Correct Approach Research Articles

Delusion of pregnancy - what the literature says?

Introduction Delusion of pregnancy (DP) is a false and persistent belief of being pregnant despite realistic evidence to the contrary. Being considered a rare phenomenon, more cases of DP have been reported lately, however the literature about this topic is still scarce.ObjectivesClarify the etiology and clinical aspects of this pathology in order to diagnose and to treat it properly.MethodsA search on Pubmed was performed using the MeSH terms “delusion pregnancy” or “pseudocyesis”. The DSM-5 and ICD-10 were also a source of information.ResultsDP can be sometimes confused with other disorders, like pseudocyesis, pseudo-pregnancy and Couvade syndrome, but it is important to differentiate all of them to have a clear view of the pathology and follow a correct approach to the problem.DP can manifest isolatedly, but it is more commonly associated with other diseases. Etiologically, several factors can intercede: biological, psychosocial and cultural factors, iatrogenic factors and coenaesthesis processes.Demographically, about 50% of the patients are 20-40 years old and the most common psychiatric diagnoses are schizophrenia, bipolar disorder and depression. Concerning the treatment, it is essential to exclude non-psychiatric causes and treat those, if present. After doing so, the therapeutical approach can be non-pharmacological, using psychotherapy or electroconvulsive therapy, although the latter has inconclusive results and sometimes it only remits the comorbid depressive symptoms; or pharmacological using 2nd generation antipsychotics.In general, there is now a good response in 50-64% of the cases (Bera and Sakar, Indian J Psychol Med 2015;37(2)131-137) (Yadov et al, Indian J Psychol Med 2012;34(1) 82-84).ConclusionsDP can be a psychiatric diagnosis itself or a manifestation of other psychiatric or non-psychiatric disorder so we must be allert to make a precise differential diagnosis. Its genesis is multifactorial and that must be taken into account when thinking about its treatment approach.In the past, the prognosis of the DP wasn’t good, but in the recent literature it was found a good response in more than half of the patients treated accordingly.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Borderline Personality Disorder: diagnostic and management challenges

IntroductionBorderline Personality Disorder (BPD) and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), relatively common psychiatric pathologies (5% and 1-2% respectively), share several characteristics, specially impulsivity and emotional dysregulation. With different therapeutic approaches, it is therefore important to distinguish the entities for a correct approach to the patient. Clinical evidence has also demonstrated high comorbidity between two entities, and therefore this recognition is of equal relevance.ObjectivesAnalyze the clinical evidence, in order to better understand the dynamics between the two pathologies as comorbid or differential diagnosis, for an appropriate approach to the patient.MethodsAuthors used the Medline database through the Pubmed search engine, with the keywords: “PBP”, “PHDA”.ResultsThese two pathologies share impulsive and spontaneous actions with poor thinking about the consequences; nonetheless, ADHD individuals tend to show this impulsivity by being more impatiente when they have to wait, talking over other people, interrupting others; on the contrary, in BPD impulsivity can be showed more as self-harm behaviors.As for the emotional dysregulation, that both entities share, in the comorbid case it is known that it is the most severe form. This characteristic is part of the central characteristics of BPD where these individuals experience intense and unstable emotions. They have difficulty regulating their emotions which can lead to rapid changes in mood, and they report feelings of emotional emptiness and difficulty in establishing stable relationships. As for ADHD individuals, despite present, it’s not a core symptom, as they have more control over their emotions, and have more adaptative cognitive strategies.Attention deficit can be a core symptom of a subtype of ADHD and has not yet been reported in patients with PBP, except in comorbid situations. According to studies, 30-60% of patients with PBP report and score on attention deficit scales. Truth is both entities have intelectual disfunctionalities.Results of genetic studies are very inconsistent, however epigenetic research and reseach focusing on hypothetized vulnerability genes or sites have been promising.ConclusionsA complete clinical history is particularly important in these cases and sometimes difficult, as so, clinicians should be aware to prevent misdiagnosis and provide the best care for both disorders and the comorbidity. Given that treatment differs between both pathologies, psychotherapy in BPD, and the multimodal approach in ADHD, it is imperative to distinguish the two entities. In comorbid cases, a combination of the two therapies has demonstrated effectiveness but much more studies are needed.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

