Aqueous Extract Of Ginger Research Articles

Modulatory Effect of Aqueous Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract on Gentamicin Sulfate Induced Oxidative Stress and Nephrotoxicity in Female Albino Rats

Modulatory Effect of Aqueous Ginger (Zingiber officinale) Extract on Gentamicin Sulfate Induced Oxidative Stress and Nephrotoxicity in Female Albino Rats

Effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Rhizome on Serum Progesterone Level and Markers of Oxidative Stress in African Giant Rat (Cricetomys Gambianus) in Captivity

Effects of Aqueous and Ethanolic Extracts of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale) Rhizome on Serum Progesterone Level and Markers of Oxidative Stress in African Giant Rat (Cricetomys Gambianus) in Captivity

The effect of ginger extract on expression of Gli1 and Patched-1 genes involved in breast cancer signaling pathway under in vitro condition

Introduction and Aim: Breast cancer ranks among the leading causes of death in women worldwide. Ginger has shown potential efficacy against certain cancer types, surpassing conventional therapies such as chemotherapy and radiation. However, its molecular mechanisms remain less understood. Materials and Methods: In this study, MCF-7 cancer cells were cultured and treated with various concentrations of aqueous ginger extract (20, 30, 45, 65 microgram/mL) for 12, 48, and 72 hours. The effects were assessed through gene expression analysis and cell vitality assays (MTT). Results: The cell vitality test revealed a direct correlation between cytotoxicity and extract concentration. Concentrations exceeding 30 microgram/mL exhibited significant cell death (IC50 of 104.03 microgram/mL). Gene expression analysis demonstrated an increase in Patched-1 and a decrease in Gli1 expression with rising extract concentrations. The maximum Patched-1 expression occurred at 65 microgram/mL after 72 hours. Patched-1 (oncogene) and Gli1 (tumor suppressor) are pivotal genes in the hedgehog (Hh) signalling pathway associated with breast cancer. Conclusion: It appears that ginger compounds play a substantial role in regulating cancer progression by influencing key components of the hedgehog signalling pathway.

In Vitro Studies on the Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Syzygium Aromaticum Linn. (Cloves) and Zingiber Officinale Roscoe (Ginger) on Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility in Sickle Cells

Sickle cell disease is a genetically inherited blood disease that is characterized by the production of abnormal erythrocytes, shaped like a sickle. Definite cure for sickle cell disease is yet to be established, therefore, palliative methods such as antioxidant agents which reduce occurrence of intravascular haemolysis are employed. Naturally occurring antioxidants are found in Syzygium aromaticum Linn. (Clove) and Zingiber officinale (ginger) as documented by previous researches are therefore tested on the erythrocyte osmotic fragility of sickle cell red blood cells (RBC). Aqueous extracts of clove and ginger were obtained by maceration and antioxidant activity of the extracts was determined by 2, 2,-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) using ascorbate as standard. Blood samples from twenty five sickle cell disease subjects were collected and divided into five groups. Group one was control, groups two and three were incubated with 1mg/ml and 10mg/ml of clove extract respectively, while groups four and five were incubated with 1mg/ml and 10mg/ml of ginger extract respectively. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility was determined using graded series of hypotonic Sodium Chloride (NaCl) solutions of concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 0.9%. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Turkey test was used to analyze data and test of significance was applied at p?0.05. The results revealed the presence of phenols, alkaloids, flavonoid and tannins in both clove and ginger extracts; glycosides were present in ginger but absent in clove. Antioxidant at low concentration of 50µg/ ml showed percentage inhibition of clove and ginger were 67.43% and 11.87%, respectively, and that of ascorbate was 20.15%. At high concentration of 250µg/ml, clove and ginger had percentage inhibition of 93.8% and 81.18% respectively, while ascorbate had 84.06%. Erythrocyte osmotic fragility test results showed complete haemolysis at 0.1% NaCl concentration in all groups. At 0.2% NaCl concentration, percentage haemolysis of the group treated with 10mg of clove 69.12 ± 0.05, was significantly lower (p?0.05) than the control (98.12 ± 0.05), while the group treated with 10mg ginger extract showed 98.02 ± 0.04 which is not significantly lower (p?0.05) than that of the control. At 0.5% NaCl concentration, percentage haemolysis of groups treated with 10mg clove extract and 10mg ginger extract were 8.400.18 and 20.42 ± 0.18, respectively, which were significantly lower (p?0.05) than that of the control group (45.90 ± 0.10). The groups treated with 1mg clove extract and 1mg ginger extract showed percentage haemolysis values of 38.04 ± 0.10 and 30.02 ± 0.10 respectively at 0.5% NaCl concentration which were significantly lower (p?0.05) than the control group (45.90 ± 0.10). Clove showed higher antioxidant activity than ginger. Both plants also demonstrated a capacity for maintaining erythrocyte membrane stability, with clove being better at lowering erythrocyte fragility than ginger.

