Aqueous Lithium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Order-disorder structural engineering of vanadium oxide anode: Balancing ionic and electronic dynamic for fast-charging aqueous Li-ion battery

Fast-charging aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs) are considered as promising energy storage devices because of their non-flammability and environmentally friendly characteristics. However, how to balance the ionic and electronic dynamics for fast charging reactions remains a significant challenge under the current research status. Here, the order-disorder structural engineering strategy is adopted to resolve this issue, considering the difference between ion and electron transportation in the crystalline and amorphous phases, respectively. Vanadium oxide anodes were developed with optimized ionic and electronic dynamics by using an organic-inorganic hybrid material as a precursor along with refined regulation on the calcination temperature and time. This facile and large-scale extendable approach harnesses the benefits of the order-disorder structure to optimize Li+ storage efficiency and facilitate the high reversibility of Li-ion during fast charging. Consequently, the order-disorder V2O5-based full cell with LiMn2O4 as a cathode exhibits high specific capacity (262.71 mAh g−1, 89.35 % of the theoretical capacity of V2O5), high energy density (166.04 Wh kg−1), fast Li-ion diffusion coefficient (7.34×10−5 cm2 s−1) and fast-charging performance (only 6 min achieves 82.84 % of initial state-of-charge capacity). This work explores the ionic and electronic dynamic of ordered-disorder structure and offers new insights into the development of fast-charging metal ion batteries.

Unveiling aqueous lithium-ion batteries via advanced modelling and characterisation: A review

Aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs) are promising candidates for sustainable energy storage, offering great advantages in safety, cost, and environmental impact over the conventional nonaqueous LIBs. This paper delves into the forefront of ALIB research in electrolyte formulations, electrode materials, and design strategies of ALIBs that have stemmed from the integration of advanced modelling and characterisation techniques. A detailed examination of multiscale modelling approaches, e.g., density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD), microscopic and spectroscopic techniques, e.g., X-ray, Raman, and particularly in situ and in operando methods that provide real-time observations of battery processes, is carried out. We note that the synergy between modelling and characterisation techniques have offered unprecedented insights into the fundamental processes governing ALIB performance, however, more methods that have been demonstrated effective in commercial LIBs, can be employed and contribute to resolving the current bottlenecks of ALIBs. The models at mesoscale, continuum-scale and even larger scales can supplement DFT and MD to investigate the electrochemical processes in electrode-electrolyte interface, bulk electrolyte, porous electrodes, and prototype cells, and cooperate with essential measurements to characterise physicochemical properties of aqueous electrolytes, which are not widely discussed. Other microscopic, structural, and multi-physical characterisations, such as scanning transmission electron microscopy, computed tomography, thermography, and acoustic techniques can provide more insights into lithium intercalation, phase change and degradation, inspiring the theory and model development of ALIBs. By amalgamating the current state-of-the-art and existing challenges, this paper paves the way for future prospects in ALIBs.

High-voltage and long-life aqueous lithium-ion batteries based on polyanionic framework structured Na3V2(PO4)3 and NbOPO4 in novel deep eutectic solvents

High-voltage and long-life aqueous lithium-ion batteries based on polyanionic framework structured Na3V2(PO4)3 and NbOPO4 in novel deep eutectic solvents

Synthesis and electrochemical studies of 1,1’-binaphthyl-2,2’-diol for aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion battery applications

The constant increase in the utilization of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in various field applications, including electrical vehicles and electronic devices, has led researchers to focus on their multiple path developments to obtain new electrode materials. The practical development of these electrode materials, based on organic and inorganic moieties, is challenging for various groups of LIB scientists. The concept of organic electrode materials is highly competitive with inorganic electrode materials because of the accessibility of more active sites with structural diversity, high energy and power density, environmental friendliness potential sustainability, and low cost. Herein, 1,1’-binaphthyl-2,2’-diol (BINOL) is investigated as an organic electrode material that contains two hydroxyl groups that act as active centers. The oxidative coupling process is employed to synthesize BINOL and so obtained product was characterized by using FT-IR, 1H-NMR and MASS techniques. The electrochemical investigations were carried out using sat. Li2SO4 electrolytic medium at three-electrode cell system. The Cyclic voltammetry (CV) has provided information on the anodic behavior of the material and its stability studied at different scan rates. The battery performance of the cell BINOL | Sat. Li2SO4 | LiMn2O4 by galvanostatic charge-discharge potential limit (GCPL) shows 197/171mAhg−1 specific capacity and 90% columbic efficiency. The electrochemical kinetic obtained by potentiostatic electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (PEIS) shows a semi-infinite diffusion process.

