Abstract
Instead of the synthetic antibiotics, the antibacterial activity of the aqueous and ethanolic extracts of both Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) and Siwak (Salvadora persica) plants was evaluated against the foulbrood bacteria under the laboratory conditions. To the study knowledge, it is the first time to evaluate Siwak plant against the foulbrood diseases. The major antimicrobial constituents (total phenolics, flavonoids and tannins) were determined quantitatively in the extracts using the spectrophotometer technique. The results showed these extracts had significant antibacterial effects against the selected pathogens, Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius. Key words: Siwak extracts (ASE & ESE), Cinnamon extracts (ACE and ECE), American foulbrood, European foulbrood.
Highlights
Honeybee colonies exposed to numerous pathogens caused severe damage to beekeeping industry worldwide, and the economically most important diseases of honeybees are the bacterial brood diseases as European Foulbrood (EFB) and American Foulbrood (AFB) (Genersch, 2010)
The major antimicrobial constituents were determined quantitatively in the extracts using the spectrophotometer technique. The results showed these extracts had significant antibacterial effects against the selected pathogens, Paenibacillus larvae and Melissococcus plutonius
The used strains whether P. larvae or M. plutonius were catalase (-) and gram (+) (Figures 7 to 10) according to zones as mm against B. subtilis DSM 3256 spore_bacterium, and as mm against non spore_bacterium Escherichia coli, subsequently the Cinnamon ethanolic extract was effective against both Gram negative and Gram positive bacteria
Summary
Honeybee colonies exposed to numerous pathogens caused severe damage to beekeeping industry worldwide, and the economically most important diseases of honeybees are the bacterial brood diseases as European Foulbrood (EFB) and American Foulbrood (AFB) (Genersch, 2010). AFB is caused by Paenibacillus larvae spore_bacterium (Genersch et al, 2006), while EFB is caused by Melissococcus plutonius non spore_bacterium according to the study of Shimanuki and Knox (2000). Due to the seriousness and damages of these foulbrood diseases, many beekeepers pursued to fight the diseases by using several veterinary antibiotics such as oxytetracycline (OTC) and sodium sulfathiazole, but often the foulbroods were returned again after short.
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