Green synthesis of biogenic selenium nanoparticles functionalized with ginger dietary extract targeting virulence factor and biofilm formation in Candida albicans

To treat the systemic infections caused by Candida albicans (C. albicans), various drugs have been used, however, infections still persisted due to virulence factors and increasing antifungal resistance. As a solution to this problem, we synthesized selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) by using Bacillus cereus bacteria. This is the first study to report a higher (70 %) reduction of selenite ions into SeNPs in under 6 h. The as-synthesized, biogenic SeNPs were used to deliver bioactive constituents of aqueous extract of ginger for inhibiting the growth and biofilm (virulence factors) in C. albicans. UV–visible spectroscopy revealed a characteristic absorption at 280 nm, and Raman spectroscopy showed a characteristic peak shift at 253 cm−1 for the biogenic SeNPs. The synthesized SeNPs are spherical with 240–250 nm in size as determined by electron microscopy. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the functionalization of antifungal constituents of ginger over the SeNPs (formation of Ginger@SeNPs nanoconjugates). In contrast to biogenic SeNPs, nanoconjugates were active against C. albicans for inhibiting growth and biofilm formation. In order to reveal antifungal mechanism of nanoconjugates', real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed, according to RT-PCR analysis, the nanoconjugates target virulence genes involved in C. albicans hyphae and biofilm formation. Nanoconjugates inhibited 25 % growth of human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cell line, indicating moderate cytotoxicity of active nanoconjugates in an in-vitro cytotoxicity study. Therefore, biogenic SeNPs conjugated with ginger dietary extract may be a potential antifungal agent and drug carrier for inhibiting C. albicans growth and biofilm formation.

Green synthesis and antibacterial assessment of chitosan/silver nanocomposite conjugated with tobramycin against antibiotic resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa

In this study, we employed aqueous ginger extract as an eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs), silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), and chitosan/silver nanocomposites (Cs/AgNCs). Using spectroscopic and microscopic techniques, we thoroughly characterized the physicochemical properties of these nanomaterials, confirming their desirable attributes. The AgNPs displayed a spherical morphology with an average diameter of 19 nm, while the Cs/AgNCs exhibited a size of approximately 28 nm. To assess their antibacterial efficacy, we investigated the activity of both AgNPs and Cs/AgNCs against Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Remarkably, these nanomaterials demonstrated significant antibacterial properties. To further enhance their antibacterial capabilities, we conjugated the nanocomposite with tobramycin using Sulfo NHS and EDC, resulting in a four-fold increase in antibacterial activity compared to tobramycin alone. Moreover, we explored the ability of AgNPs, CsNPs, Cs/AgNCs, and Cs/AgNCs/tobramycin (Cs/AgNCs/tbn) to degrade DNA and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Encouraging results were obtained, highlighting their potential applications in antimicrobial strategies. Furthermore, we conducted a comprehensive toxicity assessment of AgNPs, CsNPs, Cs/AgNCs, and Cs/AgNCs/tob using zebrafish embryos. The findings revealed low to moderate levels of toxicity for these nanomaterials, with Cs/AgNCs/tbn demonstrating no observable toxic effects. Our study demonstrates the immense potential of utilizing aqueous ginger extract as a green synthesis method to produce AgNPs and Cs/AgNCs with robust antibacterial properties and minimal toxicity. These findings pave the way for the development of innovative nanomaterials for various biomedical applications.