EFFICIENCY OF IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM AT 'RESEARCH AND PRODUCTION COMPANY 'ZOND' LTD

To ensure the correct approach to energy management and efficient use by enterprises and organizations, an energy management system is being implemented. The article is about effectiveness of the energy management system at the 'ZOND' LLC. An analysis of the use of fuel and energy resources is carried out, taking into account the structure of energy consumption and cost. It is established that in order to ensure rational consumption, it is necessary to apply a comprehensive approach to analyzing and prioritizing the proposed energy efficiency measures. The constructive and operational shortcomings of the heating system are described. The implemented measures for the rational use of gas are presented. Lighting aspects are considered, including the transition to LED lamps and the use of natural light. Significant heat losses by external envelope structures are revealed and the implemented measures for the building insulation with polystyrene insulation boards (EPS) are described. The results of the economic analysis are presented. The effectiveness of the measures taken by the enterprise to ensure backup power supply in the conditions of prolonged power outages is analyzed. The analysis of the enterprise's work during prolonged emergency power outages is carried out. A number of both minor and significant shortcomings of the described measures to provide electricity to the company's consumers have been identified. Particular attention is paid to the selection and use of uninterruptible power supply units to keep critical consumers running. The use of special skylights, also known as solar daylight tubes or light tubes, to reduce the use of artificial lighting is proposed. A conclusion is made about the effectiveness of an integrated approach to managing the energy efficiency of an enterprise in the context of modern challenges and a high level of energy efficiency management at this enterprise is confirmed.

Enhanced heat flow assessment in Gulf of Hammamet and Pelagian Sea: Temperature corrections and conductivity adjustments

This study proposes new corrections of formation temperatures combined to correction of formation conductivities to reconstruct the heat flow map of the Gulf of Hammamet-Pelagian Sea, Eastern Tunisia. For that, a new linear Cross-Plot temperature correction approach, based on Bottom Hole Temperatures (BHT) and Drill Stem Temperatures (DST) of 63 drilled boreholes, was applied. In addition, and as temperature is transmitted from the substratum to the top of a stratigraphic column owing to the thermal conductivity, the latter was investigated according to a high appraisal of ±5 m and taking into account porosity variation with depth. The produced corrected thermal conductivity and geothermal gradient allowed to calculate the corrected heat flow in the Gulf of Hammamet – Pelagian Sea. Results show that the corrected geothermal gradient varies between 23 °C/Km and 58 °C/Km with a regional mean of about 39 °C/Km. The corrected heat flow rises from 49.5 to 119 mW/m2 with a regional mean of about 68 mW/m2. Variation of heat flow is dependent of the geodynamic evolution of the area where high heat flows follow folding structures and relatively low heat flows follow major trending faults. The major variations are E-W, N-S and NW-SE in direction following the major structural trends.

A dual-stage correction approach for high-precision phase-shifter in Fizeau interferometers

This paper proposes a dual-stage correction approach for a high-accuracy phase-shifter in Fizeau laser interferometers, effectively reducing the phase shift errors in PSI (Phase-Shifting interferometry) and improving the precision of surface profile measurements. The precision of PSI depends on the displacement accuracy of the reference mirror, and the function of the phase shifter is to drive the reference mirror to generate wavelength-level displacements with nanometer-level accuracy. The first-stage correction aims to reduce the nonlinearity error of the reference mirror by ULPS (Ultra-High Linearity Phase Shifter). The second-stage correction aims to reduce the average velocity error and plane velocity uniformity error of the reference mirror by AVIC (Auto Velocity Iterative Correction). The experimental results indicate that, after the first-stage correction, ULPS exhibits a 0.05 % nonlinearity, a 2.5 nm repeatability, and a 0.2 nm resolution under a load of 20 kg, and its nonlinearity surpassing all phase-shifters documented in the literature. After the second-stage correction, the average velocity error and plane velocity uniformity error of the reference mirror are reduced to 0.07 %.

WITHDRAWAL – Administrative Duplicate Publication: Vs-0 Correction Factors for Input Ground Motions used in Seismic Site Response Analyses

Input motions used in seismic site response analyses are commonly selected based on similarities between the shear wave velocity (Vs) at the recording station, and the reference depth at the site of interest (among other aspects such as the intensity of the expected ground motion). This traditional approach disregards the influence of the attenuation in the shallow crust on site response. Given that this attenuation (damping) can be characterized by the distance-independent high-frequency attenuation parameter 0, a Vs-0 correction framework for input motions is proposed to render them compatible with the assumed properties of the reference depth at the site. The proposed correction factors were applied to a subset of recordings from the KiK-net database, and compared to traditional deconvolution. Results indicate that Vs-0 corrected motions outperform deconvolved motions in the characterization of the spectral energy in the high-frequency range. However, motions recorded at sites with soft deposits are not good candidates for the Vs-0 correction approach. Vs-0 corrections also affect amplification functions which are important in the assessment of site-specific seismic hazards.

