Aqueous Ethanol Research Articles

Морфофункциональная характеристика печени и поджелудочной железы при воздействии гепатопротектора Ремаксол на фоне острого алкогольного воздействия у крыс

Purpose of the study. To study the effect of hepatoprotective drug Remaxol on morphology of the liver and pancreas as well as on biochemical indices of blood serum in rats with alcohol damage. Material and methods. The study was carried out on sexually mature male white laboratory rats divided into three groups: 1st control group – intact animals (2 rats); 2nd – experimental animals (5 rats), on which acute pancreatitis on the background of alcohol poisoning was modeled by daily administration of 40% aqueous ethanol solution at a dose of 5 mg/kg weight for 7 days without treatment; 3rd – experimental group (5 rats) with alcohol exposure and with administration of Remaxol at a dose of 5 mg/kg weight daily for another 7 days. Morphological study of the liver, its macrostructure was carried out, diameters of hepatocytes and pancreatic acinuses in animals of experimental and control groups were measured, biochemical parameters were estimated. Results. Blood tests indicate acute alcohol poisoning in the experimental groups; short-term (7 days) alcohol damage has less effect on the size of hepatocytes than on the size of pancreatic acini; pancreatic acini were more reactive to the toxic effect of alcohol; against the background of insignificant morphometric differences, the morphological signs of cells and organs changed; in the liver and pancreas there were signs of inflammatory (swelling of cells in the liver and pancreas). Conclusion. Histological picture of the liver and pancreas of animals with acute alcohol damage against the background of Remaxol treatment showed a decrease in the toxic effect of 40% alcohol on hepatocytes and pancreatocytes, normalization of their morphological parameters.

Surface hydrophobicity and catalytic performance of cerium incorporated HZSM-5 zeolite for conversion of bio-ethanol

Cerium incorporated HZSM-5 (CeHZSM-5) catalyst prepared by impregnation method was tested for aqueous ethanol conversion at 200–400 °C. The CeHZSM-5 catalyst was found to be very active (21.02 %Conversion), compared to the parent HZSM-5 catalyst (9.39 %Conversion), especially at low reaction temperatures (200 °C) and when fed with high water content (80 wt% ethanol). FTIR, FT-Raman, DR-UV, NH3-TPD, IPA-TPD, DSC and contact angle techniques reveal that the incorporation of cerium species into zeolites results in the acidity and hydrophilic/hydrophobic nature. Cerium species are thought to tend to migrate into ZSM-5 channels and associate with the zeolite framework. As a result, the net electrostatic charge decreases due to the presence of tetrahedral cerium atoms. Therefore, the CeHZSM-5 exhibits a hydrophobic character, compared to the parent one. The decrease in competitive adsorption of water versus ethanol feed at the Brønsted acid site may lead to an increase in CeHZSM-5 catalyst activity.

Oxidative Dehydroxycyclization of Catechols with o-Mercaptoanilines to Access 1-Hydroxyphenothiazines.

The protocol of aerobic oxidative dehydroxycyclization installed in the synthesis of rarely studied 1-hydroxyphenothiazines from catechols and o-mercaptoanilines is presented. Utilizing a natural renewable low-toxicity gallic acid as an organocatalyst, this established transformation proceeded smoothly in an aqueous ethanol solution under mild conditions with good functional group compatibility and up to a 94% isolated yield. This protocol is also characterized by its operational simple workup involving only recrystallization, revealing its sustainability and synthetic practicability.

