Aqueous Extract Research Articles

Antioxidative Potential of Telfairia occidentalis Aqueous Leaves Extract in Mitigating Cyclophosphamide-Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats

Aim: This study sought to investigate the antioxidative potentials of Telfairia occidentalis aqueous leaves extract (TOAE) on cyclophosphamide (CP) induced neurotoxicity in rats. Study Design: This study sought to investigate the antioxidative potentials of Telfairia occidentalis aqueous leaf extract (TOAE) on cyclophosphamide induced neurotoxicity in rats. Place and duration of the study: This study was carried out in the Department of Anatomy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria between October, 2023 and September, 2024 Methods: 25 Adult wistar rats were assigned into five different groups I-V of (n=5) which were respectively exposed for 14 days as follow to Normal saline, TOAE only (400 mg/kg b.w), 400 mg/kg b.w TOAE with single dose of 100 mg/kg CP on 14th day, single dose 100 mg/kg CP only on day 1 and single dose of 100 mg/kg CP only on day 1 followed by 400 mg/kg b.w of TOAE for 14 days. CP was administered intraperitoneally and TOAE was administered orally. All the animals were sacrificed at the end of designated exposure and processed for biochemical evaluations using standard protocols. Results: CP mediated inflammation in cerebellum of rats with a significant increase in MDA, CAT, IL-1β and TNF-α significant decrease in SOD and Gpx levels compared with a control group. Lipid peroxidation was also induced following exposure of rats to CP. There is a marked decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities in CP group. However, treatment with TOAE markedly inhibited the inflammation by reversing the elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Furthermore, TOAE suppressed the lipid peroxidation chain reaction by reducing the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and catalase CAT. TOAE attenuates CP-induced oxidative stress by increase the level of GPx and superoxide dismutase enhancing the activities of the cytoprotective enzymes (catalase and glutathione-S- transferase). Serum levels of Interleukin-2/1-beta and Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α), were measured on the 15th day after exposure. The effect of TOAE was deduced on anti-inflammatory and antioxidants properties. Taken together, TOAE inhibited inflammation, suppressed lipid peroxidation, attenuated oxidative stress, and enhanced the antioxidant enzymes activities. Conclusion: These therapeutic effects of TOAE might be due to its phytochemicals. The findings of this study indicate that aqueous leaf extract of T. occidentalis has could be a drug candidate for the treatment of the immunosuppressive effect of cyclophosphamide on neurotoxicity.

Regulatory Activity of the Aqueous Extract of Picralima nitida Seeds (Apocynaceae) on the Glycemia of Normoglycemic and Hyperglycemic Wistar Rats

Picralima nitida is a plant commonly used in traditional African medicine for its antimalarial, antidiuretic, antidiarrheal, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effect of the aqueous extract of Picralima seeds nitida on the glycemia of rats. To achieve this objective, we performed phytochemical screening using the tube revelation method. The effect of the aqueous extract of Picralima nitida seeds on glycemia was evaluated in normoglycemic and hyperglycemic rats. The screening results indicated the presence of polyphenols, catechic tannins, flavonoids and saponins. The results of the effect of the extract on blood sugar showed that the extract did not cause hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia in normoglycemic rats. As for the effect of the extract on blood sugar in hyperglycemic rats, the extract caused a significant reduction in hyperglycemia induced in rats with glucose. The antihyperglycemic and antihypoglycemic properties that the seeds of Picralima nitida highlighted in this work, reveal that the seeds of this plant would be a powerful remedy in the treatment of diabetes thanks to its active ingredients.

Aqueous babassu extract limits IL-6 and TNF-α expression on indomethacin-induced gastric lesions in rats

In addition to previously been used with therapeutic purposes among traditional population in the northeast of Brazil, the pharmacologic properties of babassu (Orbignya Phalerata) have already been shown in many studies through the last thirty years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the capacity of babassu extract on prevent inflammatory response in Wistar rats’ gastric tissue, exposed to Indomethacin, against positive and negative control. The animals were distributed in three groups of five rats each. Group I received the babassu extract, Group II received omeprazole, as positive control, and Group III received distilled water, as negative control. Those three substances were administrated by intragastric gavage. 24 hours after the ulcer induction, with intragastric indomethacin, blood samples were collected, and total gastrectomy was performed. The gastric samples were rinsed with 0,9% saline, then gastric lavage and gastric tissue were systematic analyzed. The parameter for evaluation were presence or absence of Inflammation, Necrosis, Fibrosis, Reepithelization, Neocapillary and Ulcer extension on histologic analysis of the gastric sample, as well as Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels in gastric lavage and plasma. The histologic assessment has found significantly higher signals of tissue damage, in number, on distilled water group when compared with Babassu group and Omeprazole. The gastric lavage analysis has also shown significant statistically higher concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α in gastric lavage(p=0,032) in negative control group than in both Babassu and Omeprazole groups. Finally, this study has found that Aqueous Babassu Extract has the property of prevent gastric damage tissue in rats exposed to indomethacin, such property was found to be equivalent to the Omeprazole property, the establish pharmaceutical treatment for preventing PUD.