Constructing a Robust Cathode Electrolyte Interface for Aqueous Hybrid Lithium-Ion Batteries Via Regulating the Solvent–Solute Interaction in a Locally Concentrated Electrolyte

Constructing a Robust Cathode Electrolyte Interface for Aqueous Hybrid Lithium-Ion Batteries Via Regulating the Solvent–Solute Interaction in a Locally Concentrated Electrolyte

Synergistic dual co-solvents hybrid electrolyte design enabling high-voltage flexible aqueous lithium-ion fiber batteries

Flexible aqueous lithium-ion batteries are promising safe power sources for next-generation of portable and wearable electronic devices due to their intrinsic safety and eco-friendliness. However, water-related side reactions in aqueous electrolytes have greatly limited their operating voltage and electrochemical performance. Herein, we report a new family of 2.4 V high-voltage flexible aqueous lithium-ion fiber battery by designing a fluorine-free and high-voltage synergistic dual co-solvents aqueous hybrid electrolyte with high ionic conductivity, low cost, and high safety. Sulfolane and trimethyl phosphate are used as synergistic dual co-solvents, which can not only extend the electrochemical stability window of electrolyte to 3.3 V by suppressing the activity of water, but also form a S-/P-containing inorganics-rich solid electrolyte chlorination interphase for better electrochemical performance. Combined with novel flexible hybrid fiber electrodes, the resulting flexible aqueous fiber batteries exhibit high working voltage plateau (2.4 V, much higher than most reported flexible aqueous batteries), high energy density (146.5 Wh kg−1), and superior cycling performance (500 cycles). In addition, these aqueous fiber batteries present impressive mechanical flexibility, which can be easily woven into clothes to power wearable electronics. This work is an inspiration for the design of next-generation of flexible batteries with both high energy and safety.

Exploring the electrochemistry of PTCDI for aqueous lithium-ion batteries

Aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs) hold promise of providing cost-effective and safe energy storage in the context of an increasingly environmentally aware narrative. Moreover, mitigating concerns surrounding the critical raw materials present in traditional LIBs reinforces the alignment with such ideals. Herein, we delve into the electrochemistry of perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acid diimide (PTCDI) and evaluate its potential as an organic anode active material for ALIBs. We find the all-organic anode to reversibly (de)intercalate Li+ with moderately concentrated aqueous electrolytes, although in a slightly different manner compared with organic solvents. Furthermore, the half-cell electrochemical performance in terms of capacity, capacity retention, rate performance, Coulombic efficiency, and self-discharge, is all indeed satisfactory, where proof-of-concept ALIBs using the high voltage lithium manganese oxide (LMO) exhibit >70 Wh kg−1(PTCDI+LMO) and an average voltage of ca. 1.5 V. These findings have the intention to further encourage organic redox-active material R&D with more dilute aqueous electrolytes, potentially paving the way towards a greener and more sustainable energy landscape.

Fine Tuning Water States in Hydrogels for High Voltage Aqueous Batteries.

Hydrogels are widely used as quasi-solid-state electrolytes in aqueous batteries. However, they are not applicable in high-voltage batteries because the hydrogen evolution reaction cannot be effectively suppressed even when water is incorporated into the polymer network. Herein, by profoundly investigating the states of water molecules in hydrogels, we designed supramolecular hydrogel electrolytes featuring much more nonfreezable bound water and much less free water than that found in conventional hydrogels. Specifically, two strategies are developed to achieve this goal. One strategy is adopting monomers with a variety of hydrophilic groups to enhance the hydrophilicity of polymer chains. The other strategy is incorporating zwitterionic polymers or polymers with counterions as superhydrophilic units. In particular, the nonfreezable bound water content increased from 0.129 in the conventional hydrogel to >0.4 mg mg-1 in the fabricated hydrogels, while the free water content decreased from 1.232 to ∼0.15 mg mg-1. As a result, a wide electrochemical stability window of up to 3.25 V was obtained with the fabricated hydrogels with low concentrations of incorporated salts and enhanced hydrophilic groups or superhydrophilic groups. The ionic conductivities achieved with our developed hydrogel electrolytes were much higher than those in the conventional highly concentrated salt electrolytes, and their cost is also much lower. The designed supramolecular hydrogel electrolytes endowed an aqueous K-ion battery (AKIB) system with a high voltage plateau of 1.9 V and contributed to steady cycling of the AKIB for over 3000 cycles. The developed supramolecular hydrogel electrolytes are also applicable to other batteries, such as aqueous lithium-ion batteries, hybrid sodium-ion batteries, and multivalent-ion aqueous batteries, and can achieve high voltage output.