Delving into judiciously extracted inexpensive micro-algal dyes for DSSCs: Spectral decipherment and time-oriented extraction systems

The temperature and extraction techniques used for natural dye fabrication in dye-sensitized solar cells have significant implications for the future economy, influencing the efficiency and yield of dye extraction. This study analyzes the optical properties of microalgal dyes, examining reflectance and photo-electron energy scans, alongside emission rates in the UV–visible region, using aqueous methanol and ethanol solvents. Different time-oriented extraction methods, involving heating and a combination of sonication and heating, are assessed for their impact on specific and non-specific dye and pigment peaks. Extended heating periods result in dye degradation, while longer sonication proves efficient at 60 °C. The sonication technique's efficiency exponentially increases with Scenedesmus sp. concentration but not as much with Asterarcys quadricellulare at 60 °C. Asterarcys quadricellulare exhibits higher efficiency with ethanol, especially at 80 °C, and performs comparably with Scenedesmus sp. The optimal heating duration ranges from 10 to 25 min, while sonication is more efficient within 25 to 40 min for both temperatures.

Oxyfl uorinated polyethylene terephthalate for liquid storage containers

The effectiveness of surface modification of polyethylene terephthalate with a mixture of fluorine and oxygen to reduce the permeability to water and aqueous ethanol solutions has been studied. We obtained a decrease in the permeability coefficient of the modified fi lm for water and ethanol solutions, the degree of decrease in the permeability coefficient depends on the chemical composition of the liquid. Oxyfluorination leads to the production of a modified fi lm with an increased liquid diffusion coefficient compared to the original fi lm, which is associated with the formation of local defects which is confirmed by micrographs made with of an atomic force microscope and by measuring the surface roughness of the original and modified films.

Modulating the surface amphipathicity of Ni-Sn composite nanoparticles for efficient upgrading of aqueous ethanol to C6+ alcohols

Aqueous ethanol upgrading has attracted great attention for producing high-valued higher alcohols. Nevertheless, the chain growth for higher alcohol production involving water–oil biphase reaction, is usually limited by the traditional single-phase (hydrophilic or lipophilic) catalyst, leading to poor selectivity of C6+ alcohols. Herein, we demonstrate that modulating the surface amphipathicity of the active Ni-Sn composite nanoparticles by using hybrid carbon shell and TiO2 support significantly boosted its catalytic performance. A high ethanol conversion of 70.6 % and excellent C6+ alcohols selectivity of 57.5 % was achieved. Deep studies show that the enhanced catalytic performance was mainly originated from the facilitated emulsion catalysis by the amphiphilic NiSn@C-TiO2 catalyst, by which the reaction process from aqueous ethanol self-coupling to intermolecular cross-coupling at the oil/water interface was dramatically accelerate. This work developed a novel emulsion catalyst for water/oil biphase interface catalysis, approaching highly efficient production of high-valued higher alcohols from direct upgrading of aqueous ethanol.

Morphofunctional characteristics of the liver and pancreas under the influence of the hepatoprotector “Remaxol” against the background of acute alcohol damage in rats

The goal. To study the effect of hepatoprotective drug “Remaxol” on morphology of the liver and pancreas as well as on blood serum indices in rats with alcohol damage. Materials and Methods. The study was conducted on mature male white laboratory rats divided into three groups: the first (control group) - intact animals, the second and third (experimental groups) - daily part of the rats received 40 % aqueous ethanol solution (96 % ethanol in a dose of 8ml/kg weight) for 7 days, then part of the rats from the experimental group were injected “Remaxol” in a dose 5 mg/kg weight daily for 7 days. Morphological study of the liver and its macrostructure was carried out; diameters of hepatocytes, sinusoid capillaries and pancreatic acini in animals of the control and experimental groups were measured; general and biochemical blood parameters were assessed. Results. Blood tests demonstrated acute alcohol poisoning in experimental groups (leukocytosis); short-term (7 days) alcohol damage had less effect on the size of hepatocytes than on the size of pancreatic acini; pancreatic acini were more reactive on toxic influence of alcohol; in the liver and pancreas there were signs of inflammatory reaction (cell swelling, lymphocytes infiltration). Conclusion. Histological picture of the liver and pancreas of the animals with acute alcohol poisoning on the background of “Remaxol” treatment showed a decrease in the toxic effect of 40 % alcohol on hepatocytes and pancreatocytes, normalization of their morphological parameters.

