Aqueous Sodium Hydroxide Solution Research Articles

Refinement of synthetic guanine crystals for fast diamagnetic rotation

Synthetic guanine crystals, with the same magnetic controllable reflection property as a biogenic guanine crystal from fish scales, were prepared using a classical Ostwald ripening method for crude crystals, from the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution of a commercially available synthesized guanine powder. The resulting synthetic guanine crystals with an average size of several tens of micrometers were in the same crystal system as the biogenic guanine crystals under measurement by X-ray diffraction (XRD). However, XRD patterns of water-floating crystals showed that the correlation between the growing direction and reflecting surface in the synthetic crystals is different from that in the biogenic crystals. Therefore, the synthetic crystals were ground by an agate mortar for refinement of its optical and magnetic-orientation characters. As a result, we realized a fast-magnetic orientation against the vertical field, which is related to the magnetic control of light reflection, the same as the biogenic guanine crystal behavior.

Use of ultrasound-assisted co-precipitation route to obtain CuMnO2 semiconductor nanomaterials

CuMnO2 nanoparticles were obtained for the first time by sonochemical synthesis in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide containing soluble copper and manganese nitrate reactants without any further thermal treatment. Experiments were performed at different lengths of time (20 min, 30 and 40 min) and ultrasound amplitude of 80%. The materials present the expected crednerite structure (C2/m space group), and the nanoparticles average size and morphology for each sample are studied by nanoparticle tracking analysis method, respectively, by transmission electron microscopy. The as-obtained materials display p-type semiconductivity behavior at room temperature and the value for direct optical band gap EG is estimated to be approximately ~ 3.6 eV. The study of the magnetic properties for the nanocrystalline crednerite samples reveals 2D magnetic behavior below 110 K and a weak ferromagnetic component at ~ 20 K.

Experimental and modeling of CO2 removal from gas mixtures using membrane contactors packed with glass beads

The efficiency of gas removal using hollow fiber membrane (HFM) contactors and liquid solvents is determined by several factors. The liquid film resistance has been identified as one of the important factors affecting the overall mass transfer coefficient. The present work describes the use of spherical glass beads as additional packing in the shell (solvent) side to act as solid baffles which should impart stirring effect in the flowing solvent and increase its velocity. These two effects should decrease the liquid film resistance and consequently enhance the gas removal efficiency. Two types of custom-made hollow fiber membrane contactors (HFMC) were constructed from thick-walled acrylic tube (20 mm ID, OD 30 mm) and equipped with the commercially available poly(tetrafluoroethylene-co-perfluorinated alkyl vinyl ether) (PFA) hollow fibers. In one type of the contactors, glass beads were introduced in the shell side. The two types of contactors (with and without beads) were tested and compared in terms of CO2 removal efficiency from gas mixtures (5% CO2 − 95% CH4) using aqueous sodium hydroxide and several amine solutions. Different parameters were studied to evaluate the performance of the membrane contactors at feed gas pressures up to 25 bars. The obtained results indicated an increase of up to 21% enhancement in CO2 removal efficiency when the shell compartment was packed with the glass beads. The results obtained from the overall mass transfer coefficient model showed good agreement with those of the experimental data.

Generation of hierarchical porosity in beta zeolite by post-synthesis treatment with the cetyltrimethylammonium cationic surfactant under alkaline conditions

Abstract Commercial Beta zeolite (Si/Al = 19) was treated with aqueous solutions of hexadecyltrimethylammonium (CTA) in the presence of NaOH or NH4OH to generate hierarchical porosity in the material. The combination of a basic media and surfactant (CTA) allows generation of mesoporosity while preserving the crystallinity and acidity of the parent Beta zeolite. In addition, characterization by XRD and TEM gave no evidence for the formation of segregated mesoporous phases. TEM and N2 adsorption isotherms suggest the presence of substantial intracrystalline mesoporosity (average pore size of 3 nm) in the Beta zeolite crystals, which was more pronounced for samples treated with CTA/NaOH solutions. The concentration of total Bronsted acid sites was determined by pyridine adsorption, and it increased in the treated samples as compared with the parent Beta zeolite. The strongest Bronsted acid sites slightly increased for the CTA/NH4OH sample, while they decreased when ammonium hydroxide was replaced by NaOH. All these results indicate that the basic character (i.e. strength) of the aqueous solution affects the degree of the zeolite mesostructuring process. The activity of the treated samples in the isomerization-disproportionation (I-D) of m-xylene was related to the concentration of the strongest Bronsted acid sites. The treatment with sodium hydroxide or ammonia aqueous solutions led to an I/D ratio lower than that of the parent Beta zeolite, evidencing the benefits of the additional mesoporosity by enhancing the formation of the bulkiest bimolecular intermediate required to form disproportionation products.

