Level Of Appreciation Research Articles

Effectiveness of Hand Self-Shiatsu to Promote Sleep in Young People with Chronic Pain: a Case Series Design

Background: Sleep problems exist for up to 30% of young people, and increase in the case of those with chronic pain. Because exclusive pharmacological management of sleep problems for children with pain is contraindicated, the development of appropriate non-pharmacological sleep interventions is a significant, largely unmet, need.
 Purpose: This study examined whether the application of a standardized hand self-shiatsu (HSS) intervention within a population of young people with chronic pain would be associated with improved objectively and subjectively measured sleep.
 Setting: The Pain Management Clinic of the Stollery Children’s Hospital Hospital, a large tertiary care centre in Edmonton, Alberta and the University of Alberta.
 Research Design: Sixteen young adults, aged 17 to 27, were recruited for a case series study. The intervention involved participants self-applying a standardized hand shiatsu protocol. Participants wore an actigraph for one week at baseline before learning the HSS technique, and then at four- and eight-week follow-up. At the same measurement points they completed validated self-report measures of their sleep quality and daytime fatigue. Each participant also completed a sleep log to supplement the actigraphy data and to collect their general impressions of the HSS experience. Data were analyzed with SPSS 23 software, using Freidman’s test for analysis of variance.
 Results: The objective data did not support the hypothesis that this standardized HSS protocol improves objectively measured sleep. However, standardized self-report measures demonstrated statistically significant improvement in perceived sleep disturbance (chi-squared test [?2] = 8.034, p = .02), sleep-related impairment (?2 = 7.614, p = .02), and daytime fatigue as measured by the PROMIS Fatigue SF 8-a (?2 = 12.035, p = .002), and the Flinder’s Fatigue Scale (?2 = 11.93, p = .003). Qualitative sleep log information indicated wide-spread endorsement of HSS for the management of sleep difficulties.
 Conclusion: Contrary to objective findings, self-report data support the technique of HSS to improve sleep. Participants’ comments reflected an overall high level of acceptance and appreciation for the HSS technique. Results highlight the importance of expanding the theory and practice related to sleep measurement to better integrate the qualitative domain.

Mapping the Recreational Value of Coppices’ Management Systems in Tuscany

In recent decades the growing interest in forested areas has led to a higher level of appreciation and consideration regarding the various benefits and services provided by forests. Despite this, when it comes to acknowledging their economic value and their capacity to produce income, the production of timber seems to be the main or even the only function that is considered. However, by adopting a sustainable forest management approach, the value related to non-market forest functions could also be considered. The present paper aims to quantify the potential income related to the recreational value of coppice forest by considering three different management systems: traditional coppice, active conversion to high forest and the natural evolution of forest. In order to do so, a contingent valuation method was used, and 248 forest users were surveyed in the region of Tuscany, Italy. The surveys included a revised price-list method, and the results obtained showed the existence of willingness to pay (WTP) for the maintenance of forests. Users showed a strong preference for conversion to high forest, while natural evolution was the least preferred management option. People’s perception on this matter was also assessed based on their specific location, by georeferencing all of the respondents’ answers: considering this, it was observed that belonging to a municipality located in or close to the mountains (i.e., mountain and natural municipalities) influenced the users’ WTP to maintain natural evolution.

A survey on monopolar radiofrequency treatment: The latest update.

The aim of this questionnaire-based study was to measure the level of appreciation, practice patterns, and side effects of monopolar radiofrequency treatment among Korean dermatologists practicing the most updated monopolar radiofrequency device (Thermage FLX, Thermage Inc., Hayward, California). According to a total of 52 surveys analyzed, this latest device (Thermage FLX) was considered more effective (57.4%), faster with reduced treatment time (66.0%), and more painful (25.5%) compared with Thermage CPT. Asians in their 40s were considered to benefit most and skin thickness continued to be the most important determinant in terms of responsiveness to Thermage FLX. The interval between treatments was mainly 1 year (51.9%) with the 600 REP 4 cm2 new total tip being preferred by 86.5% of Thermage FLX users. The treatment energy and the complication rate of Thermage was lower than what we reported in 2017 and 2011 which is likely due to the optimized energy delivery of Thermage FLX and the subsequent gentle treatment. We hope our updated data enable dermatologists to better utilize monopolar radiofrequency in their practice.