Palladium-Catalyzed C-H Olefination of Imidazo[1,2a] pyridine Carboxamide in Aqueous Ethanol under Oxygen.

The advancement of sustainable chemistry and changes in the economy are strongly intertwined. Reaction time, cost savings, moderate temperatures, and generation of the fewest byproducts are frequently achieved by using catalytic processes. Herein, we report the C-H olefination of imidazo[1,2a] pyridine carboxamides with various acrylates in the presence of Pd (OAc)2 with O2 as the oxidant in aqueous ethanol rather than using non-ecofriendly solvents. The C-H activation features most user-friendly reaction conditions, excellent yield as well as plenty substrate scope and applicable for C-H deuteriation of the corresponding heteroarenes with D2O. Experimental mechanistic studies indicate that C-H activation step succeeded after formation of tetra coordinated square planer Pd-substrate adduct.

Imidazole-centred cupric ions sensor: Experimental validation, theoretical understanding, and zebrafish bioimaging

In this study, we have developed an imidazole centered fluorescent probe 3-(2-(2-(5-bromo-2-hydroxyphenyl)-4,5-diphenyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)thiazol-4-yl)-6-chloro-2H-chromen-2-one (SICT), achieving exceptional selectivity for Cu2+ ion detection. These probes exhibit rapid responsiveness (109 nM detection limit) and strong binding constants (0.214 × 105 M−1). Employing an aqueous ethanol system, we assessed their sensing capabilities through both in vitro and in vivo studies, using zebrafish as our model organism. Notably, the SICT probe displays a high quantum yield of 0.62 and follows a 1:1 binding mechanism with Cu2+ ions, validated by Job's plot and ESI-Mass spectrum analyses. Furthermore, our probe demonstrates minimal cytotoxicity in both in vitro (MDA-MB-231 cells) experiments. These promising results motivate us to apply the SICT probe for intracellular Cu2+ ion tracking in zebrafish embryos, showcasing its potential in diverse fields like biomedicine and environmental monitoring.

The underlying reasons for the efficient extraction of peanut oil by aqueous ethanol combined with roasting conditioning pretreatment

To overcome the disadvantages of severe emulsification and difficulty in obtaining free oil during aqueous extraction of peanut oil, the effect of roasting assisted aqueous ethanol extraction on free oil recovery was investigated. When peanut kernels were roasted at 180 °C for 10 min, free oil recovery increased from 57% to 96%, and the acid and peroxide values of the peanut oil met the requirements of good quality. The degree of hydration swelling of proteins in the extract increased, and soluble solids were easier to aggregate, resulting in reduced emulsification and significantly higher free oil recovery. The roasting conditions selected were found to significantly promote protein hydrophilicity, aggregation and fusion of oil bodies, as well as cell rupture, which facilitated the release of free oil but with a lower degree of protein denaturation. This study may promote the practical application of aqueous extraction technology for peanut oil.

Effect of glucose–citric acid deep eutectic solvent on the vapor–liquid equilibrium of an aqueous ethanol solution