Baccharis trimera Aqueous Extract Protects Neuronal Mitochondrial Function and Reduces Microglial Lysosome Accumulation Induced by LDL Cholesterol

Baccharis trimera Aqueous Extract Protects Neuronal Mitochondrial Function and Reduces Microglial Lysosome Accumulation Induced by LDL Cholesterol

Silver nanoparticles prepared from Schinus terebinthifolius extract as new colorimetric sensor for Hg2+ determination

ABSTRACT A colorimetric sensor based on silver nanoparticles for mercury (Hg2+) determination in environmental samples, including stream water, treated water, and drilling fluid has been developed. The silver nanoparticles were synthesised via a biological method using aqueous extract of S. terebinthifolius leaves and characterised by visible spectrophotometry, transition electronic microscopy, dynamic light scattering, and Zeta potential analyses. In addition, the antibacterial activity of the obtained silver nanoparticles and the extract of S. terebinthifolius were also evaluated. The green synthetised silver nanoparticles showed a spherical morphology, high stability, and sensitivity to the presence of Hg2+ and Fe2+, being useful for quantification of both analytes. The obtained calibration curves for Hg2+ showed a R2 of 0.9982 and LOD of 0.10 mg L−1 and for Fe2+, with R2 of 0.9938 and LOD of 0.20 mg L−1. However, reflecting the high environmental concern of Hg2+, it was selected for the sensor´s application. This way, a simple masking alternative using H2 O2 and 1,10- phenanthroline was proposed to minimise potential interferences of Fe2+ on Hg2+ determination. The accuracy and the precision of the proposed sensor, evaluated by recovery tests (80–118%) and relative standard deviation (2–23%), were suitable for Hg2+ determination. The silver nanoparticles also showed promising antibacterial activity, especially against the gram- negative bacterium Escherichia coli. Thus, the colorimetric sensor based on silver nanoparticles presents a viable alternative for determination of Hg2+ with a suitable LOD for environmental samples.

Effect of cinnamon aqueous extracts on hyperglycemia in diabetes-induced wistar rat model

Diabetes mellitus is considered the epidemic of the century. Although various treatments for diabetes are available, the development of effective novel treatments based on medicinal plants is not yet recognized. Therefore, this study focused on the ability of Cinnamomum verum to lower blood glucose levels in Wistar rats suffering from diabetes. The cinnamon bark extract was prepared by sonication in water for one hour. Wistar rats (weight 180-220 g) were kept alternately in the dark and the light for 12 hours, with a standard diet and constant water supply. Diabetes was induced with streptozotocin (STZ), and the diabetic rats were divided into groups (6 rats/group), which were treated with cinnamon and metformin for 42 days. Fasting blood glucose levels were measured at regular intervals. After 42 days, the rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected by cardiac puncture to measure fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, lipid profile, renal function, and liver function tests. In the cinnamon-treated group, the mean FBG (IQR) at baseline and four weeks after treatment were 310 (256 -352) mg/dL and 119 (105-147) mg/dL, respectively (p = 0.02). However, no significant difference in insulin resistance and lipid profile was observed. The biochemical tests, hematological analysis, and histopathological examinations showed that the 42-day treatment with cinnamon had no significant adverse effects on kidney, liver, and bone marrow function. It can be concluded that the aqueous cinnamon bark extracts effectively improve hyperglycemia without adversely affecting the liver, kidneys, or bone marrow.

Phytochemical analysis and antioxidant activity of the herb of four types of astragalus belonging to the section Dissitiflori DC.

