Aqueous Solutions Of Sodium Salts Research Articles

Study of the EP activity of water-soluble inorganic metallic salts for aqueous cutting fluids

Various inorganic metallic chlorides, sulfates and phosphates were studied for friction, wear and seizure characteristics in four-ball wear and EP testers. Some metallic chlorides and sulfates in aqueous fluid provide improved tribological activities and the rate at which they act is largely dependent on the metal employed in these salts. The interactions of zinc sulfate-zinc chloride and aluminium sulfate-zinc chloride have been shown to be beneficial in improving the adhesion property. Other aqueous solutions of sodium salts of phosphorus in comparison with sulfur salts show better anti-seize tendencies. In these cases, it is believed that a transfer layer formation can explain the lubrication mechanism.

Studies of the Hydrous Titanium Oxide Ion Exchanger. IV. Rate of the Isotopic Exchange of Sodium Ions between the Exchanger in the Na+ Form and Aqueous Solution

Abstract The isotopic exchange rate of Na+ between hydrous titanium(IV) oxides, precipitated at pH 6 and 13, in the Na+ form and aqueous solution of sodium salt was determined radiochemically. The rate in the exchanger precipitated at pH 6 is controlled by the diffusion of Na+ in the exchanger particles (particle diffusion). The diffusion coefficient and its activation energy are 1.9 × 10−11 m2 s−1 (pH 12, 5.0 °C) and 29 kJ mol−1 (pH 12), respectively. The rate in the exchanger precipitated at pH 13 is also controlled by the particle diffusion. The rate is much slower than that in the other; this can be explained by assuming the existence of two kinds of independently diffusing ions (fast and slow species) in the exchanger. The diffusion coefficients are of the order of 10−12 and 10−13 m2 s−1 for the fast and the slow species, respectively. Their activation energies are 48—60 kJ mol−1 at pH 12. The marked difference in kinetics between two exchanges was interpreted in terms of the difference in the acid-base property and in the microstructure of the matrix.

Characterization of micellar systems by the conductivity method; Sodium salt of perfluoropolyether carboxylic acid

A new method for the interpretation of the conductivity of ionic surfactants is proposed. The model considers the contribution of ions and of charged micelles, and is based on the approximation of constant concentration of surfactant chains above the critical micellization concentration (CMC), and on the equilibrium constant of counterion bindings to the micelles (K). These two parameters evaluated for aqueous solutions of sodium salt of perfluoropolyether carboxylic acid are as follows:K=35800 dm3 mol−1; CMC=1.19×10−3 moldm−3. The third quantity obtained by this procedure is the product of the aggregation number (N) and the size parameter (f=e2L/6πηr):Nf=76.5 S cm2 mol−1.

Slag-alkali roller-compacted concretes

1. A stiff concrete mix, in which ground granulated blast-furnace slag of the Beloretsk Metallurgical Plant is used as a binder in a mixture with an aqueous solution of sodium salts, has about the same properties as a concrete mix with Portland cement with water. 2. Rollcrete with a slag-alkali binder with respect to its physical and mechanical properties along with cement rollcretes can be used effectively in construction, particularly in road construction, with appropriate technical and economic substantiation. 3. The physical, mechanical, and technological properties of rollcrete depend to a considerable degree on the quality of compaction, and therefore the characteristics obtained in the laboratory should be refined under field conditions.

Interaction between Na+ and polymer in aqueous solution of sodium salts of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid) studied by 23Na‐NMR

AbstractThe interaction between Na+ and polymer was studied by 23Na‐NMR for the aqueous solution of P(HEMA‐co‐MAANa), sodium salt of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate‐co‐methacrylic acid), as a function of the polymer concentration, charge density of the polymer chain, and temperature. The NMR line width of 23Na‐NMR in 1% (w/v) aqueous solution of the P(HEMA‐co‐MAANa) narrowed with increasing temperature due to the rapid exchange of Na+ between free and polymer‐bound states with a rate of exchange exceeding the quadrupolar relaxation rate in the latter state. At high concentrations of the polymer above 1.0% (w/v) at 298 K, the 23Na‐NMR relaxation fits for a single Lorentzian due to the rapid exchange between two Na+ states. However, it follows a biexponential decay of magnetization in dilute solutions of polymer. The biexponential decay character of relaxation increased with the increase of the fraction of the MAANa monomer unit on the polymer chain. This feature of 23Na‐NMR relaxation was used to deduce the correlation time (τc), the degree of binding (pB), and the quadrupole coupling constants (X) of the polymer‐bound counterion. The χ and τc values show that the mobilities of the polymer chain are correlated with the motion of Na+ in aqueous solution of the polymer and there is a small degree of the specific binding between COO− and Na+. No evidence in support of the intramolecular conformational change by the charge density variation in P(HEMA‐co‐MAANa) was obtained. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Salt effects on a hydrophobically accelerated Diels-Alder reaction follow the Hofmeister series