Distinct roles: Co-solvent and additive synergy for expansive electrochemical range and low-temperature aqueous batteries

The present study addresses the challenges encountered by aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALiBs), specifically the limited electrochemical stability window and inadequate low-temperature energy retention. We propose a binary solvent electrolyte system comprising N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF) as a co-solvent and 3-sulfolene (3SF) as an additive (5 wt.% 3SF in 9 M LiTFSI H2O/DMF with a molar ratio of 1:1). The H2O solvent ensures non-flammability and high safety, while DMF reduces the freezing point and enhances low-temperature conductivity. Additionally, DMF actively solvates Li+ ions, thereby reducing interfacial H2O content. Moreover, through the incorporation of the 3SF additive along with LiTFSI, a stable bilayer interphase film is formed on the anode surface effectively expanding the electrochemical stability window to 4.37 V. By leveraging the distinct roles played by solvents and additive, exceptional performance at both room temperature and low-temperature is achieved for the LiMn2O4/Li4Ti5O12 cell. Specifically, at room temperature, the cell demonstrates an initial coulombic efficiency reaching 90 %. Moreover, even after undergoing 300 cycles at 1 C, the capacity remains as high as 156.3 mAh g−1 (with a remarkable capacity retention rate of 96 %). Notably, in extremely low-temperatures of -30 °C, the cell exhibits excellent cycling performance which can still maintain a capacity retention rate of 98.8 % after 50 cycles. The proposed electrolyte design strategy, which takes into account both the bulk electrolyte and interfacial chemistry, presents a practical and feasible approach for the development of safe, low-temperature, and high-energy density ALiBs.

A Green Asymmetric Bicyclic Co-Solvent Molecule for High-Voltage Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Hybridizing aqueous electrolytes with organic co-solvents can effectively expand the voltage window of aqueous electrolytes while reducing salt usage, but most reported co-solvents are usually flammable and toxic, hardly achieving compatibility between safety and electrochemical performance. Here, a new non-flammable and non-toxic low-salt-concentration (1.85 m) aqueous electrolyte is reported using the green co-solvent isosorbide dimethyl ether (IDE). Owing to its unique 3D molecular structure, IDE can form a five-membered ring structure by binding the Li ion. The steric hindrance effect from IDE weakens its solvation ability, generating anion-participated solvation structures that produce a robust and uniform LiF-rich solid electrolyte interphase layer while containing elastic IDE-derived organics. Moreover, the multiple O atoms in IDE can effectively regulate the intermolecular hydrogen bonding networks, reducing H2O molecule activity and expanding the electrochemical window. Such unique solvation structures and optimized hydrogen bonding networks enabled by IDE effectively suppress electrode/electrolyte interfacial side reactions, achieving a 4.3 V voltage window. The as-developed Li4Ti5O12(LTO)||LiMn2O4(LMO) full cell delivers outstanding cycling performance over 450 cycles at 2 C. The proposed green hybrid aqueous electrolyte provides a new pathway for developing high-voltage aqueous lithium batteries.

A nanoengineered vanadium oxide composite as a high-performance anode for aqueous Li-ion hybrid batteries.