Introduction. According to numerous studies, it is known that representatives of the genus Astragalus L. contain a variety of biologically active compounds: alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpene saponins, nitrogen-containing compounds, including amino acids, phenolic acids and their esters, coumarins, higher fatty acids, polysaccharides, vitamins B, C, E, PP, salts of glycyrrhizic acid, trace elements, tannins, essential oils, gums, etc. It is relevant to conduct a phytochemical analysis of herbs of new species of the genus Astragalus L., as well as screening the antioxidant activity of their extracts. The types of astragalus belonging to the Dissitiflori DC section can be a promising source of biologically active substances with an antioxidant effect.Aim. To conduct a comparative phytochemical analysis and scoring of the antioxidant activity of aqueous extracts from the herb of four species of astragalus section Dissitiflori growing in the Saratov region.Materials and methods. The objects of the study were dried herbs of Astragalus macropus Bunge, Astragalus zingeri Korsh., Astragalus varius S.G. Gmel. and Astragalus ucrainicus Klok. et M. Pop., collected in the Saratov region in 2023 and dried to a residual moisture content of no more than 14 %. The quantitative assessment of the content of tannins was carried out by the permanganometric method (titrant – 0.02 M potassium permanganate solution). The quantitative content of ascorbic acid was established by direct titration using a 0.0001 M solution of sodium 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenolate as a titrant. Antioxidant activity was determined by permanganometric titration in an acidic medium according to a patented technique. The antioxidant activity index was calculated in terms of flavonoid compounds known for their antioxidant activity: rutin, quercetin (mg/ml). Antiradical activity was assessed using the DPPH test. All analyses were performed in triplicate, the data were processed using standard statistical methods, using MS Excel packages, 2021.Results and discussion. During the experiment, the herb of the genus Astragalus L. section Dissitiflori was analyzed for the content of tannins and ascorbic acid, and the antioxidant activity of extracts from the herb was determined by two methods. It was found that the highest content of tannins is observed in the herb A. macropus Bunge (2.27 ± 0.06 %) and A. zingeri Korsh. (2.23 ± 0.05 %); the highest content of ascorbic acid is in the herb A. varius S.G. Gmel. and A . zingeri Korsh. (0.04 ± 0.001 %). The highest antioxidant activity was observed in the extraction of A. ucrainicus Popov et Klok. from grass, which contains 23.03 ± 0.57 mg/g and 15.71 ± 0.39 mg/g of oxidizing substances in terms of rutin and quercetin, respectively, and antiradical activity in A. zingeri Korsh. (IC50 465.20 ± 12.2 mcg/ml).Conclusion. Analysis of the grass of four species of the genus Astragalus L. section Dissitiflori revealed a high content of tannins and ascorbic acid, as well as the presence of pronounced antioxidant activity in extracts from the grass of the analyzed species.

Aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in drinking water mitigates aflatoxin B1 toxicity in broilers: effects on performance, biomarker analysis, and liver histology.

This study evaluated aqueous Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract in drinking water as a mitigation strategy against Aflatoxin B1-induced toxicity in broilers, focusing on performance, haematology, serum biochemistry, pro-inflammatory cytokines, cellular stress markers, and liver histology. Two hundred and forty (240) day-old chicks (mixed sex), of the Cobb 500 breed were divided into four groups: control (CONT), AFB1-exposed (AFLB1), and two treatment groups (VE1AF and VE2AF) receiving 0.5mg/kg AFB1 and Vernonia amygdalina aqueous extract at 1g/L and 2g/L, respectively. At 42days, VE1AF and VE2AF chickens showed higher (P < 0.05) final weights and weight gains than CONT and AFLB1 groups. The red blood cells, packed cell volume, haemoglobin, and white blood cell counts were higher (P < 0.05) in CONT, VE1AF, and VE2AF groups compared to AFLB1. Mean cell volume, and mean cell haemaoglobin were higher (P < 0.05) in AFLB1 and VE2AF. Serum analysis revealed lower (P < 0.05) total protein, globulin, and albumin in AFLB1, which were restored by the extract. The tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ, were elevated (P < 0.05) in AFLB1 but reduced in VE1AF and VE2AF. The heat shock protein 70, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine and adiponectin levels were higher (P < 0.05) in AFLB1, but were normalized by the extract in VE1AF and VE2AF. Leptin and triiodothyronine levels were significantly (P < 0.05) better in VE1AF and VE2AF, compared to AFLB1. Liver histology showed reduced inflammation in VE1AF and VE2AF, with near-normal hepatic architecture. In conclusion, Vernonia amygdalina leaf extract effectively counteracts AFB1 toxicity, enhancing overall health and performance in broiler chickens.