Ameliorating Effect of Aqueous Ginger Extract And Exercise On Insulin Resistance in Fructose Induced Type 2 Diabetic Rats Through Upregulation of Serum Sirtuin-1

Introduction:The mounting prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in developing countries calls for an immediate need to find novel treatment strategies that not only target its underlying pathological process but are also safe and cost effective. Aims &Objectives:To determine the effect of ginger supplementation, exercise and their combination on insulin resistance (IR) and levels of serum sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) in fructose induced type 2 diabetic rat model. Material &Methods:This randomized controlled trial was conducted at animal laboratory of Postgraduate Medical Institute Lahore, Pakistan, from January 2021 to June 2021, in which thirty rats were randomly allocated to five groups with six rats in each.Rats belonging to group1 (Normal Control) were given normal rat chow diet. Diabetes was induced in groups 2, 3 and 4 by administering 25% fructose diet, following which, group 2 was reserved as diabetic/positive control (PC) and continued to receive 25 %fructose diet only. Animals of group 3 received aqueous ginger extract (GE), group 4 underwent swimming exercise (EX) and group 5 received their combination (GE+EX) for 8 weeks. Aqueous ginger extract was prepared in the Pharmacology lab at PGMI where 50 gm of fresh ginger was blended with 75ml of 0.9% NaCl and filtered thrice. The obtained filtrate was centrifuged at a speed of 2000 rpm for ten minutes. The clear supernatant fraction was made to reach 100 ml mark using NaCl resulting in a concentration of 500 mg/ml which was used for oral administration. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS version 26, a p-value of ?0.05 was considered significant. Results:The results of the current study showed development of T2DM with 25% fructose supplementation in PC group, resulting in significantly high level of IR along with a significant reduction in levels of serum SIRT1. Aqueousginger extract group as well as the exercise group, both individually showed a significant reduction in IR as compared to the diabetic group and this was associated with significantly increased level of serum SIRT1 (p<0.05). However, most pronounced effect was seen in the combination group having lowest level of IR associated with a statistically significant increase in SIRT1 levels (p<0.05). Conclusion: Aqueousginger extract supplementation and exercise training, alone and in combination have the potential to significantly ameliorate IR in T2DM through its positive influence on serum SIRT1.However, the combination group has the most pronounced effect reflecting a potential synergistic effect of both interventions. Ginger supplementation and exercise may be introduced as safer, cost effective and natural adjunct to anti diabetic drugs hence lowering their potentially harmful side effects.

Effects of the Aqueous Extract of the Rhizomes of Zingiber officinale (Ginger) on Sexual Parameters in Female Wistar Rats

The rhizome of Zingiber officinal (Ginger) is widely consumed as a juice and spice in the Congo, and is also used in the treatment of various pathologies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of Ginger on the reproductive function of the rat. Four batches of four female rats each received the aqueous rhizome extract of Zingiber officinal (Ginger) at doses of 300 and 600 mg/kg, 17β-estradiol at a dose of 1 mg/kg and distilled water, orally for 14 days. Acute toxicity was previously assessed in mice. The results of the acute toxicity study at a dose of 5000 mg/kg of each extract showed no signs of toxicity in mice. Pharmacological tests with rats showed that aqueous ginger extract non-significantly increased and decreased rat body weight at 300 and 600 mg/kg respectively. The 600 mg/Kg dose blocked the sexual cycle at the estrus stage and lowered plasma estradiol levels. Whereas the 300 mg/kg dose increases plasma estradiol levels with a more or less regular sexual cycle. Chemical screening of this extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, anthraquinones and steroids.