Aqueous lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have received increasing attention as a promising solution for stationary energy storage systems due to their low environmental impact, non-flammability and low cost. Despite recent progress in electrolyte development and cathode manufacturing, the lack of anode materials with high specific capacity presents difficult challenges for a wide range of applications. In this study, we propose a novel synthetic strategy to fabricate a pseudocapacitive V2O5/graphene composite as a highly functional anode material for aqueous LIBs. The designed synthesis combines a fast laser-scribing step with controlled calcination to tune the morphology and oxidation state of the electrochemically active vanadium oxide species while obtaining a highly conductive graphene scaffold. The optimized V2O5/graphene anode shows an outstanding specific capacity of 158 mA h g-1 in three-electrode measurements. When the V2O5/graphene anode is paired with an LiMn2O4 cathode, the charge storage mechanism of the full cell is revealed to be dominantly surface-controlled, resulting in remarkable rate performance. Specifically, the full cell can reach a specific capacity of 151 and 107 mA h (g anode)-1 at C/6 and 3C, respectively. Moreover, this hybrid battery can achieve a high power density and an energy density of 650 W kg-1 at 15.6 W h kg-1 and 81.5 W h kg-1 at 13.6 W kg-1, respectively, outperforming most aqueous LIBs reported in the literature. This innovative strategy provides a pathway to incorporate pseudocapacitive electrodes for improving aqueous lithium-ion storage systems, enabling safe operation of large-scale energy storage without compromising their electrochemical performance.

Layered titanium phosphate nanosheets with water in salt electrolyte toward high-voltage aqueous full lithium-ion batteries

A high voltage aqueous full lithium-ion battery using novel Ti(HPO4)2·H2O as the anode material with excellent stability.

Advances of LiCoO2 in Cathode of Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Aqueous lithium-ion batteries offer promising advantages such as low cost, enhanced safety, high rate capability, and the ability to deliver considerable capacity at 1.8V, making them ideal candidates for large-scale reserve power sources for renewable energy. However, the practical application of aqueous lithium-ion batteries has been hindered by the poor cycle stability of layered cathode materials, including LiCoO2 , in neutral aqueous electrolytes. This review examines the working principles, material limitations, and research progress of aqueous lithium-ion batteries. The types and characteristics of materials used in the cathode of aqueous lithium-ion batteries are summarized, with a primary focus on the attenuation mechanisms of LiCoO2 when used as the cathode material in aqueous electrolytes. Furthermore, this review explores the advancements in utilizing LiCoO2 in the cathode of aqueous lithium-ion batteries, as well as the combination with machine learning. By addressing these critical aspects, this review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of aqueous lithium-ion batteries and shed light on future development and application prospects.

Interfacial Chemistry in Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries: A Case Study of V2 O5 in Dilute Aqueous Electrolytes.

Aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs) are promising for large-scale energy storage systems because of the cost-effective, intrinsically safe, and environmentally friendly properties of aqueous electrolytes. Practical application is however impeded by interfacial side-reactions and the narrow electrochemical stability window (ESW) of aqueous electrolytes. Even though higher electrolyte salt concentrations (e.g., water-in-salt electrolyte) enhance performance by widening the ESW, the nature and extent of side-reaction processes are debated and more fundamental understanding thereof is needed. Herein, the interfacial chemistry of one of the most popular electrode materials, V2 O5 , for aqueous batteries is systematically explored by a unique set of operando analytical techniques. By monitoring electrode/electrolyte interphase deposition, electrolyte pH, and gas evolution, the highly dynamic formation/dissolution of V2 O5 /V2 O4 , Li2 CO3 and LiF during dis-/charge is demonstrated and shown to be coupled with electrolyte decomposition and conductive carbon oxidation, regardless of electrolyte salt concentration. The study provides deeper understanding of interfacial chemistry of active materials under variable proton activity in aqueous electrolytes, hence guiding the design of more effective electrode/electrolyte interfaces for ALIBs and beyond.