The rate of the Diels-Alder reaction between N-ethylmaleimide and anthracene-9-carbinol in aqueous sodium salt solutions follows a linear relationship with the size of the anion

Studies of the Hydrous Zirconium(IV) Oxide Ion Exchanger. II. The Rate of Isotopic Exchange of Sodium Ions between the Exchanger in the Na+ Form and Aqueous Solutions

Abstract The rate of the isotopic exchange of Na+ between hydrous ZrIV oxide in the Na+ form and aqueous solutions of sodium salts was determined radiochemically. The rate is controlled by particle diffusion, film diffusion, or both, according to the conditions. The exchange rate is controlled by particle diffusion, when the exchanger particles are large (radius, 171 μm), the solutions are more concentrated than 0.1 mol dm−3 Na+ and the flow rate through the exchanger particles is high, whereas under the opposite conditions film diffusion is the rate-controlling step. The activation energies of Na+ diffusion are 30±3 and 18.9±0.5 kJ mol−1 for particle and film diffusion, respectively.

Thermodynamics of Ionic Association in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Salts of some Aromatic Carboxylic Acids using ion-selective Electrode Technique

Thermodynamics of Ionic Association in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Salts of some Aromatic Carboxylic Acids using ion-selective Electrode Technique

Viscosities of Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Alkanoates

Abstract Viscosities of aqueous solutions of sodium salts of formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid were measured in the concentration range 0.01–0.1 mol dm−3 at 15, 25, and 35°C For formate ion, values of Bst, the increment of viscosity B-coefficient arising from structural change of water, and of (dBion⁄dT), the temperature dependence of ionic B-coefficient, are both nearly zero, indicating that formate ion is neither a structure maker nor a structure breaker. For the alkanoate ions the signs of Bst and (dBion⁄dT) are positive and negative, respectively. From these facts, alkanoate ions may be concluded to be hydrophobic structure making ions.

Chaleurs de dilution de solutions aqueuses d'acide polyméthacrylique et de ses sels de sodium et de rubidium

Heats of dilution of aqueous solutions of two polymethacrylic acid samples having a viscosity average molecular weight of 5000 (PMA-I) and 140 000 (PMA-II) respectively and of isobutyric acid (BA) have been measured at 25 °C using a Tian–Calvet microcalorimeter. The same measurements have been repeated in presence of HCl (0.2 N). Aqueous solutions of sodium and rubidium salts of PMA-I and II have also been investigated. Dilution of BA solutions is endothermic at high solute concentration and then becomes exothermic as concentration decreases and the presence of HCl does not affect the results. Dilution of PMA solutions is exothermic over the investigated concentration range in agreement with the results of Eliassaf and co-workers. PMA-I gives a more exothermic heat of dilution than PMA-II in the lower concentration range. The presence of HCl does not affect appreciably the results for PMA-II but it makes the dilution of PMA-I solutions less exothermic. The results are discussed in the light of Liquori et al.'s model for PMA chain which may adopt a globular or an extended solvated coil depending on solvent properties. Heats of dilution of aqueous solutions of sodium salts of both samples I and II are endothermic over the entire concentration range investigated whereas the heats of dilution of rubidium salts are exothermic.

Heat of dilution of aqueous solutions of sodium salts of partially sulphonated polystyrenes

The sodium salts of partially sulphonated polystyrene (NaPSt) having different degrees of sulphonation (α) were obtained by reaction of polystyrene with chlorosulphonic acid in ethylene dichloride. Heats of dilution (ΔH) of aqueous solutions of NaPSt (α= 0.78 and 0.62) measured at 25°C became slightly smaller with decreasing α and did not agree with Manning's theory. The degrees of gegenion dissociation (ƒ) for NaPSt at 25°C measured by the transference and conductance method hardly changed with decreasing α. From these results, it may be concluded that the charge density of PSt ions did not change with decreasing α; PSt ions are believed not to become extended with sulphonation or ionization.

