Aquarium Water Research Articles

The Effect of Rhus coriaria on the Microorganisms Present in the Gut, Gills and Aquarium Environment of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)

The study was conducted for the purpose of estimating three types of bacteria, Salmonella enterica, E.Coli, and Lactobacillus’s (lactic acid bacteria) in the fish laboratory of the Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Mosul. In order to find out the extent of contamination of the fish environment with microorganisms and the exposure of fish to them, bacterial samples were taken from three sites, which are the aquarium water, the gills and the intestines, and they were cultivated in the culture media designated for them. Results There were significant differences at the probability level (P ≥ 0.05), as a decrease in the number of colonies of the three types of bacteria was observed in the treatments that contained different percentages of sumac compared to the control.

Chemoattractability of amino acid glycine, fish oil and star anise oil in smooth marron (Cherax cainii Austin & Ryan, 2002)

The chemoattractability of three attractants, the free amino acid glycine, fish oil and star anise oil, Illicium verum Hook f., in the freshwater crayfish, smooth marron, Cherax cainii Austin & Ryan, 2002, was assessed by measuring their excitatory capacity and time spent in pre- and post- attractant phase. Marron were observed individually for 5 min in 10 L glass aquaria before and 5 min after the addition of filtered freshwater as a control, glycine high (10-4 mol L-1), glycine low (10-6 mol L-1), fish oil and anise oil. Attractants were added directly to the aquarium water, and the marron excitatory capacity was recorded. Frequency was recorded of the excitatory behaviours: antennae wave, antennule wave, pereopod wave, maxilliped wave, cheliped wave, and cheliped grasp. Time spent in pre- and post- attractant phase activities; resting, walking, climbing wall, and searching for food, were also recorded. The excitatory response of C. cainii was shown as an increase in pereopod sweeping and probing. Overall, the frequency of antennule wave, leg wave and maxilliped wave increased during the post-attractant phase (p < 0.05). Marron spent more time searching for food with glycine high, anise oil and fish oil than with filtered freshwater. Resting time was higher in marron given filtered freshwater than those given glycine high. The results of this study show that glycine, fish oil, and anise oil are effective chemoattractants of marron, however, their suitability as feeding incitants still needs to be assessed further.

Acute ecotoxicological effects of Hg(CN)2 in Danio rerio (zebrafish).

Artisanal and small-scale gold mining (ASGM) is the largest source of anthropogenic Hg emissions on the planet. In addition, Hg-contaminated tailings are often reprocessed with sodium cyanide (NaCN) to extract the residual gold remaining in the material. This leads to the formation of mercury cyanide (Hg(CN)2) complexes, which are often discharged in untreated form into local drainages, leading to large amounts of free cyanide being released. However, data on mercury-cyanide interactions are scarce. In this study, we investigated the impact of cyanide and Hg bioavailability in zebrafish when added as Hg(CN)2. Different concentrations of Hg(CN)2 and NaCN were used, leading to an LC50 of 0.53 mg.L-1 for NaCN and 0.16 mg.L-1 for Hg(CN)2. Analyzing free cyanide concentrations in aquarium water, >40% dissociation was observed for NaCN and about 5% for Hg(CN)2. The accumulation of total Hg (THg) in the brain, gills, muscle and kidney was quantified. All fish exposed to Hg(CN)2 had higher THg levels than their controls and kidney was the tissue with higher Hg(CN)2 accumulation. Histological effects on the kidney and gills of both cyanides in D. rerio tissues were investigated, suggesting renal alterations in fish exposed to Hg(CN)2 and showing hyperplasia in the gills of animals exposed to NaCN and Hg(CN)2. The results alert to the risks of the presence of these complexes in aquatic environments.

Natural transmission of Hematodinium perezi in juvenile blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) in the laboratory

Hematodinium perezi is a dinoflagellate endoparasitic in marine crustaceans, primarily decapods. It occurs in juvenile blue crabs, Callinectes sapidus, at high prevalence levels and has severe pathogenic effects in this host. The life history outside the host has not been experimentally investigated and, until now, transmission using dinospores has not been successful. We investigated the natural transmission dynamics of H. perezi in the laboratory using small juvenile crabs, which are highly susceptible to infection in the field, and elevated temperatures, which are known to stimulate dinospore production. Natural water-borne transmission to naïve crabs varied between 7 and 100% and was not correlated with dinospore densities measured from their aquaria water. Infections appeared to develop quickly in naïve hosts at 25 °C, suggesting that elevated temperatures as seen in the late summer and early autumn have a strong influence on the transmission of H. perezi in natural systems.