Celebrating YourCircle of Life: Eudaimonic Responses to Nostalgic Entertainment Experiences

AbstractStudies of eudaimonic entertainment experiences have primarily examined the effects of exposure to serious content (e.g., tragic movies) rather than lighthearted content that nonetheless harbors personal significance (e.g., beloved movies from childhood). Two experiments investigated the characteristics of these so-called nostalgic entertainment experiences among U.S. adults, using Star Wars movies in Study 1 (N = 1,127) and animated Disney movies in Study 2 (N = 945). Results indicate that exposure to nostalgic content elicits more appreciation than comparable content released recently (i.e., sequels and remakes), and the same level of appreciation as exposure to scenes of self-sacrifice. However, exposure to nostalgic content produces self-affirmation, whereas exposure to scenes of self-sacrifice produces self-transcendence. These findings underscore the limitations of existing two-factor models of entertainment, and modifications are proposed.

Ingestion and integration of ICTs for pedagogy in Indian private high schools

In most cases, private schools in India are considered to have sufficient ICT resources for teaching-learning in 21st century classrooms and are assumed to be leaders in technology integration in the school pedagogy in this country. This study aimed to investigate the state of ICT integration and the degree of expertise these schools have attained. A survey of forty teachers from twenty purposively selected private high schools was conducted using a set interview protocol. Data were analyzed following the grounded theory approach. Results revealed that despite a high level of appreciation among teachers of the importance of ICT integration into teaching and learning classroom integration was not found problem-free. Several debilitating factors evolved including, a lack of ICT infrastructure, a lack of institutional encouragement, weak policies, and above all a lack of sufficient skills among teachers at all levels- technological, pedagogical, and integrative. This shows poor conviction in the hypothesis that private schools are good at ICT integration. Based on the analysis the study proposed 3E-Model along with a program of action for its implementation to improve ICT integration by dampening down the challenges and recommending schools to establish independent authorities; for example Working School Governing Bodies (WSGBs) that would look after the model and issues relating to the promotion of ICT integrated pedagogies in schools.

A new gaming platform to improve cognitive performance and promote healthy behavior: a pilot study

Abstract Background Brain training games can sharpen the mind and potentially prevent cognitive diseases, that are particularly relevant to the population ageing. The EU funded project ACDC, Adult Cognitive Decline Conscientiousness, developed an online training tool to train cognitive functions and promote healthy behaviors in the adult population. Methods An online platform, consisting of 16 games with different levels, was built. Three main brain domains were targeted: memory, visuospatial and verbal skill. After the completion of each game level, healthy lifestyle tips were presented to the users. Participants were actively recruited from the project partners; inclusion criteria were adult age (40-70 years) without cognitive diseases. An adapted version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment was used to assess cognitive performance at the start and after two hours of active gaming. The paired t-test was used to compare the scores before and after the training. A satisfaction questionnaire was administered at the end of the training session. Results Fifty-six participants from three European countries (Austria, Spain and Italy) took part in the pilot phase (median age: 57, IQR: 47-66). Most of them were university graduates (38%) or had a high school diploma (41%), employed full-time (46%) and females (82%). Significant improvements were registered in the verbal domain, where the mean score increased from 4.18 to 4.83 (p = 0.047), and in the memory area, where the mean score grew from 4.80 to 6.60 (p < 0.001). The visuospatial mean score improved from 4.55 to 5.16 (p = 0.0518). Most users (84%) were greatly satisfied with the platform and reported a high level of appreciation for the interactive gaming approach. Conclusions Despite the small sample size, the pilot phase detected some improvements in cognitive performance and a good appreciation of the training tool. Given these encouraging findings, the study will now be extended to more participants. Key messages The newly developed platform represented a promising tool to train cognitive functions. The proposed interactive gaming approach was greatly appreciated by the users.