Behavior of the Concentrate of Rare Platinum Metals in Autoclave Conditions

Behavior of the concentrate of platinum-accompanying metals in autoclave conditions was studied with the use of various solvents: water and aqueous solutions of formic acid, sulfuric acid, and sodium hydroxide. The quantitative values of the recovery of noble metals and impurity nonferrous elements from the concentrate were found. It was shown that the best results are obtained with a preliminary calcination of the concentrate, followed by an autoclave treatment of the cinder in sulfuric acid. In this case, the content of noble metals in the concentrate increases from 29 to 51% due to the selective removal of considerable amounts of impurity elements: tellurium, nickel, iron, copper, and arsenic.

Methane enrichment of biogas produced from floral waste: A potential energy source for rural India

ABSTRACTBiogas has emerged as a clean and cheap energy source with additional advantages like waste disposal solution and an alternative for fossil fuels. Raw biogas contains methane between 50% and 70% and carbon dioxide between 30% and 50%, along with traces of hydrogen sulfide and moisture. Presence of contaminants like carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide in biogas restricts its applications in India for cooking and lighting purpose or at the place of its generation. Thus, for making biogas as a transportable fuel or for other widespread applications, removal of contaminants from biogas becomes a necessary step. Small-scale biogas plants seldom use purification and scrubbing systems because of cost considerations and inadequate knowledge of purification techniques. The present experimental work uses floral waste with alkaline pretreatment as an input substrate, for biogas production in Deenbandhu-type fixed-dome biogas plant, used in rural parts of India. The experimental investigation focuses on methane enrichment of biogas by removal of contaminants like carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, and moisture from biogas, using chemical absorption technique. Packed column reactors arranged in series facilitate biogas purification and scrubbing process at around atmospheric pressure and temperature. The materials used for filling the purification columns include steel wool, silica gel, and different aqueous alkaline solutions of sodium hydroxide (NaOH), calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2), sodium carbonate (Na2CO3), and monoethanolamine (MEA). A pedal-operated compressor pressurizes raw biogas and forces it through a series of packed chemical absorption columns for the removal of contaminants. Content analysis of purified biogas and raw biogas contents has been done using gas chromatography. The analysis of purified biogas samples 1 and 2 shows methane enrichment up to 96.91% and 94.16% and the carbon dioxide removal efficiency of 99.85% and 98.86% while hydrogen sulfide removal efficiency of 87.5% and 62.5% for samples 1 and 2, respectively. Purification results for biogas show the potential of the purified gas for applications like running stationery engines or use as a vehicular fuel. The purification and scrubbing technique used in the present work uses low-cost commercial chemicals, and the purification columns comprise 4-in-diameter polyvinyl chloride pipes. Use of the technique on a large scale by common people can further raise the potential of biogas as an energy source with a high heating value for widespread applications. Using floral waste from temples as an input substrate provides an energy-efficient solution for soil and water pollution, arising due to the disposal of the waste into the soil or nearby water resources like a river.

Green Synthesis of Novel Chalcone Derivatives, Characterization and its Antibacterial Activity

In an effort to develop antimicrobial agents, a series of chalcones were prepared by Claisen-Schmidt condensation by trituration method. Appropriate acetophenones with appropriate aromatic aldehydes in the presence of aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and ethanol at room temperature. The synthesized compounds were characterized by means of their IR, ‘H-NMR spectral data. All the compounds were tested for their antibacterial activities by the cup plate method.