An Overview on the Worlds Dead Liest Poison (Palytoxin and its Analogs)

Abstract: Palytoxin is a marine toxin found originally in soft corals Palythoa species of the Pacific Ocean. It is a thermostable, non-protein, coronary vasoconstrictor that leads to death by diminishing the supply of O2 to the Myocardium. Several analogs of PTX or PTLX such as Ostreocin-D, Ovatoxin are found in several dinoflagellates and other marine species such as Crabs (Demania reynaudii) and Smoked Fishes (Decapterus macrosoma) found in same ecological regions. Toxicological studies of PTX showed low lethal dose values in different mammals revealing the acute toxicity due to different routes of exposure. On exposure to PTX, symptoms such as Rhabdomyolysis (high dose), Na+- K+ pump and heart failure &amp; other symptoms including abdominal cramps, vomiting, bradycardia, etc. are seen in Pescatarians. There is no particular antidote for the PTX compounds, but these compounds can be neutralized by the household bleach solution. Activated Carbon absorbed 99.7% of palytoxin in aquarium waters. In this paper, we review the current knowledge on Palytoxin &amp; its analogs. In recent years, many methodologies have been described for the development of new techniques for the detection of palytoxin based on LC-MS/MS and a bio-technique Immunoassay.

Ghrelin levels in different brain regions in &lt;i&gt;Danio rerio&lt;/i&gt; exposured to stress

BACKGROUND: Literature data indicated that ghrelin may be a stress neuropeptide in some animals, including Danio rerio.&#x0D; AIM: The aim of the study was to measure the levels of ghrelin in Danio rerio brain (forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain) after predator exposure (predator stress test) and administration of ghrelin and oxytocin antagonists to assess the role of ghrelin in stress response.&#x0D; MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study used 68 Danio rerio, one predator of Cichlasoma nicaraguensis. Ghrelin levels were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The following pharmacological agents were used: 1) ghrelin antagonist hexapeptide [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6 (Tocris, UK); 2) recombinant peptide analog of ghrelin agrelax with a molecular weight of 3.5 kDa, developed at the IEM (both compounds in equal dosages of 0.333 mg/L); corticoliberin (Tocris) at a dosage of 0.4 mg/L; and oxytocin (Gedeon Richter, Hungary) at a dosage of 3.8 L (0.005 IU/L) per 50 mL of aquarium water (0.019 IU/L).&#x0D; RESULTS: In the control group, ghrelin level was determined only in the hindbrain, and ghrelin levels in the forebrain and midbrain were 4 pg/mg of total protein. Contact with a predator led to a significant increase in ghrelin levels in the forebrain and midbrain, but not in the hindbrain. Thus, in fish forebrain, ghrelin levels increased to 966 12 pg/mg of protein, which is almost a 250-fold increase in the indicator compared with the level in intact animals. In the presence of agrelax, [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, and oxytocin, ghrelin levels in the forebrain and midbrain of stressed fish decreased approximately equally to 88 3, 97 1, and 115 1 pg/mg protein, respectively.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: Thus, stress exposure (contact with a predator) significantly increases ghrelin levels in the forebrain and midbrain but decreases in the hindbrain. Stress-protective peptides (oxytocin, [D-Lys3]-GHRP-6, and agrelax) decreased ghrelin levels in the forebrain and midbrain, and to a lesser extent, in the hindbrain when exposed to stress.

Development of unmodified and CTAB-modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE) for direct electrochemical analysis of nitrites in aquarium water and rat blood

Development of unmodified and CTAB-modified carbon paste electrodes (CPE) for direct electrochemical analysis of nitrites in aquarium water and rat blood

Nigella sativa seeds mitigate the hepatic histo-architectural and ultrastructural changes induced by 4-nonylphenol in Clarias gariepinus

Due to its prevalence in aquatic environments and potential cytotoxicity, 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) has garnered considerable attention. As a medicinal plant with numerous biological activities, Nigella sativa (black seed or black cumin) seed (NSS) is widely utilized throughout the world. Consequently, this study aimed to examine the potential protective effects of NSS against 4-NP-induced hepatotoxicity in African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). To achieve this objective, 18 fish (351 ± 3 g) were randomly divided into three equal groups for 21 days. The first group serves as a control which did not receive any treatment except the basal diet. The second and third groups were exposed to 4-NP at a dose of 0.1 mg L−1 of aquarium water and fed a basal diet only or supplemented with 2.5% NSS, respectively. The histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural features of the liver were subsequently evaluated as a damage biomarker of the hepatic tissue. Our results confirmed that 4-NP was a potent hepatotoxic agent, as 4-NP-intoxicated fish exhibited many lesions. Steatohepatitis, ballooning degeneration, sclerosing cholangitis, and coagulative necrosis of melanomacrophagecenters (MMCs) were observed. Hemosiderin, lipofuscin pigments, and proliferation of fibroblasts, kupffer cells, and telocytes were also demonstrated in the livers of 4-NP-intoxicated fish. In addition, decreased glycogen content and increased collagen deposition were observed in the hepatic tissue. Hepatocytes exhibited ultrastructural alterations in the chromatin, rough endoplasmic reticulum, smooth endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, and peroxisomes. Co-administration of 2.5% NSS to 4-NP-intoxicated fish significantly reduced these hepatotoxic effects. It nearly preserved the histological, histochemical, and ultrastructural integrity of hepatic tissue.