Mitigating Label Noise through Data Ambiguation

Label noise poses an important challenge in machine learning, especially in deep learning, in which large models with high expressive power dominate the field. Models of that kind are prone to memorizing incorrect labels, thereby harming generalization performance. Many methods have been proposed to address this problem, including robust loss functions and more complex label correction approaches. Robust loss functions are appealing due to their simplicity, but typically lack flexibility, while label correction usually adds substantial complexity to the training setup. In this paper, we suggest to address the shortcomings of both methodologies by "ambiguating" the target information, adding additional, complementary candidate labels in case the learner is not sufficiently convinced of the observed training label. More precisely, we leverage the framework of so-called superset learning to construct set-valued targets based on a confidence threshold, which deliver imprecise yet more reliable beliefs about the ground-truth, effectively helping the learner to suppress the memorization effect. In an extensive empirical evaluation, our method demonstrates favorable learning behavior on synthetic and real-world noise, confirming the effectiveness in detecting and correcting erroneous training labels.

Abstract 3494: KINOMO: A non-negative matrix factorization framework for recovering intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity from single-cell RNA-seq data

Abstract Single-cell RNA-sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a powerful technology to uncover cellular heterogeneity in tumor ecosystems. Due to differences in underlying gene load, direct comparison between patient samples is challenging, and this is further complicated by the sparsity of data matrices in scRNA-seq. Here, we present a factorization method called KINOMO (Kernel dIfferentiability correlation-based NOn- negative Matrix factorization algorithm using Kullback-Leibler divergence loss Optimization). This tool uses quadratic approximation approach for error correction and an iterative multiplicative approach, which improves the quality assessment of NMF-identified factorization, while mitigating biases introduced by inter-patient genomic variability. We benchmarked this new approach against nine different methods across 150 scRNA-seq experiments and find that KINOMO outperforms prior methods when evaluated with an adjusted Rand index (ARI), ranging 0.82-0.91 compared to 0.68-0.77. Thus, KINOMO provides an improved approach for determining coherent transcriptional programs (and meta-programs) from scRNA- seq data of cancer tissues, enabling comparison of patients with variable genomic backgrounds. Citation Format: Somnath Tagore, Yiping Wang, Jana Biermann, Edridge K. D'Souza, Karan D. Luthria, Raul Rabadan, Elham Azizi, Benjamin Izar. KINOMO: A non-negative matrix factorization framework for recovering intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity from single-cell RNA-seq data [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2024; Part 1 (Regular Abstracts); 2024 Apr 5-10; San Diego, CA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2024;84(6_Suppl):Abstract nr 3494.

Using the automated HYPERNETS hyperspectral system for multi-mission satellite ocean colour validation in the Río de la Plata, accounting for different spatial resolutions

Validation of water reflectance using in situ data is essential to ensure the quality of ocean colour satellite-derived products useful for water quality monitoring, like turbidity and chlorophyll-a concentration. Since December 2021, the HYPERNETS automated hyperspectral system has been collecting data in the optically complex and highly turbid waters of the Río de la Plata, an ideal scenario for testing atmospheric correction algorithms’ performance. The site, located 60 km south of Buenos Aires (Argentina), is described in relation to the water reflectance spectral features and variability using high spatial resolution imagery and a methodology is proposed to objectively select a sensor-specific location of a reference pixel for satellite validation. Six months of data is used to evaluate surface water reflectance operational products from multi-spectral systems like Landsat 8&9/OLI (L89/OLI), Sentinel-2/MSI (S2/MSI) & Sentinel-3/OLCI (S3/OLCI), and PlanetScope SuperDoves (PS/SD), and also non standard products for Aqua/MODIS (Aqua/MODIS) and SNPP&JPSS1/VIIRS (SJ/VIIRS) missions. Moreover, the standard surface water reflectance product from the hyperspectral PRISMA mission could also be evaluated. The matchups show general good results when in situ measurements are compared to L2 standard products of high spatial resolution sensors that use land-based atmospheric correction approach, if sun glint contamination is avoided. Low mean relative percentage difference was found for S2/MSI (2.45%) and L89/OLI (−3.52%), but higher for PS/SD (30.7%). In turn, S3/OLCI medium resolution also showed low mean relative differences (2.31%), while SJ/VIIRS and Aqua/MODIS showed larger and negative differences (−16.35 for SJ/VIIRS and −35.6% for Aqua/MODIS) which showed a clear increase towards the shortest blue bands. The results show the great potential of the HYPERNETS automated system to provide high quality and quantity of data for validation of satellite data at all visible and near infrared (VNIR, 400–900 nm) wavelengths in a multi-mission perspective.