Toxicity Assessment of River Sediments Impacted by Open-Pit Coal Mining in Colombia Using Caenorhabditis elegans

Coal mining is a critical economic for Colombia. However, mineral extraction is usually carried out near rivers that provide ecosystem services to riverside populations. Cesar River receives discharges from several open-pit coal mines, as well as from other anthropogenic sources. The aim of this work was to assess the chemical and the toxicity profile of the sediments from this river. Bottom sediment samples were collected from 12 points along the river, including tributaries and a Ramsar site, the Zapatosa Marsh. Trace elements were quantified employing ICP-MS, and mercury (Hg) was measured using a direct Hg analyzer. Aqueous extracts (K-medium) were obtained from dried sediments (1:3 ratio) and tested using Caenorhabditis elegans, assessing mortality, locomotion and growth as end points. Transcriptional effects associated with various toxicity mechanisms were evaluated using GFP-related transgenic strains (mtl-2, sod-4 and gst-1). Some trace metals enriched along the course of the river, especially Hg and V. Sediment extract-induced lethality was low (1.5–6.4%); however, nematode growth and locomotion decreased downstream the river, showing inhibition rates up to 23.3 and 35.4%, respectively. Extracts from downstream points increased the mRNA expression of tested genes compared to that elicited by the most upstream site, with greater values on stations receiving domestic sewage and mining outputs. Cobalt and lead were positively associated with metallothioneins and gst-1 expression. In short, coal mining areas should be closely monitored for trace-element release and their impact on biota. The Colombian government should implement laws and programs to protect key ecosystems from mining activities, as a commitment to sustainable development goals.

Exploring the Bioactive Potential of Mushroom Aqueous Extracts: Antimicrobial, Antioxidant, and Prebiotic Properties

Mushrooms provide essential nutrients and bioactive compounds, namely glucans, protein, and phenolic compounds. In this study, two aqueous extractions were performed (M1 and M2) using Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, and Agrocybe cylindracea. In M1, a hot extraction (extract M1) (90 °C, 700 rpm, 1 h) was performed. In M2, a room-temperature extraction (extract M2A) followed by a hot extraction (extract M2B) (90 °C, 700 rpm, 1 h) of the extract M2A residue was performed. The M2B extracts showed the lowest extraction yields (12.58–21.78%), while the other yields ranged between 30.91% and 46.03%. All extracts had high protein (12.09–32.97 g/100 g of dry extract), glucan (12.69–48.57 g/100 g of dry extract), and phenolic contents (7.90–16.65 mg GAEs/g of dry extract) and high antioxidant (ABTS and ORAC assays), antimicrobial, antibiofilm, and prebiotic activities. So, they have potential to be used as functional ingredients or natural preservatives. Extracts from A. cylindracea stood out since they had higher protein content, antioxidant activity, and prebiotic activity (extract M1) and inhibited a higher number of foodborne bacteria (only extract M2A). However, unlike extracts from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii, at 40 mg/mL, they had cytotoxic effects.

In Vitro Biological Evaluation and In Vivo Anti-inflammatory Effect of Chicozapote (Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen) Leaf Extracts in Mice with Internal Atrial Edema

Background In Mexico, the fruit of the Manilkara zapota (L.) P. Royen (Chicozapote) tree is widely consumed; however, numerous studies have identified bioactive compounds within its leaves. Purpose To evaluate the bioactive properties of M. zapota leaf extracts, focusing on their anti-oxidant, anti-diabetic, and anti-hypertensive potentials, and assessing their efficacy in mitigating inflammation. Materials and Methods This study evaluated the anti-oxidant properties of aqueous (AE), ethanolic (EE), and hydroalcoholic (HE) extracts, utilizing 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assays. Anti-diabetic activity was assessed by inhibiting the enzymes α-amylase and α-glucosidase, while anti-hypertensive efficacy was measured via angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition. The anti-inflammatory potential was also examined in vivo using a murine model of 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear edema. Results The DPPH assay revealed that all extracts exhibited equivalent anti-oxidant capacities at the same concentration, with no significant statistical difference ( p &lt; 0.05). Conversely, the ABTS assay demonstrated that AE possessed superior activity (4.6−28.5%) across varying concentrations. EE exhibited the most potent inhibition of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, and ACE, with 81.8%, 58.9%, and 87.8%, respectively. In anti-inflammatory assays, EE at a 5 mg dosage significantly outperformed other extracts. Conclusion These findings suggest that M. zapota leaf extracts, mainly through EE, could offer a viable natural alternative for reducing inflammation and potentially managing diabetes and hypertension.