Objectives. To study the effect of a deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on glucose and citric acid on the vapor–liquid equilibrium of an aqueous solution of ethanol.Methods. A qualitative and quantitative analysis of the conditions of vapor–liquid equilibrium in an ethanol–water–DES ternary mixture was performed based on the open evaporation method and the measurement of TPxy data using a Świętosławski ebulliometer. Since the volatility of the DES is negligible in comparison with that of water and ethanol, the composition of the vapor phase was measured by means of Karl Fischer titration. The conditions of vapor–liquid phase equilibrium were modeled using the UNIFAC model.Results. The open evaporation method was used to determine the curves of residual concentrations for the ethanol–water–DES mixture at various DES concentrations and compositions (glucose–citric acid ratios). TPxy data was obtained for the mixture produced by adding 30 wt % DES to an aqueous solution of ethanol at atmospheric pressure. Studies show that DES based on glucose and citric acid has a significant effect on the relative volatility of ethanol in aqueous solution, leading to the disappearance of the azeotropic point. This effect is due to only the presence of glucose. Citric acid does not change the composition of the equilibrium phases, but rather increases the solubility of glucose in aqueous ethanol solutions. This is especially important at high ethanol concentrations, since glucose is poorly soluble in ethanol.Conclusions. Addition of DES based on glucose and citric acid to an aqueous solution of ethanol leads to the disappearance of the azeotropic point. DES can thus be considered as a promising entrainer for extracting ethanol from aqueous solutions using extractive distillation. Modeling of the conditions of vapor–liquid equilibrium in the ethanol–water–DES system using the UNIFAC model showed a satisfactory level of accuracy. The error in the calculated data increases with increasing the glucose concentration, while remaining acceptable for practical use.

Effects of the Roasting-Assisted Aqueous Ethanol Extraction of Peanut Oil on the Structure and Functional Properties of Dreg Proteins.

The effects of the roasting-assisted aqueous ethanol extraction of peanut oil on the structure and functional properties of dreg proteins were investigated to interpret the high free oil yield and provide a basis for the full utilization of peanut protein resources. The roasting-assisted aqueous ethanol extraction of peanut oil obtained a free oil yield of 97.74% and a protein retention rate of 75.80% in the dreg. The water-holding capacity of dreg proteins increased significantly, and the oil-holding capacity and surface hydrophobicity decreased significantly, reducing the binding ability with oil and thus facilitating the release of oil. Although the relative crystallinity and denaturation enthalpy of the dreg proteins decreased slightly, the denaturation temperatures remained unchanged. Infrared and Raman spectra identified decreases in the C-H stretching vibration, Fermi resonance and α-helix, and increases in random coil, β-sheet and β-turn, showing a slight decrease in the overall ordering of proteins. After the roasting treatment, 62.57-135.33% of the protein functional properties were still preserved. Therefore, the roasting-assisted aqueous ethanol extraction of peanut oil is beneficial for fully utilizing the oil and protein resources in peanuts.

Optimized Conditions for the Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Aeginetia indica L. and Its Potential Biological Applications.

Aeginetia indica L., a parasitic root in the Orobanchaceae family, is used as a food colorant in traditional Thai desserts. However, scant information is available on its food applications as well as medicinal properties, while overharvesting by the local people has severely depleted wild plant populations. This research, thus, aimed to extract optimized total phenolic content (TPC) in varying extraction conditions using response surface methodology (RSM) and the Box-Behnken design (BBD). Results indicated that an extraction temperature of 90 °C, 80% (v/v) aqueous ethanol, and 0.5% (w/v) solid-to-liquid ratio yielded the highest TPC at 129.39 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g dry weight (DW). Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS/MS) identified the predominant phenolics as apigenin (109.06 mg/100 g extract) and luteolin (35.32 mg/100 g extract) with trace amounts of naringenin and rutin. Under the optimal extraction condition, the plant extract exhibited antioxidant activities of 5620.58 and 641.52 µmol Trolox equivalent (TE)/g DW determined by oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, while the scavenging capacity of total radicals at 50% (SC50) was determined to be 135.50 µg/mL using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay. The plant extract also exhibited inhibitory activities against the key enzymes relevant to type II diabetes, obesity, and Alzheimer's disease, suggesting the potential for medicinal applications.