EDUCAÇÃO E EMPODERAMENTO FEMININO DE ALUNAS EM QUEIMADAS-PB, BRASIL

Esse estudo teve como objetivo analisar o processo de escolarização e o empoderamento das mulheres alunas da Educação de Jovens e Adultos na cidade de Queimadas-PB. Tratou-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, com uso de questionário contendo questões abertas e fechadas, aplicadas a 12 alunas que cursam a Educação de Jovens e Adultos na cidade de Queimadas-PB em de 2019. Constatou-se que o processo de escolarização age como fator atuante e por vezes libertador na vida dessas mulheres, uma vez que o acesso à educação escolar oportunizou várias modificações em suas vidas, resultando assim na conquista da autonomia, no acesso a oportunidades, em sua formação crítica, uma vez que o conhecimento além de emancipar ele empodera, influencia na elevação da autoestima e num melhor desempenho em suas atividades. O motivo que lhes fizeram regressar aos estudos está direcionado ao ato fazer bom uso da prática de leitura e escrita, a fim de modificar várias ações em suas vidas, assim como almejar elevar o nível de conhecimento com intuito de se valorizarem pessoalmente, conhecendo seus direitos e lutando para que tais sejam cumpridos e consequentemente alterarem sua qualidade de vida, na qual buscam elevar o nível de escolarização, valorização profissional, respeito, autonomia e liberdade.

Art and Aesthetics in Higher Education.

Aesthetics as a discipline studies the nature, content, value and origin of art. The term ‘aesthetics’ originates from the Greek words ‘aisthanesthai’ (to hear, to perceive) and ‘aisthesisi’ (emotion, sense). Art depicts beauty when it reproduces the beauty in nature. Amongst the tasks of aestheticians when studying the universal structure of art is to propose theories. The theory of art explains the reason for accepting objects or events as art by presenting proposals to determine the common features shared by all works of art. The contribution of the interaction of different disciplines to the artistic activities and art views of students should be ensured. In this sense, we will attempt to find an answer to the question ‘How can we benefit more from “aesthetics” in the education of art?’ Our aim is introducing the concept of aesthetics to individuals and enable them to develop the skills to read art and works of art by employing theories of art in relation to art and aesthetics. More than the quality of education, aesthetic and theoretical knowledge increase the level of appreciation for life; not only do they serve as guides to life, but they also create positive changes in one’s social life. The art of aesthetic education in society can create positive effects while making the more common sought after. This should be the aim of aesthetic education. Aesthetic education, aesthetics and art theory can realise the relationship between understanding the artistic expressions of aesthetic judgement ability to reveal the value of expression skills and gain a critical perspective and targeting knowledge to ensure that the individual can produce work of art. Perspective is the creation of aesthetic thinking and problem-solving ability, while imagination is the primary goal for the improvement of education. In this context, we will try to answer the question of how we can benefit more from ‘aesthetics’ in art and aesthetic education in order to introduce the concept of aesthetics to individuals and provide them the ability to read art and works of art by employing art theories in the relationship between art and aesthetics. Article visualizations:

PENERAPAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN SNOWBALL THROWING DALAM MATERI TARI TRADISIONAL UNTUK MENINGKATKAN APRESIASI SISWA KELAS VII SMP NEGERI 1 LUBUK BARUMUN