Comparative effect of ginger (an anti-inflammatory medicinal herb) and aspirin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) on liver enzymes in male albino Wistar rats

Background:Herbal therapies mediate similar functions with those of some well-known drugs. Ginger and aspirin are herbal and drug therapies respectively which are used for the treatment of anti-inflammatory conditions. Non-steroidal medicinal drugs especially aspirin and acetaminophen are usually linked to drug-induced liver injury. Therefore, this research seeks to compare the effect of these two therapies on liver function using aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) as the biomarkers. The aim of the study was to establish if ginger will offer a better hepatocellular protection considering that the use of aspirin in treating inflammatory disorders is already linked to liver injury.
 Methods: AST, ALT, ALP, Total, conjugated and unconjugated bilirubin were assessed in this study using 18 Wistar rats. The animals were divided into three groups (control, ginger and aspirin), six (6) rats per group. The three groups of animals were allowed access to food and water daily throughout the experimental period. Ginger group animals were administered 150 mg/kg dose of aqueous ginger extract while aspirin group of animals also received 150 mg/kg dose of aspirin for four weeks. Control group received normal saline of equal volume with the test groups.
 Results: AST, ALT, total and conjugated bilirubin was significantly lower in ginger group compared to aspirin and the control group (P<0.05). However, ALP was significantly higher in ginger group compared to aspirin and the control group (P<0.05). Unconjugated bilirubin showed no significant difference among experimental groups.
 Conclusion: Result showed that ginger offered a better hepatocellular protection compared to aspirin group following decrease AST and ALT concentration in the ginger group.

Proximate Analysis, Vitamins, and Mineral Compositions of Zingiber officinale, Ocimmum gratissimum and their Herbal Blend

The nutritional composition of the aqueous extract of the leaves of Ocimum gratissimum, Zingiber officinale roots and their mixture were evaluated by investigating their proximate composition, vitamin, and mineral composition following standard biochemical methods. Proximate analysis of the herbal blend revealed the percentage moisture, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, and ash, as 15.84%, 13.62%, 0.36%, 1.84%, 2.92%, respectively surpassing the content from individual extracts. However, the carbohydrate content and total energy ranked in descending order of magnitude; aqueous extract of ginger (76.30%; 350.78 kCal) > scent leaf (70.03%; 345.29 kCal) > ginger -scent leaf blend (65.41%; 332.66 kCal). The vitamin and mineral content in the herbal mixture investigated showed higher concentrations of Vitamins (A, BI, B2, B3, C, E) and minerals followed the same pattern. Nevertheless, aqueous extract of ginger showed a higher content of calcium. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the nutritional composition of these popular culinary ingredients and highlight their potential health benefits.

Study Effect of the Aqueous and Alcoholic Extracts of Radish and Ginger on the Gram Negative Bacteria that Cause Urinary Tract Infection in Balad City

This study aimed to investigate the inhibitory effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of radish and ginger on bacterial species isolated from urinary tract and auditory system infections. Prior research has shown the potential of natural plant extracts as alternatives to synthetic antibiotics. In this study, extracts were tested at concentrations of 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/ml for each extract against six different bacterial species. Results demonstrated that the hot alcoholic extract was more efficient than the hot water extracts of the two plants, with 100 mg/ml concentration having the highest inhibition ability. In addition, the inhibitory effect increased with increasing extract concentration. The hot alcoholic extracts of both ginger and radish were found to have higher inhibitory effects against the bacterial species, with the hot alcoholic ginger extract being more effective than the radish water extract. Furthermore, the synergistic effects of the hot alcoholic and water extracts of radish and ginger were tested against all of the identified bacterial species. Finally, sensitivity testing demonstrated that the isolated bacteria showed differences in their sensitivity and resistance to different antibiotics. Overall, this study highlights the potential of natural plant extracts as a source of new antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections. Existing research has shown the potential of natural plant extracts as alternatives to synthetic antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections, including UTIs. However, there is a lack of studies investigating the inhibitory effect of specific plant extracts, such as radish and ginger, on bacterial species isolated from UTIs and auditory system infections. This study aims to address this research gap by investigating the inhibitory effect of aqueous and alcoholic extracts of radish and ginger on six different bacterial species. The importance of this research gap lies in the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance and the need for alternative treatments. The research motivation is to explore the potential of natural plant extracts as a source of new antibiotics for the treatment of bacterial infections.