Sodium: stimulus for puddling behavior by tiger swallowtail butterflies, Papilio glaucus.

Male Papilio glaucus butterflies are attracted to sand soaked with dillute aqueous solutions of sodium salts. A sodium ion concentration of 10(-3) molar is sufficient to stimulate puddling behavior. Acqlisition of sodiumn mnay be the main ecological function of pudding behavior.

Enthalpies of dilution of aqueous solutions of sodium salts of carboxylic acids

Enthalpies of dilution at 25°C are reported for aqueous solutions of sodium butyrate (C 4 ), valerate (C 5 ), heptylate (C 7 ), and pelargonate (C 9 ). Excess molar Gibbs free energies are calculated from osmotic and activity coefficients for these salts. These are combined with the excess molar enthalpies from this study to obtain excess molar entropies. The excess molar enthalpies and the excess molar entropies were found to increase with increasing length of hydrocarbon chain. This is the same result as that found for tetra-alkylammonium salts and is interpreted in terms of the effect that hydrocarbon chains have on hydrogen bonding in water.

The Synthesis of Methyl 11-aryl-9-undecenoats and the Solubilizing Power of Sodium Salts Therefrom

Methyl 10-undecenoate and mercuric acetate were allowed to react in acetic acid to give methyl acetoxy acetoxy mercuri-undecenoate. The mercurial adduct was then reacted in acetic acid with benzene, toluene, o-xylene, m-xylene, p-xylene, phenol, catechol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol and anisol in 1 : 10 mole ratio each at 6065°C for 5 hours in the presence of perchloric acid as aa catalyst, which gave methyl 11-aryl-9-undecenoates corresponding to the respective arylic compounds.. The yields of these compounds were 36.968.5%. The solubilizing power of aqueous solutions of sodium salts therefrom, using dimethylaminoazo benzene as solubilizate, was excellent ; namely 9.4 dye g/mol sodium salt for 11- (3, 4-dihydroxyphenyl) -9-undecenoate and 6.2 dye g/mol sodium salt for 11-phenyl-9-undecenoate.

Electrolysis of sodium salts of aliphatic acids with ac

The electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium salts of saturated monocarboxylic acids containing also the corresponding acid at the same concentration has been studied using symmetrical ac at different cds, frequencies and concentrations of the solution. It has been found that the products formed during electrolysis are, in general, the same as obtained by dc electrolysis; their production has been explained on the basis of the formation of free radicals at the electrodes, these free radicals undergoing various subsequent reactions except fragmentation. Electrolysis with ac starts at a much higher cd than that with dc. The current efficiency with respect to the formation of hydrocarbon decreases as the ac frequency increases and the amount of oxygen evolved is, in all cases, less than what would be expected.In every case, carbon starts depositing on the electrodes and with the progress of its deposition the evolution of gases decreases until it stops completely.

Specific conductivity of aqueous solutions of sodium salt of poly-D-glutamic acid under high pressure.

Specific conductivity of aqueous solutions of sodium salt of poly-D-glutamic acid under high pressure.

Effect of lower fatty acids on the solubilization of Butanol‐1 in aqueous solutions of sodium salts of fatty acids. II

AbstractEs wird über Arbeiten berichtet, die das Studium der Löslichkeitsbeeinflussung von Fettsäuren auf Butanol‐1 in Gegenwart von fettsauren Salzen beinhalten. Viskositätsmessungen an den Systemen sollen einen Hinweis auf die Flüssigkeitsstruktur geben.

Effect of lower fatty acids on the solubilization of Butanol‐1 in aqueous solutions of sodium salts of fatty acids. I

AbstractEs wird über Arbeiten berichtet, die das Studium der Löslichkeitsbeeinflussung von Fettsäuren auf Butanol‐1 in Gegenwart von fettsauren Salzen beinhalten. Viskositätsmessungen an den Systemen sollen einen Hinweis auf die Flüssigkeitsstruktur geben.

Small-Angle Scattering of X-Rays in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Salts of Conjugated and Unconjugated Bile Acids.

Small-Angle Scattering of X-Rays in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Salts of Conjugated and Unconjugated Bile Acids.

Evidence for Micelle Formation in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Salts of Benzene Sulfonic Acids Substituted in the Ring by Methyl Groups1

Evidence for Micelle Formation in Aqueous Solutions of Sodium Salts of Benzene Sulfonic Acids Substituted in the Ring by Methyl Groups¹