ABSTRACT This study aims to describe the snowball throwing learning model in traditional dence material to increase the appreciation of students of calass VII SMP Negeri 1 Lubuk Barumun. The theory used in this study is the snowballthrowing theory by Miftahul Huda and the understanding of apreciation by Sunarto and Suherman. The research method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive method by using the pretest-posttest design group that is eksperiments with one group or one class VII SMP Negeri 1 Lubuk Barumun amounting to 192 students, while the sampel in this study is class VII-1. Techniques for collecting data on observation , documentation, library research. The research instrument used was a list of question totaling 10 questions that had been tested for validation that would be used at the time of the pretest and posttest. Before the action is taken, the pretest test is conducted to determine the students initial abilities. The result of pretest data analysis showed that the average value abtained was 41,3 with a standard deviation of 22,258. After the snobwall throwing learning model was applied posttest. The results abtained are average student scores have increased to 87 with a standart deviation of 468,509. From the average result it can be seen that the increase in the percentage of the pretest to the posttest for students apreciation is an in crease 45,7%. T test is used to see the level of student appreciation from the results of the Ttest at the level ofabtained > that is (11,297 > 1,67115) then is rejected and is accepted. That is the result of student appreciation in the posttest after using the snowball throwing learning model. It can be councluded that the aplication of the model aplication of the snowball throwing learning model tor-tor naposo nauli bulung learning can increase the preciation of class students VII-1 SMP Negeri 1 Lubuk Barumun. Keywords: Snowball Throwing, Tor-tor Naposo Nauli Bulung, Appreciation.

Poetry pedagogy and university students with intellectual disabilities

ABSTRACT Little is known about the level of poetry appreciation that can be achieved by university students with intellectual disabilities. Indeed, there are limited studies that provide knowledge of poetry pedagogy for teachers of this group of individuals. Going some way to address the paucity of research in this area, this paper advances an approach to poetry pedagogy which is built on three tenets: (1) Teacher and positioning; (2) Student and the poetic voice, and (3) Language, metalanguage and poetry writing. It is argued that these tenets have the potential to become a powerful tool for people with intellectual disabilities to explore their self and social identity, and a medium to question and challenge the ideational world that these individuals are situated in. For teachers, utilising this poetry pedagogy encourages a critical reflexive practice which has the potential to enhance the relationship between teachers’ positions and identities and the way this is enacted in the classroom.

Self-Esteem and Body Appreciation in Students of Sports Sciences Faculty: A Structural Equation Model

The aim of this research is to examine the body appreciation and self-esteem levels of sports sciences faculty students. In this study, it was used relational screening model that is one of the quantitative reserch methods. The research group of the study was composed of students who study in Faculty of Sports Sciences in Gazi University. In study, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) and Body Appreciation Scale (BAS) were used as data collection tools. The Pearson Moments Product Correlation, structural equation model and path analysis independent sample t-test, one-way ANOVA, percentage, frequency and descriptive statistics were used in data analysis. As a result of the research, it was determined that the self-esteem of students of sports sciences faculty is at an average level. In addition, it was found that the level of participants’ appreciating their own body was high. Moreover, it was concluded that self-esteem of female participants was higher than male participants, athletes in team sports has higher self-esteem than athletes in individual sports, 40-55 kg participants had a higher body appreciation score than 101 and over kg participants. Finally, it was concluded that the level of body appreciation increases as the level of self-esteem increases. As a conclusion of this study, it can be said that higher body appreciation correlated with higher self-esteem.

Adaptive reuse of historic buildings: connecting the links between tourist appreciation and visitation

PurposeThis article aims to illustrate the influence of the adaptive reuse of historic buildings on tourists’ appreciation and actual visitation.Design/methodology/approachThis study surveyed the perception of tourists on the adaptive reuse of historic buildings activity in Kuching city, Malaysia, via the causal research design and self-administered questionnaire. Two hundred forty-two respondents participated in this survey.FindingsThis study found that the tourists highly acknowledged the practices of adaptive reuse of the historic buildings. Their positive behaviour is evident when most of the tourists perceived the adaptive reuse of the historic buildings influence their level of appreciation and subsequently translated it into their actual visitation.Practical implicationsBased on these findings, this study proposes that the adaptive reuse of historic buildings be marketed as a heritage tourism product. This promising indication from the tourists will undoubtedly draw several practical implications to the local authority policy on the practices of historic buildings adaptive reuse and how it benefits the heritage tourism development.Originality/valueThis study confirms that adaptive reuse is an excellent initiative as it is not only preserving the historical treasures for future generations but is a catalyst for tourism development and helps to generate income for the community.