Antibacterial Effect of Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale Extracts on Some Clinically Pathogenic Bacteria

The ability of some pathogenic bacteria to develop antibiotic resistance has become a global health challenge, and there is an increasing rate of bacteria resistance against the available antibiotic drug. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory effect of Allium sativum (Garlic) and Zingiber officinale (Ginger) extracts on clinical pathogenic bacteria. Four different concentrations (125mg/ml, 250mg/ml, 500mg/ml, and 1000mg/ml) of each extract were tested against the test organisms. The test isolates showed susceptibility to varying concentrations of the crude extracts. For aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Allium sativum, Staphylococcus aureus showed the highest susceptibility (16±0.8mm and 15.7±1.2mm), followed by Escherichia coli (13.7±1.2mm and 14±0.8mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14±0.8mm and 12±0.8mm) while Klebsiella pneumonia showed the least susceptibility of (11±0.8mm and 10±1.3mm). For aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Zingiber officinale, Staphylococcus aureus also showed the highest susceptibility (16±0.8mm and 15±0.8mm), followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (14±0.8mm and 12±0.8mm), Escherichia coli (13.7±1.2mm and 13±0.8mm) and the least was Klebsiella pneumonia at (11±0.8mm and 7±0.8mm). However, all the tested organisms were most susceptible to aqueous extracts of garlic and ginger but showed relatively lower susceptibility to ethanolic extracts of ginger. The minimum inhibitory concentration for garlic and ginger extract was 125mg/ml against E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa. The phytochemical screening showed the abundant presence of Tannins, Flavonoids, and carbohydrates in the extracts. This study has revealed that extracts of Garlic and Ginger have antibacterial properties against some pathogenic bacteria isolates. Therefore, this study encourages Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale to treat diseases caused by these pathogenic bacteria.

Assessing the Antioxidant Potential of Ginger Aqueous Extract on H2O2 Induced Oxidative Stress in Local Rabbits: A Comprehensive Study of Hematological Parameters

This research, that was carried out at the Technical Institute in Bakraju/ Sulaimaniyah Technical University, the aim was to investigate the impact of administering 0.5% hydrogen peroxide via drinking water as an oxidative stress inducer, as well as the effect of an antioxidant in the form of an aqueous extract of ginger tubers (at a dosage of 200 mg/kg), on the physiological characteristics of male domestic rabbits. A total of 48 rabbits distributed into four groups, each group consisting of 12 rabbits. The study lasted for 42 days, the groups were: a control group, a group receiving only hydrogen peroxide (0.05%), a group receiving only the ginger extract (200 mg/kg), and a group receiving both hydrogen peroxide (0.05%) and the ginger extract (200 mg/kg). The second group resulted in negative effects on blood indicators, including a decrease in the total number of RBCs, hemoglobin concentration, PCV, and platelets compared to the other groups. These effects were significant at a level of P≤0.05. However, the third group (200 mg/kg) of aqueous ginger tubers extract had a positive effect, improving all the previously mentioned indicators and significantly surpassing the control and second groups at a probability level of P≤0.05. Additionally, the use of the aqueous extract of ginger tubers in conjunction with hydrogen peroxide in the fourth group prevented or minimized the negative effects of oxidative stress caused by hydrogen peroxide on most of the blood indicators mentioned in the study.

Comparative effect of ginger (an anti-inflammatory medicinal herb) and aspirin (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) on cytoprotection and body weight changes in male albino Wistar rats

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIDs) are used to treat acute and chronic musculoskeletal problems (osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and gout injuries), headaches, dental aches, surgical pains, and dysmenorrhea. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) can cause ulcers. Ginger, a common spice, is anti-inflammatory. Ginger's anti-inflammatory qualities make it suitable for the herbal treatment of inflammatory diseases in numerous cultures. This study examined the effects of ginger, an anti-inflammatory plant, and aspirin, a NSAID, on animal stomachs and body weight. Both are used to treat inflammatory conditions in various nations. Given that aspirin has been linked to stomach ulcers, the study sought to determine if ginger had a larger stomach cytoprotective impact. The study hopes to determine if ginger, a medicinal herb, might reduce inflammation and weight. This study used 45 male Wistar rats. Three 15-rat groups—Control, Ginger, and Aspirin—were created. Five (5) rats in each group were utilized to assess mucus, ulcer scores, and pepsin secretion from the 15 rats in each group. Three animal groups received food and water daily. For four weeks, ginger group mice received 150 mg/kg aqueous ginger extract, while aspirin group animals received 150 mg/kg aspirin. At the end of the trial, ginger group animals had considerably lower mucus secretion than the control and aspirin groups. At 0.05 significance difference, the ginger group's pepsin secretion was significantly higher than the control and aspirin groups, although the ulcer score was significantly higher in the aspirin group. Ginger and aspirin groups had lower body weight changes than the control group at 0.05 significant differences. Ginger may treat inflammatory diseases, according to ulcer scores, and decrease weight gain.