Study on the Mechanism of Humic Acid on Ultrafiltration Membrane

In view of the problem of clogging of ultrafiltration membrane in ultrafiltration process, the contamination mechanism of humic acid solution on ultrafiltration membrane was studied in depth. Through the ultrafiltration test of different concentrations of humic acid solution, it was found that humic acid can cause pollution to the ultrafiltration membrane, and the higher the humic acid concentration, the more serious the membrane contamination. The introduction of calcium carbonate particles can delay the progress of ultrafiltration membrane fouling in the initial stage of ultrafiltration, but as the ultrafiltration time increases, the membrane fouling rate increases rapidly. The kaolin particles can aggravate the contamination of the ultrafiltration membrane by humic acid, and the contamination can be washed away by the aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The introduction of calcium ions can significantly aggravate membrane fouling and polymerize humic acid molecular chains. Sodium hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite alkali solution can effectively remove the humic acid pollution on the ultrafiltration membrane, wherein the sodium hydroxide solution has better cleaning effect, and the calcium carbonate-containing pollutant can be washed with a citric acid solution.

Cobalt(II)-Based Metal-Organic Framework as Bifunctional Materials for Ag(I) Detection and Proton Reduction Catalysis for Hydrogen Production.

A novel cobalt(II)-based metal-organic framework, Co-MB, was prepared by hydrothermal reaction of Co(NO3)2·6H2O, 3,3'-methylenediphthalic acid (H4mda), and 1,4-bis(imidazol-1-ylmethyl)-benzene in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and structurally characterized. It shows a high stability in water within the pH range from 2.2 to 11.6, which could be used as a highly selective and sensitive luminescent sensor for Ag(I) detection in a luminescent enhancement manner, with LOD about 23 nM. Importantly, such stable Co-MB could also work as proton reduction catalyst for photodriven hydrogen production coupled with visible-light organic dyes as photosensitizer. The influence factors of hydrogen production including pH, TEA (triethylamine) contents, and kinds of organic dyes are studied in detail. Under optimal condition, the TON value was up to 5133 per cycle, and this Co-MB could also be reused at least 3 times.

Determining the Effective Mass Transfer Area in Three-Phase Fluidized Bed with Low Density Inert Solids

The absorption process is strongly influenced by the effective mass transfer area. In this study the effective mass transfer area in gas-solid-liquid three-phase fluidized bed was determined, in a fluidizing column having an internal diameter of 0.14 m and a height of 1.10 m. The solid packing is made of plastic hollow spheres of 0.01 m diameter, with 415 m2/m3 geometric area and a density of 170 Kg/m3. The absorption of carbon dioxide from the air-carbon dioxide mixture with molar concentration of 0.05M, 0.08M and 0.1M CO2 into sodium hydroxide aqueous solutions of 0.5N and 1.0 N has been employed as test reaction. The experiments were conducted with liquid load changing from 6.49 to 16.24 m³/(m² h) and gas velocity of 1.1 m/s and 2.1 m/s. It was found that the effective mass transfer area increased both with the increase of the gas velocity and the increase of the liquid spray density. It has been observed that the effective mass transfer area in gas-solid-liquid three-phase fluidized bed absorber is from three to eight times higher than the geometric area of the solid packing. A mathematical correlation has been established in order to predict the effective mass transfer area,under the specified conditions, with a deviation of less than 5%. Keywords: Effective mass transfer area, three-phase fluidized bed with low density inert solid packing, mass transfer model, chemical method, reaction regime

Determination of Hydrogen Cyanide in Cigarette Smoke by Continuous Flow Analysis Method Using Safer Chemistry