Employing a visual representation technique to understand undergraduates’ perceptions of civic engagement across countries

PurposeThis paper aims to present an interpretation of freehand drawings produced by a sample of final year degree level learners in response to the question: “What is civic engagement”? The aim in using this approach, with final year degree learners from different countries, but pursuing the same degree, was to compare and contrast their understanding of civic engagement.Design/methodology/approachLearners completed their drawings and then discussed their drawings in small groups. All of their drawings were initially examined quantitatively before a sample of six drawings were selected for in-depth qualitative examination.FindingsUsing learner-generated drawings enables learners convey visually what can be challenging to verbalise. After the exercise, some learners discovered that they had a good basic appreciation of civic engagement.Research limitations/implicationsDescribing civic engagement pictorially forced participants to think about what the essence of civic engagement was for them.Originality/valueThis study shows how a collaborative learning experience, rather than a competitive comparison of performance, facilitates learners readily demonstrating their level of understanding and appreciation for civic engagement.

Anthropological perspectives on Miyupimaatisiiun and the integration of oral health in primary care in the Cree communities of Northern Quebec.

The integration of primary oral health care has a pivotal role in improving oral health outcomes and providing accessible and affordable health care. This article contributes to the deep understanding of the cultural aspects of the integration of oral health into primary health care at an Indigenous health organization. Proceeding from a collaborative and interdisciplinary research project evaluating the integration of oral health care within primary care in Eeyou Istchee, this research is based on group discussions (6) and individual interviews (36) with 74 participants (care providers, administrators, and patients) held in four Eastern James Bay Cree communities. This study anthropologically explored participants' perceptions about primary health care conceptualizations, culturally based approaches, and experiences of oral care services at this organization using a "two-eyed seeing" Indigenous framework. The study identified three key factors related to the integration of primary oral health care: Cree perception of primary health and oral health care, cultural safety, and health provider-patient communication and the role of silence. Study findings reflected a dichotomy of perception of primary health care and the relevant units of care between the Cree structural and cultural perspective and the non-Cree professional perspective. The Cree people perceived "household" as a unit of care in comparison to non-Cree who viewed "health care services" as units of care. Our results also underline the role of cultural safety agents to address the needs for cultural competence and the role of silence as implicit cultural protocol. Our anthropological analysis illustrates the potential for increasing the level of appreciation for both users and workers in oral care in the future by ameliorating communication skills and intercultural knowledge.

Belastungsfaktoren, Overcommitment und Burnout-Risiko bei Bankangestellten unterschiedlichen Alters

Strain factors, overcommitment und burnout risk among bank employees in relation to age Objective: Trends in the working world, financial crises and growing competitive pressure are influencing factors leading to an increase in psychological strain among bank employees. The aim of the study was to analyse the correlations between job-related strain factors and perception of the latter as well as the risk of burnout among bank employees, with overcommitment (OC) as a control variable. Method: In this study, 90 employees (mean age 43.2 ± 9.4 years) working in a regional bank completed questionnaires assessing strain factors, individual stress perception, OC and burnout risk. Results: The main job-related strain factors identified among bank employees were ‘increased data maintenance’, ‘increased PC knowledge requirements’, ‘poor communication structures’, ‘hierarchical pressure to perform’ and ‘pressure to fulfil targets’. One fifth of the overall collective showed an effort-reward imbalance. The subjective perception of older bank employees indicated more pressure to perform concurrent with a lower level of appreciation. Approximately one tenth of the subjects had a critical tendency towards OC, with age not really a significant factor here. The burnout risk among both age groups was comparatively small (2%). There was evidence of weak correlations between some stress factors and burnout risk. The correlations had some influence on OC, whereas age did not. Conclusions: A framework of stress-reducing and coping strategies must be established in order to safeguard the long-term mental health of bank employees. The early detection and prevention of burnout risk, the promotion of an effort-reward balance and the setting of achievable goals are only some of the key factors. It is also advisable to optimise collaboration between occupational health physicians, management and bank employees in order to deal with the problem and improve mental health. Keywords: bank-specific strain factors – effort-reward-imbalance – overcommitment – burnout risk