Contribution to the corrosion inhibition of aluminum by aqueous extract of Moringa oleifera in 2 M HCl

The anti-corrosion properties of Moringa oleifera extract (MOE) have been extensively studied for Al in two molar HCl solution using a variety of techniques, including atomic force microscopy, potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and weight loss analysis. According to the study, the inhibitory efficiency (% IE) increases with extract dose but decreases with temperature rise from 25 to 40 °C. The highest 90.1 percent inhibitory efficiency was achieved at 25 °C extract dosage of 300 ppm. MOE functions as a mixed-type inhibitor, affecting both anodic and cathodic processes, according to PDP research. The double layer capacitance (Ceff) declines from 214 to 56 µFcm−2 and the charge transfer resistance (Rct) increases from 3.1 to 27.2 sΩ cm2 with increasing MOE dose, as demonstrated by the Nyquist plot. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm is followed by MOE's adsorption on Al surfaces. The AFM and FTIR measurements corroborate MOE's adsorption on the Al surface. Based on the findings, it can be said that MOE can be utilized as a green inhibitor to reduce metal corrosion in harsh environments.

Biosynthesis of a range of ZnO nanoparticles utilising Salvia hispanica L. seed extract and evaluation of their bioactivity

Zinc deficiency precipitates considerable health problems in developing countries, affecting development, growth, and immunological function. The main issue is that zinc exhibits limited bioavailability in diets, sometimes compounded by the high concentration of phytate molecules in staple foods, which impedes zinc absorption. Nanoparticles offer a promising approach to improve zinc bioavailability and address deficiency through the application of advanced agricultural techniques. The study introduces a novel method for synthesizing Zinc oxide (ZnO) biometallic nanoparticles by employing aqueous extracts of Salvia hispanica L. (Chia seed) as a reducing and capping agent in an environmentally sustainable way. Their active phytoconstituents acted as a stabilising agent and facilitated the conversion of ionic zinc (Zn2+) into elemental zinc. The study synthesized the diverse forms of zinc oxide nanoparticles (NP-α, NP-β, NP-γ, NP-δ, NP-ε, and NP-η) utilising various molar concentrations (0.5mM, 1.0mM, 3.0mM, 5.0mM, 7.0mM, and 9.0mM) of a precursor solution, zinc nitrate [(ZnNO3)2]. The synthesized NPs were evaluated using UV-Vis spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, XRD, SEM, EDX, TEM, SAED, and HR-TEM methods to determine their characteristics. The standard particle size varies from 40 to 80 nm, exhibiting a consistent hexagonal morphology and a polydispersed characteristic with minimal size fluctuation. The molarity substantially influenced the shape of NPs, particularly concerning their size and surface area. An in vitro evaluation was performed to investigate the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and the possible degradation of the hazardous dye Congo red. The particles exhibited antibacterial efficacy at a concentration of 40 ppm ZnO, antidiabetic qualities at 10 µl/ml ZnONPs, antioxidant activity at concentrations ranging from 100 to 900 µl/ml showing 89.47 ± 0.022 µg AAE/mg, maximum activity with total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and dye degradation potential at a concentration of 50 mg ZnONPs, revealed 50.78% CR degradation after 90 min of irradiation. Additionally, it had significant inhibitory effects on the enzymes α-amylase (72.93%) and α-glucosidase (60.48%) by ZnONP-η. The efficacy of dye degradation with synthesized nanoparticles seems to enhance with increased particle sizes and reduced specific surface areas. The antioxidant, antidiabetic, and catalytic capabilities improved with an increase in particle size. Nevertheless, it was found that an increase in particle size corresponded with a substantial reduction in antibacterial activity. The study presents an efficient approach for the eco-friendly synthesis of ZnONPs, highlighting their significant potential for many biological applications.

In-vitro effectiveness of aqueous extract of organic compost against Helminthosporium turcicum (cryptogamic disease pathogen of maize)

Sustainable agriculture requires the application of biofertilizers and biopesticides in farming systems. The aim of the study was to analyze in-vitro the effect of aqueous extracts from organic compost on the development of cryptogamic disease in maize plants for yield improvement. The study was carried out in the laboratory using a pure strain of Helminthosporium turcicum previously isolated from infected maize leaves showing symptoms of the disease. Aqueous substrates of unsterilized and sterilized composts, with the concentrations 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mL were respectively mixed with liquid PDA at 19.5; 19 and 18 mL for a final volume of 20 ml, then aseptically poured into 90 mm diameter Petri dishes under the laminar flow hood. After solidification, 7 mm-diameter mycelial discs from young H. turcicum cultures were deposited on the agar pellets. 48 hours after incubation, mycelial growth was measured 4 times until the positive control Petri dish was invaded by mycelial filaments. The results showed that the mycelial growth of the H. turcicum strain in the presence of the sterilized aqueous compost extract was significantly reduced. Increasing the concentration significantly inhibited strain growth to the order of 95.89% at a concentration of 2 mL sterilized aqueous compost extract. Similarly, in the presence of the unsterilized aqueous compost extract, the mycelial growth of H. turcicum was also reduced. The Increasing concentration inhibited the pathogen growth by up to 76.92%, at the concentration of 2 mL. These results showed that the aqueous extract of organic compost contains compounds that could be responsible for producing suppressive substances accountable for the mechanisms inhibiting the mycelial growth of H. turcicum. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. Tech. 14(2): 62-73, December 2024