Summary A new safe and sensitive method to determine hydrogen cyanide (HCN) in cigarette smoke using continuous flow analyser (CFA) has been developed and validated. The use of highly toxic potassium cyanide (KCN) as a standard necessitates the development of a safer method for the determination of HCN in cigarette smoke. In this described method KCN is replaced by less toxic potassium tetracyanozincate (Lethal Dose LD50 oral is 7.49 mg/kg for KCN and 2000 mg/kg for potassium tetracyanozincate). Furthermore, the new method uses isonicotinic acid-barbituric acid (coupling reagent) instead of pyridine-pyrazolone as a reagent for the determination of HCN, and hence eliminates the use of pyridine. In this method HCN is trapped on both the Cambridge Filter Pad, then extracted with aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, and in an impinger containing the same solution. The solution thus extracted is oxidised to cyanogen chloride by Chloramine-T and treated with coupling reagent, the resulting stable chromophore was measured colorimetrically at 600 nm. The regression equation was linear in the range of 1 to 25 μg/mL for cyanide with a correlation coefficient (R2) > 0.9998. The limit of detection (LOD) was 0.76 μg/cig and the overall relative standard deviation (RSD) of the method was less than 10%. Excellent recoveries of cyanide were obtained in the range from 92% to 112% and the HCN yields from the Kentucky Reference Cigarette 3R4F obtained from the newly developed method are in good agreement with those from the conventional KCN method. The proposed method is robust, reliable, selective and safer than any of the existing methods for determination of hydrogen cyanide in mainstream as well as in sidestream cigarette smoke.

OPTIMIZATION OF ENERGY UTILITIES CONSUMPTION IN THE AQUEOUS SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION EVAPORATION

The paper proposes the retrofit design of a three-unit evaporator for evaporating of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution in order to increase its concentration. The retrofit assumes the creation of a heat exchange equipment network that has to implement heat recovery of the process streams of the evaporator. The design was carried out with the pinch-analysis methods. The treshhold problem (demand for hot utilities only) was identified by shifting the composite curves and the treshhold temperature difference 11,7 °С was found. Problem definition, like a pinch problem, was made with the choice of minimum temperature difference DTmin = 12 °С in heat exchange equipment. The design of the heat exchangers network that realizes the minimum consumption of external utilities and maximum energy recovery was created, and the network optimization with energy relaxation was carried out. Modern plate heat exchangers as heat exchange equipment were chosen and calculated. The economic evaluation of the design was conducted. The payback period will be about two months.

CFD investigation of iodine mass transfer in venturi scrubbing solution of Filtered Containment Venting System

Removal of elemental iodine from gases using Filtered Containment Venting System (FCVS) was studied. Iodine was scrubbed from gases by passing it through venturi placed in scrubbing solution. This task was performed using ANSYS 14.0 FLUENT. Scrubbing solution was aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium thiosulphate in water. Two phase Euler-Euler multiphase model was used while transfer of iodine from gaseous phase to liquid phase was modelled using species transport model. No specific model was available in any CFD software package to model mass transfer of iodine in scrubbing solution. Therefore, a user defined function (UDF) for iodine mass transfer based on mathematical model proposed by Majid et al. was developed and implemented through FLUENT. Droplet diameter effect on mass transfer of iodine was studied. Large decrease in gas phase iodine, large mass transfer rate and sharp increase in liquid phase iodine was observed on decreasing droplet diameter. About 98% removal efficiency was observed in case of 1 micron droplet diameter while it decreased as the droplet diameter was increased. Thus, validating the mass transfer model for removal of iodine as removal efficiency lies within range reported in previously published experimental results. Increase in liquid volume fraction along venturi length was also noted due to mass transfer of iodine. Liquid droplets of smaller diameter achieved peak velocity close to gas phase. This peak velocity shifted more towards the diverging section as droplet diameter was increased.

Influence of the electrolytic cathode temperature on the self-sustaining mechanism of plasma-electrolyte discharge

The work is focused on studying the low-voltage (0–350 V) gas discharge with a liquid electrolytic cathode at various temperatures of an electrolyte. An aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide was used as a liquid cathode. The change in the discharge structure with increasing temperature is revealed, in particular, the transition from the bulk diffusive discharge to the leader discharge. The increase in the electrolyte temperature leads to the decrease in the intensity of hydrodynamic perturbations down to their disappearance. In addition, the anomalous growth of the vapor–air space between the metal anode and liquid cathode is observed. The key discharge parameters forming the anomalous growth are determined and the mechanism of vapor–air shell growth is proposed.