Expression of major histocompatibility complex class II gene in commercial strains of broiler chickens administered varying levels of aqueous ginger extract

Due to regulation on the usage of synthetic antibiotics as a result of the development of resistance by microorganisms, the expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class II gene in three commercial strains of broiler chickens administered varying levels of ginger extract was investigated. Ninety each of Arbor acres Plus, Cobb 500 and Ross 308 were used in the experiment. The birds were randomly divided into three treatment groups, on breed basis, of 30 birds, designated as T1, T2, and T3. Each treatment per breed were further divided into 3 replicates of 10 chicks. The control was administered a leveled table spoonful of Oxytetracycline® in 2L of water as recommended by the manufacturer while 4% and 6% of aqueous ginger extract was given to treatment 2, and 3 birds, respectively via drinking water. A single phase diet (22.34% CP; 2948.05 ME kcal/kg) was fed to the birds for 8 weeks. Liver samples were collected at the end of the experiment, fixed in RNA Later, and used for the expression study. Results showed significant (P<0.05) effect of treatment on the expression of MHC complex class II gene of the birds. Arbor acres Plus, Cobb 500 and Ross 308 birds administered ginger extract expressed more of the gene compared to the control. For the breed effect, expression of MHC class II gene was better in Ross 308 strain (1.07 fold change) followed by Arbor acres plus (0.76 fold change) while Cobb 500 had the least (0.62 fold change). For the effect of varying ginger extract levels on the expression of MHC class II gene, it was observed to have been upregulated most in birds administered 4% ginger extract (1.26 FC), 6% ginger extract (1.19 FC), while the control (0% ) had the least value (0.00 FC). In conclusion, aqueous ginger extract could be used up to 6% in the drinking water of the three broiler chickens strains as it led to upregulation of the MHC class II gene expression which could help in conferring immunity to the birds against exogenous microbial infection.
 
 
 
 
 En raison de la réglementation sur l’utilisation d’antibiotiques synthétiques à la suite du développement d’une résistance par des micro-organismes, l’expression du gène de classe II du complexe majeur d’histocompatibilité (CMH) dans trois souches commerciales de poulets à griller administrées à des niveaux variables d’extrait de gingembre a été étudiée. Quatre-vingt-dix chacun des acres Arbor Plus, Cobb 500 et Ross 308 ont été utilisés dans l’expérience. Les oiseaux ont été divisés au hasard en trois groupes de traitement, sur la base de la race, de 30 oiseaux, désignés par T1, T2 et T3. Chaque traitement par race a ensuite été divisé en 3 répétitions de 10 poussins. Le témoin a reçu une cuillerée de table rase d’Oxytetracycline® dans 2L d’eau comme recommandé par le fabricant tandis que 4% et 6% d’extrait aqueux de gingembre ont été administrés aux oiseaux de traitement 2 et 3, respectivement via l’eau potable. Un régime à une seule phase (22,34 % de PB ; 2 948,05 ME kcal/kg) a été administré aux oiseaux pendant
 8 semaines. Des échantillons de foie ont été prélevés à la fin de l’expérience, fixés ultérieurement dans l’ARN et utilisés pour l’étude d’expression. Les résultats ont montré un effet significatif (P<0,05) du traitement sur l’expression du gène du complexe CMH de classe II des oiseaux. Les oiseaux Arbor acres Plus, Cobb 500 et Ross 308 ayant reçu de l’extrait de gingembre ont exprimé plus de gène que le témoin. Pour l’effet de race, l’expression du gène CMH de classe II était meilleure dans la souche Ross 308 (changement de 1,07 fois) suivie par Arbor acres plus (changement de 0,76 fois) tandis que Cobb 500 avait le moins (changement de 0,62 fois). Pour l’effet de la variation des niveaux d’extrait de gingembre sur l’expression du gène du CMH de classe II, il a été observé qu’il avait été régulé positivement chez les oiseaux ayant reçu 4 % d’extrait de gingembre (1,26 FC), 6 % d’extrait de gingembre (1,19 FC), tandis que le contrôle (0% ) avait la valeur la plus faible (0,00 FC). En conclusion, l’extrait aqueux de gingembre pourrait être utilisé jusqu’à 6% dans l’eau potable des trois souches de poulets à griller car il a conduit à une régulation positive de l’expression du gène MHC de classe II qui pourrait aider à conférer une immunité aux oiseaux contre les infections microbiennes exogènes.