Unlocking nature's pharmacy: Euphorbia hirta (L.) as a potent defense against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae infections in Tanzania

BackgroundUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common bacterial infections, primarily caused by Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, both of which have mostly developed resistance to various antibiotics. The Maasai and Meru communities in Tanzania have traditionally used Euphorbia hirta to combat resistant pathogens, particularly those causing UTIs. PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial compounds of aqueous extracts and the antibacterial compounds in methanolic extracts of E. hirta. We specifically focused on the antibacterial activity of aqueous and methanolic extracts against E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains, which are significant contributors to UTIs. Study designIn March 2024, we randomly collected E. hirta plant parts from the Kikwe and Kisongo wards in the Arusha region of Tanzania. The samples were washed with distilled water and shade-dried for three weeks to prevent the degradation of bioactive compounds. After drying, the samples were powdered using a laboratory grinder and stored in sterile nylon bags. MethodsWe conducted qualitative and quantitative analyses to assess the presence of various phytochemicals, including alkaloids, saponins, coumarins, terpenoids, quinones, flavonoids, and glycosides, in the aqueous and methanolic extracts of E. hirta. To identify specific phytochemical compounds in these extracts, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and disc diffusion assays to test their antibacterial activity against E. coli and K. pneumoniae. ResultsThe GC–MS analysis identified sixteen potential bioactive compounds with antibiotic properties, including dodecanal, trans-Farnesol, phytol, 13-tetradecynoic acid, methyl ester, cis-5,8,11,14,17-Eicosapentaenoic acid, 2(4H)-Benzofuranone, 5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-4,4,7a-trimethyl-, (R)-, paromomycin, decanoic acid, methyl ester, azelaic acid, undecanoic acid, 10-methyl-, methyl ester, palmitoleic acid, 9,12,15-Octadecatrienoic acid (Z,Z,Z), 7-Hydroxy-3-(1,1-dimethylprop-2-enyl) coumarins, linoleyl methyl ketone, and 8,11,14-Eicosatrienoic acid, methyl ester (Z,Z,Z). When tested at a concentration of 1 g/mL, all extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity. The methanolic extract exhibited the highest performance, with a minimum inhibition zone of 12.0 ± 2.35 mm, followed by the aqueous cold extract at 9.25 ± 1.75 mm, and the aqueous boiled extract at 8.0 ± 1.35 mm. ConclusionThe traditional methods employed by the Maasai and Meru communities for preparing herbal medicine from E. hirta, such as boiling and soaking in cold water, seemed to be effective in treating UTIs. Organic solvent extraction using methanol generally showed superior antibacterial activity compared to aqueous extraction. However, soaking in cold water produced extracts with higher inhibitory activity against E. coli, while boiling was more effective against K. pneumoniae. This study validates the local practices of E. hirta preparation, suggesting that water-based extracts could be both effective and safe for treating certain bacterial strains responsible for UTIs in the Arusha region.

Integrative computational analysis of anti-influenza potential in Caesalpinia mimosoides Lamk hydroethanolic extract.