DNA Barcoding of Trichobilharzia (Trematoda: Schistosomatidae) Species and Their Detection in eDNA Water Samples

We designed and tested species-specific PCR primers to detect Trichobilharzia species via environmental DNA (eDNA) barcoding in selected Austrian water bodies. Tests were performed with eDNA samples from the field as well as with artificial samples from the lab, where snails releasing cercariae were kept in aquariums. From two localities, Trichobilharzia was documented based on the release of cercariae from snails, enabling morphological species identification. In both cases, the corresponding species were detected via eDNA: Trichobilharzia szidati and Trichobilharzia physellae. Nonetheless, the stochasticity was high in the replicates. PCR tests with aquarium water into which the cercariae had been released allowed eDNA detection even after 44 days. As in the PCRs with eDNA samples from the field, positive results of these experiments were not obtained for all samples and replicates. PCR sensitivity tests with dilution series of T. szidati genomic DNA as well as of PCR amplification products yielded successful amplification down to concentrations of 0.83 pg/µL and 0.008 pg/µL, respectively. Our results indicate that the presumed species specificity of PCR primers may not be guaranteed, even if primers were designed for specific species. This entails misidentification risks, particularly in areas with incomplete species inventories.

Tilapia Nilotica Welfare in Relation to Economic and Managerial Culture

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of different stocking populations of tilapia nilotica fish in their aquaculture on some maintenance behavior, performance, economic values and hormonal concentration levels. On this research, 300 tilapia nilotica fish were distributed into different densities (15, 20,25 and30 fish per aquaria 40*30*80cm) 3 replica for each population and distributed in 70 Litter water in aquaria. 30 fish kept as aspare. After 2 weeks from the start of the experiment and at the end of the experimental periods, blood samples were collected for serum cortisol and growth hormones assay. From the obtained results we found that, The feeding and foraging behavior time and frequency (94.00+3.55 &amp; 144.00+9.79) were improved with stocking density (15 fish in aquaria) and the aggressive behavior was at high level with overcrowding. (26.80+1.83 &amp; 105.00+4.68), on the other hand the surfacing, swimming and resting time were increased with higher stocking rate. The growth hormone was increased with decreased stocking density. The stress indicating hormone (cortisol) was increased with high stocking populations. The return and profit were significantly increase with decreased stocking density.

Evaluation of the Potential Use of Oxy-Hydrogen Gas for the Treatment of Lactococcus garvieae Infected- Zebrafish in Hydrogen-Rich Water Aquarium

Evaluation of the Potential Use of Oxy-Hydrogen Gas for the Treatment of Lactococcus garvieae Infected- Zebrafish in Hydrogen-Rich Water Aquarium

DISCUS AQUARIUM WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS USING THE METHOD FUZZY MAMDANI

Aquarium is one of the media that is often used as a habitat for various types of animals that live both on land and in water. Many beautiful fish in the scenery are placed in aquariums filled with water as decorations. However, to place fish whose natural habitat is in vast water into an aquarium must require knowledge of the water quality that is suitable for these fish. Clear water is not necessarily suitable for the living conditions of fish. Fish that live in an open water environment grow well because not only is there sufficient food but there is an exchange of matter and energy such as oxygen, carbon dioxide and salts. Whereas in an aquarium environment, as a closed system, sudden and drastic changes to water parameters often occur (such as temperature, ph and ammonia content), which will cause fish stress and often lead to death. Therefore, the knowledge and ability to determine good fish aquarium water quality is an important element for fish keepers, especially hobbyists of ornamental fish such as discus. Classifying quality with a crisp set is a common practice. The number of variables involved in the aquarium (in this case, the object of research is discus) causes determination with a firm (crisp) set to be less appropriate. Therefore, the fuzzy mamdani method will produce outputs that are more suitable for analyzing the quality of aquarium discus. The input variables are density, temperature, and acidity. The outputs used are "Good", "Medium", "Bad".&#x0D; &#x0D;

Addition of different concentrations of Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) leaf extract to aquarium water resulted in improved water quality and increased bubble nest formation by male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) without having any consistent negative effects on growth metrics and blood chemistry

Addition of different concentrations of Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) leaf extract to aquarium water resulted in improved water quality and increased bubble nest formation by male Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) without having any consistent negative effects on growth metrics and blood chemistry

Evaluation of female masculinization in Pomacea canaliculata (Caenogastropoda, Ampullariidae) induced by tributyltin, heavy metals, and uranium in culture water.