Neuroaesthetics of Art Vision: An Experimental Approach to the Sense of Beauty

Objective: NEVArt research aims to study the correlation between a set of neurophysiological/emotional reactions and the level of aesthetic appreciation of around 500 experimental subjects, during the observation of 18 different paintings from the XVI-XVIII century, in a real museum context. Methods: Several bio-signals have been recorded to evaluate the participants’ reactions during the observation of paintings. Among them: (a) neurovegetative, motor and emotional biosignals were recorded using wearable tools for EEG (electroencephalogram), ECG (electrocardiogram) and EDA (electrodermal activity); (b) gaze pattern during the observation of art works, while (c) data of the participants (age, gender, education, familiarity with art, etc.) and their explicit judgments about paintings have been obtained. Participants were invited to respond during the observation of paintings, reporting the degree of pleasantness, perceived movement and familiarity with the painted subject. Results: Each recorded bio-signal will be correlated with the explicit evaluations obtained by participants during the museum experience. These results may contribute to enlarge the theoretical framework on the physiological, cognitive and emotional responses of people when viewing pictorial artworks. Conclusion: The NEVArt research, both in term of technical skills and upgrade in neuroscientific awareness, can be the basis to proceed with a set of further research topics in the near future. Ground-breaking and statistically significant observations can be derived from the present research, mainly at the biological, medical and didactical point of view, by paving the way for many other multidisciplinary research developments on art exhibit, architecture, etc.

Production Mapping and Description of the Organoleptic Qualities of Local Varieties of Plantain (Musa spp. AAB) Cultivated in Côte d’Ivoire

Aims: A field survey was carried to apprehend the full diversity of Ivorian’s plantain. The aim was to produce a reliable and up-to-date production map of the local varieties. This study was also intended to determine their level of appreciation by local consumers on the basis of their physical, technological and sensory characteristics.
 Place and Duration of Study: The enquiries data were collected in 87 villages distributed into 22 regions of Côte d'Ivoire, between September and December 2017.
 Methodology: During the survey, data on the production, description, processing and consumption of local plantains were collected by direct individual interviews using a structured questionnaire. This information was collected in a participatory manner from 1232 (14 producers/villages).
 Results: This study identified twenty-two (22) varieties of plantain, traditionally cultivated for several generations in Côte d'Ivoire. The greatest varietal diversity has been observed in the South-East and the East, notably in the regions of Sud-Comoé, Indénié-Djuablin, Mé and Agneby-Tiassa. These varieties are variously appreciated according to their physical and organoleptic characteristics. People used them to make the usual plantain-based dishes found in Côte d’Ivoire. However, for the most questioned people, cooking specific plantain dishes requires the using of specific varieties with particular characteristics. The Agnrin, Molegna, N'gretia, Molekotoba, Ameletia, Purple banana and Banadiè varieties have been designated to be the best for “foutou”. In addition, the Banadiè variety, even in the green state, gives a nice yellow “foutou”. The above varieties are said to be perfect to prepare “Aloco”, “Docklounou” and “Clacro” at advanced ripening stages. The Afoto, Spotted banana, Kpatrè-kou, Kpatragnon, Kpatrè-n'san varieties, were recommended for “foutou”, “foufou”, roasted or chips because of their volume.
 Conclusion: Further researches are underway to explain, scientifically, the sensory and technological differences usually observed between local plantains varieties.