In a recent study, we used chemical analysis to show that the Caesalpinia mimosoides aqueous extract, which contains a high concentration of simple phenolics, has strong anti-influenza activity. We determined through molecular docking methods that its potential target inhibitor is the neuraminidase. Therefore, our study objectives were to evaluate whether the aqueous-ethanol extract (30% v/v) of this plant species exhibits greater antiviral activity than the aqueous plant extract. The C. mimosoides hydroethanolic extract exhibited potent antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, with an IC50 value of 15.01µg/mL, comparable to authentic quercetin (IC50 = 12.72µg/mL) and approximately 4.91 times greater than standard gallic acid (IC50 = 3.06µg/mL). Through untargeted metabolomic analyses (UPLC-ESI(±)-QTOF-MS/MS) and subsequent stepwise computational metabolomics analyses, we identified the extract as primarily containing simple phenolics (e.g., gallic acid, ellagic acid, shikimic acid, and chlorogenic acid), flavonoid derivatives (e.g., quercetin, taxifolin, myricitrin, and afzelin), and other bioactive components, including dicarboxylic acids and germacrone. The polyphenol-rich extract showed strong anti-influenza activity, with an IC50 of 2.33µg/mL against the influenza A/PR/8/34 virus and no cytotoxic effects, as indicated by a CC50 greater than 50µg/mL. This represents an approximately 3.35-fold increase in effectiveness compared to its corresponding aqueous extract (IC50 = 7.81µg/mL). Furthermore, the extract demonstrated no hemolytic activity, even at a maximum concentration of 2,000µg/mL, suggesting its potential as a safe antiviral agent. Molecular docking analyses revealed that the identified phytochemicals can simultaneously interact with the "drug-target binding sites" of neuraminidase (NA) and PB2 subunit of influenza RNA polymerase, indicating their potential polypharmacological effects. The antiviral activity of the ethanolic-aqueous extract against other strains is being explored due to the versatile biological effects of phenolic substances.

In vitro Antioxidant and Antimicrobial Effects of Mimusops elengi (Linn.) Stem Bark Extract

Background: Mimusops elengi (Linn.) has high medicinal value and is a native plant of India. In the traditional system of medicine, the bark of M. elengi was used as cardiotonic, alexipharmic, stomachic, anthelmintic, tonic, and tooth-protectant that might be associated with antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. Microorganisms are an integral part of our buccal cavity and intestines, however, a change in normal microflora can result in pathological manifestations. Objective: The current study attempts to evaluate the antioxidant activity of M. elengi (Linn.) stem bark extracts using in-vitro methods and the efficacy of M. elengi (Linn.) stem bark extracts against Gram-negative bacteria and fungal strains. Methods: Extracts (aqueous and ethanolic) were prepared using a Soxhlet assembly and rotavapor. The extracts were subjected to phytochemical screening and in-vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial tests. Results: The ethanolic and aqueous extracts of M. elengi stem bark showed appreciable DPPH free radical scavenging, reducing power, and nitric oxide inhibitory activities with a concentration-dependent increase in their effects. The ethanolic extract showed better antioxidant activity relative to the aqueous extract. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Proteus vulgaris, and Salmonella typhi growth were suppressed by the M. elengi extracts. Both extracts showed maximum activity against S. typhi, while the ethanolic extract had better antibacterial and antifungal (S. cerevisiae, P. chrysogenum, and A. fumigatus) activity relative to the aqueous extract. Conclusions: The findings of the present study conclude that aqueous and ethanolic extracts of M. elengi (L.) stem bark showed potent antioxidant and antimicrobial activity.

Antioxidant Properties of Brassica Rapa L. Seeds and Immunostimulant Effect on Immunity Broilers Cells (Gallus Gallus Domesticus)

Background: In the past few decades, researchers have focused on finding the benefits of natural substances derived from plants. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the use of Brassica rapa seeds in poultry feed as an antioxidant and immunostimulant of host defenses. Methods: We prepared three extracts using ethanol, Ethyl Acetate, and water. Spectrophotometric methods determined the total phenolic and flavonoid content in the three extracts. Antioxidant activity was assessed using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP), 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) radicals and β-Carotene bleaching methods. An assessment of their immunostimulant activities in vitro was performed on chicken immunity cell proliferation (splenocytes, thymocytes, and Bursa cells) and IgY production. Results: The total phenolic contents ranged from 462.5 to 794.8 mg /g of extract, the order of TPC was as follows: EtOAc &gt; EtOH &gt;Water. Flavonoid contents were, 63.7 mg in EtOH extract, 81.2 mg in EtOAc extract, and 108.7 mg/g Extract in aqueous extract. By DPPH, the IC50s of EtOH, EtOAc, and water, were 1.8μg/ml, 2.4μg/ml, and 1.5μg/ml, respectively. Using the Ferric- Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP), we remarked that the EtOH and EtOAc extracts have important antioxidant powers. The ABTS assay indicated that EtOH and water had the highest activities with IC50s of 0.19 and 0.07, respectively. Finally, by the β-carotene bleaching test, we observed that the IC50 of the EtOH, EtOAc, and water were 62.1 μg/mL; 72.7 μg/mL, and 45.8 μg/mL, respectively. The results obtained indicate that Brassica aqueous extract stimulates humoral immunity by stimulating splenocyte (B and T-lymphocytes) and Bursa cell (B-lymphocyte) proliferation by more than 200% of response vs control. In addition, the aqueous extract highly stimulated the function of bursa cells by 208% of the reaction. In the same conditions, we recorded a stimulation of cellular immunity mediated by thymocytes by an increase in cell proliferation (352.7% of response) implicated in virus protection. These extracts also possessed an antimicrobial effect against diverse microorganisms such as coliforms and Staphylococcus. The FT-IR spectrum indicated that the hydroxyl group (phenol), hydroxybenzoic acid family, carbohydrate molecules such as glucopyranose, a carbonyl ester group, hydrocarbon chains (alkyls groups)) were present. Conclusion: This result could have interesting applications in the poultry feed industry to enhance the performance of animal development.