Low-Cost and Sustainable Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries by All-Organic PTCDI Anodes

Electrolyte engineering has been key to the advancement of aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs), for example, the introduction of water-in-salt electrolytes (WiSEs) has enabled ALIBs to cycle well and to operate at potentials far beyond the electrochemical stability window of water. WiSEs are, however, intrinsically based on high concentrations of salt(s) which furthermore often are expensive and fluorinated, and therefore defeats the aim of ALIBs being low-cost and sustainable. Strategies to circumvent this issue have been to add co-solvents and/or diluents to decrease the overall electrolyte concentration or customize the anion and salt concentration to each battery chemistry. The clean and green ethos of ALIBs can be enhanced by using organic active materials (AMs), but these are unfortunately often water soluble and therefore requires an electrolyte designed to mitigate dissolution/electrode de-attachment.Herein, we for the first time implement perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic diimide (PTCDI) as the anode AM for ALIBs. We demonstrate that by appropriate aqueous electrolyte selection we can truly mitigate electrode de-attachment, leading to excellent properties in terms of capacity, rate capability, cycling stability, and Coulombic efficiency. All things considered, this endeavour intends to further reduce the kWh/€ and thereby reinforcing the feasibility of more cost-effective large-scale battery energy storage solutions Fig 1. Long term galvanostatic cycling of an all-organic PTCDI electrode in a PTCDI/low conc. aqueous el./LFP cell set-up. Inset shows the chemical structure of PTCDI and the corresponding charge/discharge voltage curves. Figure 1

Interfacial Chemistry in Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries with Dilute Aqueous Electrolytes: A Case Study with V2O5

Aqueous lithium ion batteries (ALIBs) are promising candidates for large-scale energy storage systems, benefiting from the intrinsic safe and environmentally friendly properties of aqueous electrolytes. However, its practical application is impeded due to the narrow electrochemical stability windows (ESWs) of aqueous electrolytes. Despite that increasing electrolyte concentration can achieve a wide ESW with the protection of SEI layer, it brings numerous disadvantages induced by excessive salt as well. Therefore, understanding the SEI formation mechanism and further widening the ESWs of dilute aqueous electrolytes are critical for the breakthrough of next-generation ALIBs.Herein, the interphase chemistry of V2O5 electrode with dilute aqueous electrolyte was systematic investigated by conducting various Operando characterizations with LMO||V2O5 cell system. Dynamic SEI, which consists of Li2CO3, LiF and V2O4, was formed during charge and disappeared during the following discharge, which is strongly affected by electrolyte pH fluctuation. Moreover, its evolution process is reversible during cycling. There are several impacts affect the pH fluctuation during cycling. First, V2O5 dissolution, which turns electrolyte into acidic before cycling, and is aggravated by electrolyte concentration decrease. Second, proton/hydronium ion insertion, which takes place on electrode surface in dilute electrolyte, while it is suppressed by concentration increase due to reduced proton concentration. Third, the redox reaction of dissolved V2O5, which is controlled by both potential and electrolyte pH change according to the V-H2O poubaix diagram. Along with the anode potential decrease and the alkalinisation of electrolyte, V2O4 is formed on anode surface by the reduction of HV10O28 5- and V4O12 4- and this reduction process further produces hydroxide ion into electrolyte. Last, the carbon oxidation, which takes place on cathode side during charge and on anode side during the final discharge. Therefore, the acidification of electrolyte during cycling is detrimental to SEI stability in aqueous electrolytes. This systematic research work provides new perspectives to the understanding of the interphase chemistry evolution in aqueous Li-ion batteries using dilute electrolytes, which guides the building of effective SEI layer in aqueous Li-ion batteries and beyond. Figure 1

Stable Ammonium-Ion Batteries in Diluted Electrolyte By Manipulation of H-Bonding Network Via Ethylene Glycol

Aqueous rechargeable batteries (ARB) arose considerable interest for stationary energy storage due to low cost, inherent safety, and environmental friendliness.[1] Besides aqueous lithium-ion batteries, various kinds of aqueous batteries have been proposed, utilizing relatively inexpensive charge carriers either based on metal (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Al3+, etc.) or non-metal cations (H3O+, NH4 + etc.).[2] Among non-metallic ion batteries, aqueous ammonium-ion batteries (AAIBs) distinguish themselves by working in near neutral or mild acidic environment, refraining from severe electrode corrosion.[3] However, like other ARB systems, the energy density of AAIBs is limited by the narrow electrochemical stability window of the aqueous electrolyte. In addition, NH4 + ions hydrolyse in water resulting in decreased pH of the electrolyte which promotes the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER).[3] This means that increasing salt concentration may not be an effective strategy to enlarge the stability window of the electrolyte. In fact, according to a previous report, the cathodic stability of 25 m ammonium acetate (NH4Ac) is even slightly inferior than that of 1 M NH4Ac.[4] Developing alternative strategies to inhibit HER in diluted electrolytes is of uttermost importance.In diluted aqueous electrolytes, the continuous and complicated H bond network among water molecules favours fast ionic motion but also causes severe HER. Here, we propose ethylene glycol (EG) as electrolyte component to manipulate the H bond structure in diluted (1 m) NH4Ac solutions. FTIR results are used to study the H-bonding network as function of the EG:water ratio. The diluted aqueous electrolyte containing EG show no freezing point and wider electrochemical window. As a proof-of-concept, full cells composed of Prussian blue derivatives, PTCDI anode, and 1 m NH4Ac with the addition of EG are tested to verify the effectiveness of EG during battery operation. Improved cycling performance and higher coulombic efficiencies are demonstrated compared to those including 1 m NH4Ac in water.