All female Pomacea canaliculata develop a small, male-like copulatory apparatus a few days after birth, which growths slowly until sexual maturity, and even further in older age. Previous studies have found trace elements like mercury (Hg), arsenic (As) and uranium (U) in tap water used for snail culture, and that these elements were accumulated in snail tissues. Here, we test whether the presence of these metals at maximum allowed concentrations (Environmental Protection Agency - EPA) in aquarium water could affect the development of the copulatory apparatus in mature females. Females of different ages were used as controls, grown in reconstituted metal-free water with or without the addition of Hg, As and U, as well as tributyltin (TBT), a compound used as masculinizing agent. Six and seven months old females cultured in tap water showed a longer penis and penile sheath, and a greater overall development of the copulatory apparatus, measured by an index (DI), as compared with same-age females cultured in reconstituted water. Moreover, when females were exposed to Hg, As or U at the maximum contaminant levels for human consumption allowed by EPA regulations, there was no further development of the copulatory apparatus, while there was a clearly positive effect in TBT-exposed females. This study confirms the masculinizing effect of organotin compounds on female copulatory apparatus and discusses the usefulness of the development of these organs as a bioindicator of environmental pollution.

Automation of Microcontroller-Based Control System for Ph, Temperature, and Turbidity of Aquarium Water

This research is an experimental study to know the effectiveness of the control system for pH, temperature, and turbidity of aquarium water in ornamental fish cultivation. The method used is by assembling an automation tool for controlling the pH, temperature, and turbidity of the aquarium water based on a microcontroller, which is then compared with an aquarium without a control system. This tool is designed using the Arduino Uno as a system controller, the pH sensor E-201-C as a measuring tool for pH levels with a solenoid valve to drain pH up and pH down as a stabilizer for water pH levels, the DS18B20 sensor as a temperature measurement tool by utilizing a heater and DC fan as a water temperature stabilizer, and the turbidity sensor as a turbidity measurement tool with a clean water replacement system as a water turbidity stabilizer. Based on the experiments carried out, it was found that there were significant differences between aquariums using a control system automation tool compared to aquariums without a control system tool. This means that the system that is made is effective and proven to be able to maintain the environmental conditions of ornamental fish with measurement results of pH ranging from 7–7.5, the temperature of 24°–27°C, and water turbidity of 10 NTU.

Filtration extraction method using a microfluidic channel for measuring environmental DNA.

The environmental DNA (eDNA) method, which is widely applied in biomonitoring, is limited to laboratory analysis and processing. In this study, we developed a filtration/extraction component using a microfluidic channel, the Biryu-Chip (BC), and a filtration/extraction method, the BC method, to minimize the volume of the sample necessary for DNA extraction and subsequent PCR amplification. We tested the performance of the BC method and compared it with that of the Sterivex filtration/extraction method using aquarium and river water samples. We observed that using the BC method, the same concentration of extracted DNA was obtained with 1/20-1/40 of the filtration volume of the Sterivex method, suggesting that the BC method can be widely used for eDNA measurement. In addition, we performed on-site measurements of eDNA within 30 min using a mobile PCR device, demonstrating that filtration and extraction can be performed easily and quickly using the BC method. The PCR results obtained using the BC method were similar to those obtained using the Sterivex method. The BC method requires fewer steps; therefore, the risk of DNA contamination can be reduced. When combined with mobile PCR, the BC method can be applied to easily detect eDNA within 30 min from the collection of water sample, even on-site.