R (on the application of W80) v Director General of the Independent Office of Police Conduct: Landmark Ruling or Business as Usual?

On 5 July 2023 the Supreme Court handed down its judgment in R (on the application of W80) v Director General of the Independent Office for Police Conduct. The issue before the Court was which test should be applied in assessing whether officers’ use of force amounts to misconduct; the criminal law test for self‐defence (as the Divisional Court found), the test set out in the Police Conduct Regulations 2012 (ie that officers should only use force when it is ‘necessary, proportionate and reasonable in all the circumstances’) (as the Court of Appeal held) or the civil law test for self‐defence which the Supreme Court ultimately decided was the correct approach. The Court's affirmation that the criminal law test is inconsistent with the purposes of the police conduct system is to be welcomed. However, this case note argues that their Lordships’ reasoning in other regards was unconvincing and obscured deeper issues concerning police accountability which the recent Casey Review confirms need to be more openly addressed.

Modified Barnacles Mating Optimizing Algorithm for the Inversion of Self-potential Anomalies Due to Ore Deposits

The self-potential method (SP) has been used extensively to reveal some model parameters of various ore deposits. However, estimating these parameters can be challenging due to the mathematical nature of the inversion process. To address this issue, we propose here a novel global optimizer called the Modified Barnacles Mating Optimizer (MBMO). We improved upon the original approach by incorporating a variable genital length strategy, a novel barnacle offspring evolving method, and an out-of-bounds correction approach. The MBMO has not been previously applied to geophysical anomalies. Prior to inversion of real data sets, modal and sensitivity Analyzes were conducted using a theoretical model with multiple sources. The Analyzes revealed that the problem is modal in nature, model parameters have varying levels of sensitivity, and an algorithm that can well balance global exploration with local exploitation is required to solve this problem. The MBMO was tested on theoretical SP anomalies and four real datasets from Türkiye, Canada, India, and Germany. Its performance was compared to the original version under equal conditions. Uncertainty determination studies were carried out to comprehend the reliability of the solutions obtained via both algorithms. The findings indicated clearly that the MBMO outperformed its original version in estimating the model parameters from SP anomalies. The modifications presented here improved its ability to search for the global minimum effectively. In addition to geophysical datasets, experiments with 11 challenging benchmark functions demonstrated the advantages of MBMO in optimization problems. Theoretical and field data applications showed that the proposed algorithm can be used effectively in model parameter estimations from SP anomalies of ore deposits with the help of total gradient anomalies.

Voltage Regulation and Power Factor Enhancement for EV Charging Station by Using Optimization Algorithm

A Cuk converter-based Power Factor (PF) and voltage regulation enhancement model for an electric vehicle (EV) charging circuit is created and developed, utilizing an optimization technique. Using the Cuk converter's performance measures in Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM), the charging system may produce a steady output current with better PF. This project implements an optimization algorithm-based correction approach for power factor and voltage regulation. The Jaya optimization algorithm, which is a basic metaheuristic algorithm, uses less algorithm-specific parameters. The use of an optimization algorithm aids in the dynamic adjustment of converter operation to maintain the appropriate power factor and voltage levels under non-linear situations such as load fluctuations and input changes. The algorithm evaluates the output and modifies the system's parameters to optimize performance for real-time EV applications, taking into account factors such as changing load requirements, input supply uncertainty, and desired voltage levels. The suggested method is created and tested in MATLAB/Simulink. The suggested algorithm is then confirmed experimentally as a hardware prototype.

Bias reduction of maximum likelihood estimation in exponentiated Teissier distribution

The exponentiated Teissier distribution (ETD) offers an alternative for modeling survival data, taking into account flexibility in modeling data with increasing and decreasing hazard rate functions. The most popular method for parameter estimation of the ETD distribution is the maximum likelihood estimation (MLE). The MLE, on the other hand, is notoriously biased for its small sample sizes. We are therefore driven to generate virtually unbiased estimators for ETD parameters. More specifically, we focus on two methods of bias correction, bootstrapping and analytical approaches, to reduce MLE biases to the second order of bias. The performances of these approaches are compared through Monte Carlo simulations and two real-data applications.