Correction: Sonochemical synthesis of benzylidene derivatives of enolizable carbonyls and their analogues in aqueous ethanol

Correction: Sonochemical synthesis of benzylidene derivatives of enolizable carbonyls and their analogues in aqueous ethanol

Fabrication and characterization of alginate-zein core–shell microcapsules for controlled release of buckwheat honey

In this study, extrusion method was employed to fabricate alginate-zein core–shell microcapsules loaded with buckwheat honey by dropping alginate and buckwheat honey mixture solution into a 70.0 % zein ethanol solution(v/v) containing 5.0 % CaCl2 solution (wt%). The microcapsules were constructed by two parts: 1) the formation of hydrophilic beads through the crosslinking of alginate chains with Ca2+; 2) the introduction of alginate beads into the aqueous zein ethanol solution which decreased the ethanol concentration, prompting the precipitation of zein and the deposition of zein nanoparticles onto the surfaces of alginate beads. Comparing with the alginate beads, the prepared microcapsules not only possessed better water-holding capacity, but also achieved controlled release of buckwheat honey. Importantly, the microcapsules significantly retained the antioxidant activity of the buckwheat honey. Therefore, this innovative method for fabricating alginate-zein core–shell microcapsules can suggest a promising approach to broaden the application of buckwheat honey in the food field.

The Preferential Solvation of Methyl Red in Various Binary Aqueous Solutions: Solvatochromism, Preferential Solvation Parameters, Microheterogeneity of Solvents and Polarity Scale.

The solvatochromic characteristics of methyl red were examined in several aqueous solutions from pure water, with methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetonitrile, and dioxane. In order to explain the preferred solvation of the probe azo dye in the binary mixed solvents, the solvent exchange model of Bosch and Roses was used to evaluate the association between the empirical solvent polarity scale (ET) values of MR and solvent composition. Non-linear solvatochromism of methyl red was noted in all aqueous mixtures containing methanol, ethanol, propanol, acetonitrile, and dioxane. In addition to calculating the local mole fraction of each solvent composition in the cybotactic area of the probe, the impact of the solvating shell composition on the preferential solvation of the solute dye was examined in terms of both solvent-solvent and solute-solvent interactions. The local mole fraction of each solvent composition in the cybotactic region of the probe was also calculated. The results indicated that the MR solvation shell was thoroughly saturated with the solvent complex S12 in the following order: dioxane > ethanol > methanol > acetonitrile > propanol. Data from the binary systems were analyzed with KAT parameters using a multi-model; in aqueous methanol and ethanol solutions, the hydrogen acidity was more responsible for the spectral shift, whereas in aqueous acetonitrile and dioxane solutions, the basicity has a greater influence.

Enhancing betacyanin stability: Comparison of dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) pulp and peel powders through encapsulation technology during storage.

Betacyanin can be found in the peel or pulp of dragon fruit. As a natural pigment, betacyanin is unstable, so it requires encapsulation technology to maintain its quality. The stability of encapsulated betacyanin from dragon fruit peel compared to dragon fruit pulp has yet to be discovered. This study aims to compare the stability of encapsulated betacyanin (with maltodextrin and gum Arabic) from dragon fruit peel and pulp dried with vacuum drying. Dragon fruit peel extraction utilized a 50% aqueous ethanol solvent, while pulp juice extraction was performed. The ratio of dragon fruit extract to coating materials was set at 1:3 (solid/solid). Research shows that dragon fruit juice powder had higher stability and phytochemical concentrations than the ethanol extract of dragon fruit peel powder during 30 days of storage. Despite similar color stability (similar range value of ΔE), the color from dragon fruit juice powder more closely resembled the natural fruit, albeit with weaker antioxidant activity than the peel powder. Betacyanin concentration in juice powder was notably higher (82.56-156.82 μg/g) than in the ethanol extract of dragon fruit peel powder (52.51-75.12 μg/g). A combination of maltodextrin and Arabic gum (1:1) as coating materials demonstrated the highest concentrations of total phenolic and total betacyanin (81.15-95.87 mg/g and 121.91-156.82 μg/g, respectively) during the storage period. These findings contribute to our comprehension of betacyanin stability and functionality, facilitating precise applications in industrial processing environments based on their source attributes.