A Novel Approach to the Modelling of Transport Phenomena in Random Packings

The separation characteristics of absorption columns are commonly predicted by simplified stage models (equilibrium or rate-based). Such models employ several parameters which have to be determined by experiments. This represents a major weakness of stage models, as, generally, these parameters are not directly transferable to different chemical systems or geometries. An alternative approach to the modelling of transport phenomena in fluid separation processes is based on so-called hydrodynamic analogies. Hereby, the actual flow in a packing is replaced by a combination of different, simplified flow patterns depending on the specific geometry of column internals. The transport of heat and mass in such flows can be described by rigorous conservation equations. As a consequence, the use of most of the above mentioned experimental parameters can be avoided. In this work, the hydrodynamic analogy approach is applied to random packings. To validate the model, the separation efficiency of Pall rings for the reactive absorption of CO2 into aqueous sodium hydroxide solution was investigated experimentally in an industrial-scale column. In this paper, the modelling method is described in detail and the validation of the simulation results is presented.

The Structure, Phase Composition and Rheological Properties of Powders Obtained by Chemical Dispersion of Al Alloys with Mo, V and Zr

Introduction of refractory elements into alumina ceramics to improve its properties, is usually carried out by mixing the alumina with oxides of refractory metals. In this work this problem has been solved by pre-alloying refractory element with aluminum and subsequent dispersion of alloy in aqueous alkaline solutions. Characteristics of microstructure, phase composition and rheological properties of powders obtained by chemical dispersion of alloys Al-Mo, Al-V and Al-Zr with 10 wt.% refractory element in 20% aqueous sodium hydroxide solution, as well as the impact of heat treatment at 1250 oC on these properties, have been discussed. On the basis of X-Ray analysis (XRA) and electron microscopy the conclusion was adopted that heat treatment of powder leads to significant phase and structural transformations of such powders and is a necessary stage of preparation for sintering.

Coercivity enhancement of strontium hexaferrite nano-crystallites through morphology controlled annealing

In order to improve the performance of ferrite based permanent magnet materials, the evolution of magnetic properties with increasing particle size of anisotropic SrFe12O19 nano-platelets is investigated, allowing elucidation of the stable single domain (SSD) size. Phase-pure, ultra-thin platelet-shaped strontium hexaferrite (SrFe12O19) nano-crystallites have been successfully synthesized using a simple, green and scalable supercritical hydrothermal flow method. The flow reactor precursor is prepared from aqueous solutions of strontium nitrate, iron nitrate and sodium hydroxide. The samples were subsequently annealed at different temperatures (600–1100 °C) in intervals between 1 and 68 h in order to tune size and morphology. The nano-platelets grow anisotropically, with pronounced growth along the c-axis, which coincides with the magnetic easy axis. The annealing treatment gives rise to variations in platelet aspect ratio. Microstructural investigations by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Rietveld refinement of powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) data, combined with vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), reveal a significant correlation between size and morphology, on the macroscopic magnetic properties of the produced powders. The optimal single-domain crystallite dimensions are found from PXRD to be 62 nm thick and 76 nm wide, attaining a coercivity (Hc) of 459(10) kA/m (5.77 kOe), and a saturation magnetization (Ms) of 74.0(1) Am2/kg. A theoretical single domain critical size for SrFe12O19 particles is proposed, based on a disc-shaped ellipsoidal particle model in combination with the obtained experimental results. Particle shape is revealed to have an enormous influence on the SSD size, varying significantly for anisotropic particles compared to isotropic particles, and thus underlying the need for meticulous characterization in order to optimize the magnetic performance of specific systems.

Effect of the Composition of the Medium on the Selectivity of Deactivation of Skeletal Nickel Catalyst

The effect of the composition of the catalytic system (the nature and composition of the solvent, specifically, aqueous solutions of sodium hydroxide and their mixtures with aliphatic alcohols with the alcohol concentration of 0.11 mole fractions) and additions of a catalyst poison (sodium sulfide) on the catalytic activity of skeletal nickel in the liquid-phase hydrogenation of the carbon‒carbon double bond in sodium maleate was studied. The assumption was made on the decisive role of the solvent in changing the activity of skeletal nickel in the hydrogenation reaction of sodium maleate, which is primarily associated with the redistribution of individual forms of adsorbed hydrogen. In was found that in the water‒sodium hydroxide‒monohydric alcohol solvent skeletal nickel undergoes selective deactivation at the NaOH concentration of 0.01 M, antiselective deactivation at the NaOH concentration of 0.10 M, and variable deactivation at the NaOH concentration of 1.0 M. It is shown that in some cases sodium sulfide additions exert a promoting effect on skeletal nickel in the hydrogenation of sodium maleate.

Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of ZnO Nanoparticles Fabricated by Two Different Methods and Coated on Tetron Fabric

Background: Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have wide applications in various industries, especially they have been known for their antibacterial effects in polymers and textile fibers. ZnO NPs were produced by two different solutions and milling methods. Different techniques were used in order to select the most effective methods for coating the fabric with ZnO NPs. The microstructures and the composition of the ZnO NPs were investigated using Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE-SEM) coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS) and X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD). Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the treated fabric against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria was investigated. The overall experimental findings show that the highest inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus in the sample of fabric which covered with ZnO NPs synthesized by the solution method. Methods: In the solution method, ZnO NPs were synthesized by dissolving zinc chloride in 1, 2 Ethanediol and mixing with aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide. In milling method, firstly, zinc sulfide nanoparticles were prepared through reaction between zinc acetate and Thioacetamide and then by milling and oxidation the zinc sulfide nanoparticles, ZnO NPs were synthesized. In order to deposition ZnO NPs on the Tetron fabric, it was fully drawn and fixed on a frame. After that, acrylic copolymer resin was added into distilled water and ZnO NPs were added in another beaker to ethanol. The two beakers were then placed in the ultrasonic bath for a certain time. Finally, the fabric was dipped into the beaker containing resin for some moment and then immersed into the beaker containing ZnO NPs. During these processes, both beakers were in the ultrasonic bath. After drawing out the fabric from second beaker, it was dried in air. This procedure was performed for both types of ZnO NPs fabricated by two mentioned methods. Antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs coated on the fabric against two types of bacteria was studied by agar diffusion method. Results: XRD patterns of synthesized powders from both methods were identified as ZnO NPs. Sharp diffraction peaks indicate good crystallinity of ZnO NPs. The morphology of the ZnO NPs fabricated by both methods which was analyzed by field emission SEM shows that the ZnO particles synthesized by milling and solution methods are in nano scale at the range of 26 - 29 nm and 9 - 11 nm, respectively. The highest inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus was shown for the fabric which coated by ZnO NPs produced by the solution method. It was seen, the antibacterial activity of ZnO NPs fabricated by solution method was higher than that of milling method. Conclusion: ZnO NPs were synthesized by two different methods and the antibacterial activity of Tetron fabric coated with ZnO NPs was studied. Distribution and stability of ZnO NPs on the fabric depend on fabrication method and particle size which means that the smaller particles have more stability and better distribution than larger particles. The particle size and deposited concentration of ZnO NPs were effective on antibacterial activity, so that the smaller particles tend less agglomeration and have more surface area and because of that better antibacterial activity. Overall the results demonstrated a good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus than Escherichia coli.in the sample of fabric which covered with ZnO NPs synthesized by the solution method.

Extraction and characterization of cellulose and cellulose nanofibers from Citrullus colocynthis seeds

Citrullus colocynthis is a perennial herbaceous plant of the Cucurbitaceae family, cultivated in the Mediterranean basin and tropical countries as a traditional medicinal plant. In this paper, extraction of water-insoluble polysaccharides of Citrullus colocynthis seeds was performed using two chemical extraction processes. The first one involved the deproteinization of grinded Citrullus colocynthis seeds in sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, followed by lipid extraction in the chloroform/methanol solvent. The second process consisted of extracting the lipid material before deproteinization step. Several analytical techniques were used to identify cellulose as the main compound in the water-insoluble extract including ATR-FTIR and IR-Raman spectroscopy, CP/MAS 13CNMR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and TEM. Further, almost 75 wt% of cellulose were obtained from the water-insoluble extract after bleaching process which determines the purification efficiency of cellulose and remove lignin and hemicellulose and the final percentages for this extraction are; 23%, 23%, 40% and 13% for lipids, proteins, cellulose and lignin, respectively. Finally, cellulose nanofibers having needle structure and fibrillar network were prepared by acid hydrolysis.