Technical advances in motion-robust MR thermometry.

Proton resonance frequency shift (PRFS) MR thermometry is the most common method used in clinical thermal treatments because of its fast acquisition and high sensitivity to temperature. However, motion is the biggest obstacle in PRFS MR thermometry for monitoring thermal treatment in moving organs. This challenge arises because of the introduction of phase errors into the PRFS calculation through multiple methods, such as image misregistration, susceptibility changes in the magnetic field, and intraframe motion during MRI acquisition. Various approaches for motion correction have been developed for real-time, motion-robust, and volumetric MR thermometry. However, current technologies have inherent trade-offs among volume coverage, processing time, and temperature accuracy. These tradeoffs should be considered and chosen according to the thermal treatment application. In hyperthermia treatment, precise temperature measurements are of increased importance rather than the requirement for exceedingly high temporal resolution. In contrast, ablation procedures require robust temporal resolution to accurately capture a rapid temperature rise. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current cutting-edge MRI techniques for motion-robust MR thermometry, and recommends which techniques are better suited for each thermal treatment. We expect that this study will help discern the selection of motion-robust MR thermometry strategies and inspire the development of motion-robust volumetric MR thermometry for practical use in clinics.

A Comparative Analysis between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Drivers of Inflation

In most economies, particularly in developing countries, addressing inflation remains a significant macroeconomic challenge. This study seeks to examine the factors, both internal and external, that contribute to inflationary trends in South Africa. To achieve this objective, the authors employ the Johansen cointegration test, vector error correction approach, impulse response function, and variance decomposition on quarterly time series data spanning from 1994 to 2022. The findings of the study provide compelling evidence suggesting that both internal and external factors play a statistically significant role in influencing inflation. However, external forces exert a greater impact on the inflationary pressures witnessed in South Africa when compared to internal factors. Notably, factors such as trade openness, exchange rates, and imported prices contribute significantly to the elevated inflation rate in South Africa. On the other hand, internal factors like sustainable government expenditure, interest rates, and net export prices prove effective in mitigating the inflation rate.

Человек есть цифровая личность, или у человека есть цифровая личность?

The Internet is an important part of modern life; however, most virtual processes are beyond the scope of legal control. The state as a legislator regulates relations that originate in the real world. As a result, the law often fails to take into account the specifics of virtual environment. The poor legal regulation comes from the fact that the legislator cannot determine whether digital rights and freedoms are new categories or a continuation of the existing legal provisions. In this article, the author attempts to identify the correct approach by answering the obvious question: Is there a digital life and a separate digital personality, or is the digital space a continuation of the constitutional right to life exercised by a real-life legal subject? The research relied on standard methods of cognition and specific scientific methods, e.g., comparative and formal logical analyses. While analyzing the concept of the constitutional right to life, the author defines the categories of digital image and digital personality in order to develop a variant of legal regulation of digital rights and freedoms. The validity of digital personality depends on the approach the legislator chooses to regulate digital rights and freedoms. If the legislator sees digital rights and freedoms as a continuation of the rights and freedoms that exist in reality, a digital personality is impossible: it is a digital image of a real person in virtual space. If the legislator evaluates rights and freedoms as a new category, a digital personality is a valid concept, but only in the context of artificial intelligence.

First worldwide correction of ventral Peyronie's disease utilizing rigicon inflatable penile prosthesis combined with plaque incision & grafting with collagen fleece (PICS-technique) for residual curvature.

Adjunctive residual curvature correction by plaque incision and grafting with a sutureless graft during inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) implantation in patients with Peyronie's disease (PD) is our preferred technique. The PICS Technique (Penile Implant in Combination with the Sealing Technique) uses a self-adhesive collagen fleece (TachoSil®, Corza Medical, MA, USA) to cover the defect after plaque incision. The graft does not require sutures improving operative speed and avoiding needle stick of the implant cylinders. In this article, we present the first known application worldwide of a Rigicon Infla10® X (Rigicon, Ronkonkoma, NY, USA) device to Peyronie's ventral curvature. The patient's residual curvature of 80° after implantation was corrected by PICS through an additional subcoronal incision. At the conclusion of surgery, the penis was totally straight and rigid. No intra- and postoperative complications occurred. At the early follow-up of 12 weeks postoperatively, the patient was able to inflate and deflate the device and sexual intercourse was possible. A combination of the Rigicon Infla10® X and the PICS Technique represents a safe and successful approach for residual curvature correction during IPP in patients with ventral Peyronie's curvature. The Rigicon Infla10® X device showed excellent rigidity, and controlled expansion of the X cylinders means it can be used with the PICS Technique without restrictions. Early results are promising. Long-term follow-up and more patients are needed.