Evaluation of the extracts of purple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) as natural pH‐indicator dyes anticipated to be utilised in intelligent food packaging—an optimisation study

AbstractPurple basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) extract has significant potential as a natural colorimetric pH‐indicator material owing to its abundance in anthocyanins. This contribution is the first to optimise the ultrasound‐assisted extraction of purple basil by response surface methodology in terms of maximum total monomeric anthocyanin (TMA) content and pH‐dependent increase in green intensity (IGI) using a three‐level, three‐factor Box–Behnken design. The latter was considered as a measure of the pH‐indicator ability of the extracts. The independent variables were ethanol concentration, solvent/solid ratio, and extraction time for two types of solvents [aqueous ethanol with 0.1% (v/v) acetic acid (Ac) or hydrochloric acid]. Optimum conditions were determined for single and combined responses. The extracts were further characterised according to total phenolic content (TPC), percentage polymeric colour (PPC), 2,2'‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid (ABTS) antioxidant, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activities. All models explained more than 93% of the variability. The combined response model for the Ac‐acidified system gave more favourable optimal conditions [55.25% (v/v) ethanol, 30 mL/g solvent/solid ratio and 39.24 min] regarding lower ethanol consumption and shorter times. Validation experiments verified the model successfully predicted the responses. The corresponding TMA, IGI, PPC, TPC, ABTS, and DPPH values were determined as 4.83 ± 0.18 mg cyanidin‐3‐glucoside equivalent, 2.29 ± 0.05, 68.07 ± 3.17, 28.79 ± 1.54 mg gallic acid equivalent, 55.85 ± 1.71 mg Trolox equivalent, and 16.80 ± 1.08 mg ascorbic acid equivalent per gram dry weight, respectively.

Innovative and sustainable synthesis and structure of novel N‐substituted hexahydroacridine derivatives

AbstractAn efficient and green synthesis of tetramethyl‐10‐(phenylamino)‐3,4,6,7,9,10‐hexahydroacridine‐1,8(2H,5H)‐dione derivatives has been achieved from various substituted aryl aldehydes, 5,5‐dimethyl‐3‐(2‐phenylhydrazinyl)cyclohex‐2‐enone and dimedone in aqueous ethanol medium. Environment‐friendly reaction, excellent yields, operational simplicity and shorter reaction times are the significant features of the present protocol. All the synthesized compounds were characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and X‐ray crystal diffraction studies.

Effects of Different Solvents on the Extraction of Phenolic and Flavonoid Compounds, and Antioxidant Activities, in Scutellaria baicalensis Hairy Roots

The hairy roots (HRs) of Scutellaria baicalensis are widely used and consumed worldwide as a medicine, especially in Asian countries, due to their biological and pharmacological activities. The HRs of this plant are rich in secondary metabolites. However, the optimal method and solvents for the extraction of secondary metabolites from S. baicalensis HRs have not been well studied. Therefore, in this study, S. baicalensis HRs were extracted with different solvents, including water (WE), 99.9% pure methanol (PM), 70% aqueous methanol (AM), 99.9% pure ethanol (PE), and 70% aqueous ethanol (AE). The phenolic and flavonoid compounds and various antioxidant activities of each extract were measured. The AE extract (16.85 ± 0.15%) had a higher yield, which led to the highest accumulation of total phenolic content (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC), and antioxidant activity. The TPC and TFC were highest in AE (66.03 ± 0.44 mg GAE/g and 40.11 ± 1.31 mg QE/g, respectively), whereas WE, PM, and PE showed lower values in all assays. In addition, the highest antioxidant activities, such as DPPH, ABTS, and SOD-like scavenging activities and reducing power, were achieved in the AE extract compared to the other solvent extracts. Based on these results, the AE extract showed the highest phenolic and flavonoid accumulation and antioxidant activities, highlighting its potential use in the manufacture of useful materials from S. baicalensis HRs and its novel applications.