ASSESSING IRAQI UNIVERSITY READERS' CRITICAL THINKING DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE USE READER RESPONSE STRATEGY IN THE INSTRUCTION OF SHAKESPEARE'S LITERARY TEXT

Purpose: This study centers on the significant role of Reader Response theory in instruction literary text, this study also, affirms that there is a useful and progressive influence of the Reader-response strategy in the literary text to enhance and improve the level of EFL Iraqi learners’ critical thinking. This study proves that teaching literature, without Reader response strategies, the level of development of critical thinking becomes very passive and slow.
 Methodology: The researcher used one group “pre-post-test”. The study was conducted at the English department, Faculty of Education in Iraq. This study was carried out for fifteen weeks. The researcher administered Cornell Class-Reasoning Test as a pre-test in week 4 while post-test in week 12.The researcher used non-probability convenient sampling because it was probably the most common of all sampling techniques in social sciences and the proximity of the samples to the researchers (Patton, 1990).This test was run twice with intensive interventions for five weeks implemented between the two tests.
 Main Findings. Findings showed that there was a statistically significant difference in the EFL Iraqi learners' critical thinking skills between pre-test scores and post-test scores. There are statistically significant differences at the “p ≤ 0.05” level for the following item groups: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 12. This study confirmed that participants significantly improved their level of critical thinking skills by implementing Reader- Response activities in teaching literary texts.
 Implications: This study proposes applying the strategies of reader-response theory as an effective and encouraging concept or stimulating approach to enhance the level of recognition and appreciation of the texts in literature. This experiment could be a positive study and applicable to different educational centers to teach all the texts in English literature. This study helps instructors to change their old-style manners of instructions.
 Novelty: The experiment focused on the vital and encouraging role of reader-response theory in fostering EFL Iraqi readers’ capacity to generate multi-layers of versions and meanings during reading literature. The study presents a helpful and successful manner to all the persons who work as teachers in educational systems. The study directs the instructors to follow the modern approaches in explaining the literary text to their learners instead of the old-style manner. EFL tutors should practice these strategies in EFL English classes of literature so that they could make the lecture full of activity and enjoyment throughout the interesting themes of literature.

Meta-analysis of gender differences in body appreciation

There are a number of studies that have conducted comparisons of body appreciation between males and females. However, findings are largely inconsistent, making it unclear whether there are actual gender differences in body appreciation. With a meta-analytic approach, the current study quantitatively reviewed and synthesized previous findings, published up to May 2019, on gender differences in body appreciation. After searching and screening potential studies in four databases (i.e., PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global), we identified 40 relevant articles published from 2008 to 2019. A random-effects model reveals an overall estimate of gender difference in body appreciation of d = 0.27 (95 % CI: 0.21, 0.33; p < .001); that is, males generally have a higher level of body appreciation than females, with a small effect size. Survey method, type of sample (cohorts), and age were identified as significant moderators that have contributed to the variability in previous findings. Future research and interventions in body appreciation may consider gender differences in their designs.

Quantum field representation of photon-molecule interactions

In reporting and explaining the interactions of light with atoms and molecules, a photon-based description is not only appropriate but clearly essential when electronic or other kinds of quantum transition ensue. However, textbook treatments frequently go no further than the Planck relation, in representing the quantum nature of the light itself—often resorting to classical principles when discussing mechanism. Complete consistency and rigour can be achieved by treating both the matter and the radiation in a fully quantised form, which requires the electromagnetic fields to be cast in a quantum field representation. It proves possible to develop a rigorous approach to this theory that is simple to convey and apply, and which lends itself to a significantly enhanced level of appreciation of mechanism. This paper lays a concise foundation and exemplifies the application in three specific cases: absorption, emission and scattering. It is also shown how this formulation affords a basis for applications in higher-order, multiphoton and nonlinear optical processes.