Formulation and Evaluation of Herbal Floating Tablet for the Treatment of Gastric Ulcer

Introduction: The goal of the current study was to create and assess herbal floating tablet that would treat stomach ulcers. Many of the medications that are currently on the market have either been directly or indirectly produced from plants, which have long been considered an experimental source of medication. Different diseases are treated with plant extracts. There are so many chemically active components in plants that can be used to cure so many different diseases. Herbal floating tablet increase bioavailability, extend the period that pharmaceuticals stay in the stomach, and make it easier to administer medications locally to the stomach. For the treatment of gastric ulcers, floating tablets with alcoholic extract of amla as the primary active ingredient were created in this study. Method: The herbal floating tablet was made using the direct compression method and contains alcoholic extracts of amla, aqueous extracts of ginger and fenugreek, psyllium husk, HPMC K100M, sodium bicarbonate, talc, and magnesium stearate. Additional evaluation tests for the herbal floating tablet include those for hardness, thickness, diameter, weight uniformity, and buoyancy duration. The use of buoyancy time improved the formulation. The tablet were made using the direct compression process and contained alcoholic extract of amla, aqueous extract of ginger and fenugreek, psyllium husk, HPMC K100M, sodium bicarbonate, talc, and magnesium stearate. For gastro retentive drug delivery systems, a combination of psyllium husk, sodium bicarbonate, and HPMC K100M can prove promising.

PHYSICOCHEMICAL, FORMULATION, AND EVALUATION OF ANTIFUNGAL HERBAL SOAP USING CURCUMA AMADA ROXBURGH AND PRUNUS DULCIS

Objective: Mango ginger (Curcuma amada Roxburgh) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family, a type of annual plant. It is commonly used for culinary and therapeutic purposes, which also has the maximum amount of health benefits. The main objective of the study is formulation of antifungal herbal soap which is alternate to chemical products. Methods: In the present study, aqueous, ethanol, and chloroform extract of mango ginger were subjected to qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analysis and determined the antioxidant activity using DPPH assay and FRAP assay. Furthermore, the ash and moisture content of the rhizome was analyzed. The aqueous extract of mango ginger is used in the GC-MS study to identify the compounds present in the mango ginger. The oil was extracted from mango ginger and subjected to antifungal activity by the well-diffusion method against three fungi, namely, Candida tropicalis, Candida auris, and Candida albicans. Using the extracted mango ginger oil and almond oil, antifungal Herbal Soap is formulated. Result: This study shows that aqueous extract of mango ginger has a greater number of carbohydrates, phenol, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity than other extracts. Antifungal activity is observed at various concentrations of extract, which shows that the highest zone of inhibition is 1.4 cm for C. auris. The formulated soap has a good aroma, and color – mustard yellow. This soap is base in nature and its pH is 8.9. Conclusion: According to the above studies, the formulated antifungal herbal soap may rectify the problems of fungal skin infections.