Intra-scan RF power amplifier drift correction.

The drift in radiofrequency (RF) power amplifiers (RFPAs) is assessed and several contributing factors are investigated. Two approaches for prospective correction of drift are proposed and their effectiveness is evaluated. RFPA drift assessment encompasses both intra-pulse and inter-pulse drift analyses. Scan protocols with varying flip angle (FA), RF length, and pulse repetition time (TR) are used to gauge the influence of these parameters on drift. Directional couplers (DICOs) monitor the forward waveforms of the RFPA outputs. DICOs data is stored for evaluation, allowing calculation of correction factors to adjust RFPAs' transmit voltage. Two correction methods, predictive and run-time, are employed: predictive correction necessitates a calibration scan, while run-time correction calculates factors during the ongoing scan. RFPA drift is indeed influenced by the RF duty-cycle, and in the cases examined with a maximum duty-cycle of 66%, the potential drift is approximately 41% or 15%, depending on the specific RFPA revision. Notably, in low transmit voltage scenarios, FA has minimal impact on RFPA drift. The application of predictive and run-time drift correction techniques effectively reduces the average drift from 10.0% to less than 1%, resulting in enhanced MR signal stability. Utilizing DICO recordings and implementing a feedback mechanism enable the prospective correction of RFPA drift. Having a calibration scan, predictive correction can be utilized with fewer complexity; for enhanced performance, a run-time approach can be employed.

Fusion mass to pelvis internal distraction technique using multiple-hook fixation for scoliosis correction: illustrative case.

Internal distraction rods have been described as an alternative to halo gravity traction for the treatment of severe scoliosis. Distraction rods can be challenging to use in patients with existing fusion masses. The authors report an internal distraction, construct-to-construct rod technique using multiple-hook fixation in a patient with a sharply angulated cervicothoracic scoliosis fusion mass. A 12-year-old female with previously diagnosed congenital scoliosis who had undergone cervical fusion in situ at age 2 presented to the clinic with shortness of breath exacerbated by increased levels of activity. Standing anteroposterior and lateral scoliosis radiographs revealed a left >150° cervicothoracic curve, right 140° thoracolumbar curve, and left 28° lumbosacral fractional curve with pelvic obliquity. The authors indicated this patient for a 3-stage all-posterior approach for spinal fusion and deformity correction. In the final fusion surgery, the authors set up a construct-to-construct internal distraction configuration connecting the left hemipelvis to the cervicothoracic fusion mass to aid in deformity correction. A construct-to-construct internal distraction rod technique connecting a fusion mass to the pelvis can assist with curve correction in severe scoliosis.

Municipal Defensive Walls in Western Poland: The Example of Żagań

ABSTRACT Many relics of municipal fortifications are preserved in multiple cities in the Silesian — Lusatian region. Research works are mainly focused on area such a history, architecture or technical state, without correlation between these areas. The correct approach is to identify walls, or sections of them, as part of parallel, interdisciplinary research that covers the history and chronology of transformations, expansion phases, and their state of preservation which was also the primary and main goal of the research in case of Żagań municipal defensive walls. Thanks to architectural and archaeological analysis, it was possible to determine the chronology of the transformations and layers of the walls. Combining the results of the chronological analyses (C-14, dendrochronology) of wood samples from putlog holes with the results of architectural research allows hypotheses regarding the chronology of constructing objects to be confirmed or excluded. During the study it was found, that it is recommended to correlate the results of archaeological research conducted within the area of excavations next to the foundations of city walls with the results of the structural analyses of soil and water conditions. It is then possible to conduct a comparative analysis of the identified soil and anthropogenic layers. The correlation of architectural research in the field of the chronology of the construction of city walls with the results of the analyses of the cross-sectional deformation of their structure (based on 3D laser scanning) enables answers about the causes of the walls’ inclination to be obtained. The proposed algorithm for interdisciplinary cooperation in research of historical municipal walls is presented.