Understanding the Super-Theoretical Capacity Behavior of VO2 in Aqueous Zn Batteries.

VO2 material, as a promising intercalation host, is widely investigated not only in aqueous lithium-ion batteries, but also in aqueous zinc-ion batteries (AZIBs) owing to its stable tunnel-like framework and multivalence of vanadium. Different from lithium-ion storage, VO2 can provide higher capacity when storing zinc ions, even exceeding its theoretical capacity (323mAhg-1), but the specific reason for this unconventional performance in AZIBs is still unclear. The present study proposes a catalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) coupled with an interface oxidation mechanism of VO2 during the initial charging to a high voltage. This coupling induces a phase transformation of VO2 into a high oxidation state of V5O12∙6H2O, enabling a nearly two-electron reaction and providing additional zinc storage sites to achieve super-theoretical capacity. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that these vanadium oxide cathodes (V2O3, VO2, and V2O5) will all undergo phase change after the first charge or short cycle. Notably, water molecules participate in the final formation of layered vanadium-based hydrate, highlighting their crucial role as "pillars" for stabilizing the structure. This work significantly enhances the understanding of vanadium-based oxide cathodes.

3D Printed Rechargeable Aqueous and Non-Aqueous Lithium-Ion Batteries: Evolution of Design and Performance

Here we describe the modeling and design evolution of vat polimerized (Vat-P) stereolithographic apparatus (SLA) 3D printed coin cell-type aqueous and non-aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion batteries, cases and current collectors. We detail the rationale for design evolution that improved performance, handling and assembly of the printed batteries. Some guidance into the modeling, 3D printing process, material choice, chemical and electrochemical stability, assembly, sealing, and performance of 3D printed Li-ion batteries is outlined. 3D printed Li-ion batteries demonstrated promising results in terms of gravimetric capacity, rate capability, and capacity per unit footprint area compared to conventional coin cells in both aqueous and non-aqueous systems. For aqueous cells, the cell level capacity is a factor of 2–3x higher than similar metal coin cells due to the lighter weight and better rate response. We also outline design requirements for a Vat-P printed battery that are compatible with organic carbonate-based electrolytes, where the cell provides 115 mAh g−1 specific capacity using an LiCoO2–graphite chemistry, which is only ∼20% less than the maximum reversible capacity of LCO. Despite the challenges faced in optimizing the design and materials for 3D printed Li-ion batteries, this study provides valuable information for future research and development.

Passivated Bi2Se3 electrode in Na2CO3 solution to improve anode efficiency in aqueous Li-ion batteries

Efficient anode materials are crucial for the success of aqueous rechargeable lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs) since many materials degrade significantly during electrochemical reactions. In this study, the modification of Bi2Se3 with Na2CO3 was explored to enhance the charge–discharge characteristics of the anode. The passivated Bi2Se3 electrode exhibited improved electrochemical performance, maintaining high charge and discharge capacities of 816 mAh·g−1 after the 5th cycle and 570 mAh·g−1 after the 100th cycle with stable Coulombic efficiency of 98.0 ± 1.2 %. Charge-discharge profiles and cyclic voltammetry revealed the lithium intercalation and deintercalation, while impedance spectroscopy indicated changes in the electrode structure during cycling. These findings highlight the potential of using Bi2Se3 electrodes with a pre-formed surface film to enhance the stability and performance of ALIBs.