Studying the Inhibitory Effect of Cinnamon and Ginger Aqueous Extracts Against Rice-Associated Fungi that Produce Aflatoxin

The studying included testing the inhibitory activity of the aqueous extracts of cinnamon (Cinnamomum zylanicum) and ginger (Zingibero fficinale) at three concentrations (50, 100 and 200 mgL-1) on the aflatoxin-producing fungi (Aspergillus lavus and Aspergillus parasiticus) isolated from rice used for daily consumption in Iraq as well as the studying of possibility of reducing the aflatoxins after treating the fungal isolates with aqueous extract of medicinal plants. The studying showed the possibility of isolating and diagnosing three genera of fungi using phenotypic and microscopic characteristics based on taxonomic keys. The results showed the presence of three species of Aspergillus (A. flavus, A. parasiticus and A. niger), in addition to the Penicillium spp. and Fusarium spp. at different appearance rates. Also, the results revealed that the aqueous extract of cinnamon and ginger had inhibitory activity against the aflatoxin producing fungi at a concentration of 200 mgL-1 and that the fungal diameter of the inhibition area was 22 mm for both A. flavus and A. parasiticus.

The Effect of Ginger (Zingiber officinale Roscoe) Aqueous Extract on Postprandial Glycemia in Nondiabetic Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Ginger has shown beneficial effects on blood glucose control due to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study investigated the effect of ginger aqueous extract on postprandial glucose levels in nondiabetic adults and characterized its antioxidant activity. Twenty-four nondiabetic participants were randomly assigned into two groups (NCT05152745), the intervention group (n = 12) and the control group (n = 12). Both groups were administered 200 mL of an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), after which participants in the intervention group ingested 100 mL of ginger extract (0.2 g/100 mL). Postprandial blood glucose was measured while fasting and after 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. The total phenolic content, flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of ginger extract were quantified. In the intervention group, the incremental area under the curve for glucose levels decreased significantly (p < 0.001) and the maximum glucose concentration significantly reduced (p < 0.001). The extract possessed a polyphenolic content of 13.85 mg gallic acid equivalent/L, a flavonoid content of 3.35 mg quercetin equivalent/L, and a high superoxide radical inhibitory capacity (45.73%). This study showed that ginger has a beneficial effect on glucose homeostasis under acute conditions and encourages the use of ginger extract as a promising source of natural antioxidants.

A literature review of cashew apple processing

The cashew tree, a tree adapted to tropical areas was introduced in Africa by European explorers. Its cultivation in some African countries has been done to stop the advancing Sahara desert and to reduce soil erosion. The cashew fruit consists of a nut being the real fruit, and a fleshy apple which is considered the pseudo-fruit. The nut represents the major point of interest in cashew tree cultivation. Despite being a commodity of international trade, cashew apple suffers from low commercial interest. As a result, millions of tons of cashew apple rot in orchards without any form of processing every year. Gradually, its excellent properties are attracting the attention of the scientific world and industrialists with a view to enhancing its commercial and food value. This review reports different methodologies of transforming cashew apple. Some potential products include juice and potential cocktails. Juice clarified by tangential microfiltration was almost cleared of tannins, giving good clarity and a pleasant taste. A stabilized cocktail of cashew apple and pineapple juices using 10% ginger aqueous extract was judged good as it retained prime quality for 7 days at 4 - 5 °C, with significant improvement of vitamin C and protein content (p ≤ 0.05). Obtaining an amber dry wine of 12.6% alcohol with no significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) from commercial grape wine was demonstrated using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a fermenting agent. Ethanol of 97.8% purity was also obtained by immobilized cells of S. cerevisiae on silica gel. Edible vinegar of 4% acidity with similar characteristics as commercial varieties was produced from the juice. Jam and a viscous syrup of 80 °Brix which was found to be rich in glucose and fructose was also produced. A generator powered by 6% cashew apple biofuel with the rest being gasoline revealed reduced fuel consumption compared to the use of gasoline alone, though engine behavior during its operation was a concern. Also, cashew apple flour has been used for the manufacture of composite biscuit formulated with or without wheat flour. Thus, cashew apple could become a source of additional incomes for peasants by being the origin of creation of companies through these various developed technologies. Key words: cashew apple, processing, juice, alcohol, vinegar, jam, syrup, flour, biofuel