Сравнительная характеристика функциональных показателей аквариумных фильтров

Aquarium care is a kind of a hobby. Aquariums are filled in with various fish species, invertebrates, plants, so aquarium water contains a huge amount of impurities, bacteria and microorganisms formed during the life of aquarium inhabitants. Currently, there appear the new aquarium filters for water purification with new consumer properties. There are considered the ways of treating water in aquariums by using different types of filters in order to study their functional qualities. Six internal filters of different brands and 1 external one were taken as the objects of study, their technical characteristics being presented. The time parameters of mechanical purification of aquarium water from the bacterial film by different filters were determined, the time limits of which correspond to 2-15 and 168 min. The operating time of the filters was calculated up to the point of deteriorating the quality of water filtration, which ranged within 5-12 min for all samples; one filter coped with the task of water purification in 60 minutes. The period of filter operation until the replacement or cleaning of filter materials has been stated. The minimal result is 168 hours, the maximal - 504 hours.

Examples of Benthic Macrofauna Observed Around a Marine Aquarium Water Supply System in Antalya

Bu araştırma 2018 yılı içerisinde, Konyaaltı plajı (Antalya) yakınında kurulmuş olan bir deniz akvaryumunun su tedarik ünitesinde yapılmıştır. Çalışmada, su alım ünitesi etrafında bulunan makro omurgasız faunasına ait bazı türlerin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmada Echinodermata(derisidikenliler)’dan Synaptula reciprocans, Arbacia lixula ve Diadema setosum,Crustacea (Kabuklular)’dan Charybdis hellerii, Percnon gibbesi, Portunus pelagicus, Balanus sp. ve Scyllarides latus, Mollusca (Yumuşakçalar) ya ait Bivalvia sınıfından Pinctada radiata, Spondylus spinosimus, Chama pacifica, Saccostrea cucullata, Saccostrea glomerata, Dendostrea frons, Malleus regulus, Ostrea edulis, Arca noae, Gastropoda sınıfından ise Hexaplex trunculus, Cerithium sp., Conomurex persicus, Ergalatax martensi, Coryphellina rubrolineata, Flabellina sp. ve Felimare picta’nın su temin ünitesini yaşam alanı olarak kullandığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca bölgede tunikatlardan Phallusia nigra, Microcosmus vulgaris ve Herdmania momus ‘un aynı sistem üzerinde bulundukları tespit edilmiştir.

Degeneration in Renal Cells of Freshwater Fish (Channa punctata) under Exposure of Nigrosine Black (Acid Black-2), a Tanning Industry Dye

Nigrosine Black (Acid Black-2) is popularly used in tanning industries and a huge amount of this dye comes out with effluent of tanning industries, this dye reached near water bodies, and what impact produced on their aquatic life not reveal yet, Hence a study was plan to find out the impact of Nigrosine black dye on the renal cell of freshwater fish Channa punctata. Sub-acute and chronic exposure to Nigrocine Black produced significant renal cellular degeneration in fish C. punctata. The 1/20th LC50 (96h) of the Nigrocine Black produced degenerating changes in the kidney tissues of fish. Renal corpuscles were revealing swollen and contained some degenerated RBC and thmbrocytes, which appeared to be cellular debris in Bowman space, due to the rapid destruction of the nuclei of erythrocytes. The liberated hemoglobin and other cytoplasmic materials were also observed, while 1/20th of LC50 (96hr) of Nigrosine Black produced renal degeneration in Bowman’s capsule and swelling in the glomerulus in the intoxicated fish along with renal tubules atrophy, degeneration as compared to the control group of fish. The low dose of Nigrosine Black Toxicity in fish produced nephropathy, and nephrosis. While the high dose of Nigrosine black dye produces Glomerulonephritis in experimental fish. The kidney cells of experimental fish are damaged by both doses of Nigrosine Black. The physico-chemical property of aquarium water was kept constant during whole duration of experiment.

Prototype of Water Turbidity Measurement With Fuzzy Method using Microcontroller

Water is a source of much-needed living things such as daily needs and transportation routes, and also as a source of energy. Water is also essential as a water quality factor. Good water for treating cold-water ornamental fish with temperatures below 20o Celcius has a maximum water turbidity value of 10 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Unit); if the turbidity level is above 10 NTU, the water will be declared cloudy and affect fish health. The object of this research is ornamental aquarium fish with the type of goldfish. The research method used is qualitative. The research flow begins with observing the problem, then designing and simulating the Arduino Uno as a place to process the measuring data. The prototype of this tool aims to show changes in the level of turbidity of water from the value of water turbidity. This prototype uses the fuzzy method to assist the testing process. This study's results for five days showed that 1 out of 5 tests indicated that the aquarium water was cloudy, namely on the fifth day. The results of this study are expected to be implemented in a prototype for measuring water turbidity using the fuzzy method using a microcontroller. The design of this water turbidity measuring instrument is expected to estimate the turbidity of water or liquid correctly, precisely, accurately, with a small error rate, and notify warnings for replacing ornamental fish aquarium water.