A randomized clinical comparative evaluation of interappointment flare-ups on placing Azadirachta indica, garlic, Triphala, and calcium hydroxide as intracanal medicament, in primary endodontic lesion

Abstract Aim: The purpose of the study was to clinically evaluate interappointment flare-ups, on placing Azadirachta indica (neem), garlic (Allium sativum L.), Triphala, and calcium hydroxide (CH) as an intracanal medicament (ICM), using Verbal Rating Scale (VRS) in a patient with a primary endodontic lesion. Methodology: Two hundred and forty patients indicated for root canal therapy were divided into two main groups as single-rooted teeth and multirooted teeth. Each group was further subdivided into four subgroups of 30 samples each. After the access opening, instrumentation was done as per the canal configuration. The herbal medicaments were prepared as an aqueous extract. The placement of ICM in the subgroups was randomly determined by computerized randomization. Interappointment flare-up and pain were assessed using VRS on 1, 3, 7, and 14 days. Statistical Analysis Used: The intergroup comparisons of the incidence of flare-up were done using analysis of variance, followed by post hoc Tukey’s test to test for the difference among individual groups. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between the four groups, with P = 0.02 for multirooted teeth and 0.03 for single-rooted teeth. The post hoc Tukey’s test showed the intergroup comparison of the flare-up incidence between garlic and Triphala to be statistically significant favoring Triphala, with P = 0.004 in single-rooted teeth and 0.008 in multirooted teeth. Conclusion: Although there was no statistical significance between them, Triphala can be considered an alternative to CH as ICM. However, neem and garlic showed poor results.

Comprehensive Metabolomics Profiling and Bioactivity Study of Lycium shawii (Awsaj) Extracts with Particular Emphasis on Potential Anti-Malarial Properties

Background/Objectives: Although malaria is one of the oldest known human diseases, it continues to be a major global health challenge. According to UNICEF, the global malaria mortality rate exceeded 600,000 annually in 2022, which includes more than 1000 children dying each day. This study aimed to investigate the comprehensive chemical profile and biological activities, particularly the antimalarial activity, of Lycium shawii (Awsaj), a shrub traditionally used in the Arabian Peninsula, Middle East, India, and Africa to treat a myriad of ailments. Methods: Crude extracts of L. shawii were prepared using water, ethanol, methanol, and acetone. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS) were utilized to perform untargeted metabolomics to maximize metabolite detection and tentatively identify bioactive phytochemicals. The total phenolic content (TPC) was measured for each extract, and bioassays were conducted to evaluate their antimalarial, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities, particularly those of the water extract, which is the traditional method of consumption in Arabian folk medicine. Results: A total of 148 metabolites were detected, 45 of which were classified as phytochemicals. The bioassays revealed that the water extract that is traditionally used showed promising antimalarial potential by significantly inhibiting β-hematin formation in vitro at 1 mg/mL (with an absorbance of 0.140 ± 0.027). This is likely due to the rich presence of quinoline in the aqueous extract among several other bioactive phytochemicals, such as phenylpropanoids, alkaloids, flavonoids, and benzenoids. However, their anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities were found to be weak, with only a minor inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells at a concentration of 500 µg/mL and weak antibacterial effects against pathogens like P. aeruginosa, MRSA, A. baumannii, and K. pneumoniae with an MIC of 500 μg/mL. The results also revealed that the methanolic extract had the highest TPC at 26.265 ± 0.005 mg GAE/g. Conclusions: The findings support the traditional medicinal use of L. shawii and highlight its potential as a source of novel therapeutic compounds, particularly for treating malaria. This study encourages further research to isolate and develop effective plant-based anti-malarial agents.