modified towards the normal values in groups given paracetamol and cinnamon. Histopathological effect of paracetamol on liver was also markedly decreased by co-administration of cinnamon. Our findings concluded that cinnamon aqueous extracts possessed hepato-protective activity against paracetamol induced hepatic toxicity in rats.

English

Instead of the synthetic antibiotics, the antibacterial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of both Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) and Siwak (Salvadora persica) plants was evaluated against the foulbrood bacteria under the laboratory conditions. To the study knowledge, it is the first time to evaluate Siwak plant against the foulbrood diseases. The major antimicrobial constituents (total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins) were determined quantitatively in the extracts using the spectrophotometer technique. The results showed these extracts had significant antibacterial effects against the selected pathogens, Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius. Key words: Siwak extracts (ASE & ESE), Cinnamon extracts (ACE and ECE), American foulbrood, European foulbrood.

The effects of (ethanolic, methanolic, and aqueous) extracts of <i>Cinnamomum zeylanicum</i> and <i>Thymus vulgaris</i> with clotrimazol ointment in preventing the growth of <i>Candidad albicans</i> fungus

Background and Objectives : Considering the increasing demand for applying medicinal plants in the medical treatment, this study aimed to investigatethe effect of cinnamon and thyme extracts alone and in comparison with clotrimazole ointment on the Candida albicans yeast in laboratory condition. Materials and Methods : In this study the cinnamon bark available in market was used for providing cinnamon products. The thymus vulgaris was prepared from the medicinal plants farm of Semnan Agricultural Jahad Training Centre.Ethanolic, methanolic and aqueous extracts of cinnamon and thyme powders prepared by maceration method . Then paper discs which coated with herbal products placed in candida albicans medium and their zone diameters of growth inhibition compared with that of clotrimazole ointment. Findings: The results of observations showed that the following items have the highestinhibition zone respectively: 1).The cinnamon methanolic extract 19.5 mm 2) the cinnamon extract3) Thyme extract 4) Cinnamon ethanolic extract 5) Thyme ethanolic extract. Conclusion: The results clearly showed thatboth cinnamon and thyme extracts have a significant effect in limiting fungal growth.

Cognition enhancing effect of the aqueous extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum on non-transgenic Alzheimer's disease rat model: Biochemical, histological, and behavioural studies

Objective: Several dietary supplements are actively being tested for their dual role of alleviating the metabolic perturbations and restricting the consequent cognitive dysfunctions seen in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). The aim of the current study was to assess the influence of aqueous extract of cinnamon (CE) on the monosodium glutamate-induced non-transgenic rat model of AD (NTAD) established with insulin resistance, hyperglycaemia, neuronal loss, and cognitive impairment at a very early stage of life.Methods: The experimental design included oral administration of CE (50 mg/kg body weight) for 20 weeks to 2-month and 10-month-old NTAD rats. Following the treatments, the animals attained 7 and 15 months of age, respectively. They were then subjected to behavioural testing, biochemical analysis, and stereology experiments.Results: The results demonstrated that CE treatment improved the insulin sensitivity, increased phosphorylated glycogen synthase kinase-3β (pGSK3β), inhibited the cholinesterase activity, and improved the learning ability in NTAD rats. Histological evaluation has shown an increase in neuron count in the DG sub-field of hippocampus upon treatment with CE.Discussion: These beneficial effects of CE are suggestive of considering cinnamon as a dietary supplement in modulating the metabolic changes and cognitive functions.

PENGARUH MINUMAN DIPERKAYA CINNULIN TERHADAP MDA DAN SENYAWA INFLAMASI PLASMA PENDERITA DMT2

Cinnamon has been used as a traditional treatment for thousands of years. Aqueous cinnamon extract namely cinnulin is known to have positive effects on type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to study the effect of cinnulin enriched drink rich in polyphenols on plasma malondialdehyde (MDA), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in T2DM patients. 255 mg of cinnulin was mixed with tea extract into a 2.5 gram of instant drink with alumunium foil as the packaging material. A single blind study were performed on 33 respondents with T2DM from Dramaga District. Respondents were divided into three groups, i.e. group given cinnulin enriched drink (1), instant tea drink (2), and none of the products (control) (3). Group 1 and 2 were assigned to drink two sachetsof the products a day for 5 weeks. The MDA content of all groups remain unchanged after treatment although slightly increased (Wilcoxon, P>0.050) and no differences between groups was observed (P>0.050) suggesting that high phenolic content in the producst cause a reverse effect. Both inflammation marker (IL-6 and COX-2) decreased significantly for groups given cinnulin enriched drink and instant tea, whereas there is a significant increase for IL-6 and a significant decrease for COX-2 in control group. These results conclude that cinnulin enriched drink can be used as an antiinflammation drink for T2DM.

The Effect of Aqueous Extract of Cinnamon on the Metabolome of Plasmodium falciparum Using (1)HNMR Spectroscopy.

Malaria is responsible for estimated 584,000 deaths in 2013. Researchers are working on new drugs and medicinal herbs due to drug resistance that is a major problem facing them; the search is on for new medicinal herbs. Cinnamon is the bark of a tree with reported antiparasitic effects. Metabonomics is the simultaneous study of all the metabolites in biological fluids, cells, and tissues detected by high throughput technology. It was decided to determine the mechanism of the effect of aqueous extract of cinnamon on the metabolome of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using 1HNMR spectroscopy. Prepared aqueous extract of cinnamon was added to a culture of Plasmodium falciparum 3D7 and its 50% inhibitory concentration determined, and, after collection, their metabolites were extracted and 1HNMR spectroscopy by NOESY method was done. The spectra were analyzed by chemometric methods. The differentiating metabolites were identified using Human Metabolome Database and the metabolic cycles identified by Metaboanalyst. 50% inhibitory concentration of cinnamon on Plasmodium falciparum was 1.25 mg/mL with p < 0.001. The metabolites were identified as succinic acid, glutathione, L-aspartic acid, beta-alanine, and 2-methylbutyryl glycine. The main metabolic cycles detected were alanine and aspartame and glutamate pathway and pantothenate and coenzyme A biosynthesis and lysine biosynthesis and glutathione metabolism, which are all important as drug targets.