Appraisal Patterns Research Articles

"I Guess I'm On Alert All The Time": Dyadic Symptom Appraisal In Heart Failure With And Without An LVAD

Background Symptom monitoring is an essential component of heart failure (HF) self-care for HF patients with and without a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Attention to HF symptoms by the caregiving dyad is important for prompt recognition and response. The purpose of this analysis was to characterize patient and caregiver agreement within dyads on appraisals of patient HF symptoms, and explore dyadic agreement across dyads, comparing LVAD and non-LVAD experiences. Methods This was a post-hoc analysis of a mixed-methods descriptive study of HF caregiving in dyads with and without an LVAD. We recruited HF patients and their caregivers from outpatient HF and LVAD clinics at Johns Hopkins Hospital. We administered surveys and qualitative interviews with each dyad. Symptom burden was measured using the Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale (HFSPS; higher scores = higher burden). We used raw difference scores to quantify the magnitude and direction of agreement within dyads. Dyads with difference scores of <|5| were considered in agreement. Dyads with difference scores ≥|5| were grouped based on the direction of agreement ([+] caregiver scored patient symptoms higher; [-] patient scored their symptoms higher). We integrated these appraisal patterns with qualitative quotations relevant to symptom appraisal. Results We enrolled 10 LVAD and 12 non-LVAD dyads. There were 7 dyads with agreement and 15 dyads with disagreement of which 6 had [+] agreement scores and 9 had [-] agreement scores. Qualitative data analysis revealed a theme common to both types of dyad relevant to symptom appraisal: “monitoring/vigilance”. However, the monitoring/vigilance described differed between LVAD and non-LVAD dyads (figure). In LVAD dyads, vigilance related to monitoring of the LVAD while non-LVAD dyads described monitoring symptoms and signs of disease progression. Dyads with agreement spoke less about monitoring/vigilance than dyads with disagreement. Dyads with higher caregiver rating of symptoms spoke of specific actions they take to monitor the patient's symptoms. Dyads with higher patient rating of symptoms described monitoring and vigilance in ways that were similar to stress. Conclusions Although quantitative comparisons were not powered to detect statistical significance, this study showed differences in HF symptom appraisal agreement and symptom monitoring behaviors between LVAD and non-LVAD dyads. Additional investigation may suggest targets for dyadic interventions to improve symptom burden, appraisal, and management. Symptom monitoring is an essential component of heart failure (HF) self-care for HF patients with and without a left ventricular assist device (LVAD). Attention to HF symptoms by the caregiving dyad is important for prompt recognition and response. The purpose of this analysis was to characterize patient and caregiver agreement within dyads on appraisals of patient HF symptoms, and explore dyadic agreement across dyads, comparing LVAD and non-LVAD experiences. This was a post-hoc analysis of a mixed-methods descriptive study of HF caregiving in dyads with and without an LVAD. We recruited HF patients and their caregivers from outpatient HF and LVAD clinics at Johns Hopkins Hospital. We administered surveys and qualitative interviews with each dyad. Symptom burden was measured using the Heart Failure Somatic Perception Scale (HFSPS; higher scores = higher burden). We used raw difference scores to quantify the magnitude and direction of agreement within dyads. Dyads with difference scores of <|5| were considered in agreement. Dyads with difference scores ≥|5| were grouped based on the direction of agreement ([+] caregiver scored patient symptoms higher; [-] patient scored their symptoms higher). We integrated these appraisal patterns with qualitative quotations relevant to symptom appraisal. We enrolled 10 LVAD and 12 non-LVAD dyads. There were 7 dyads with agreement and 15 dyads with disagreement of which 6 had [+] agreement scores and 9 had [-] agreement scores. Qualitative data analysis revealed a theme common to both types of dyad relevant to symptom appraisal: “monitoring/vigilance”. However, the monitoring/vigilance described differed between LVAD and non-LVAD dyads (figure). In LVAD dyads, vigilance related to monitoring of the LVAD while non-LVAD dyads described monitoring symptoms and signs of disease progression. Dyads with agreement spoke less about monitoring/vigilance than dyads with disagreement. Dyads with higher caregiver rating of symptoms spoke of specific actions they take to monitor the patient's symptoms. Dyads with higher patient rating of symptoms described monitoring and vigilance in ways that were similar to stress. Although quantitative comparisons were not powered to detect statistical significance, this study showed differences in HF symptom appraisal agreement and symptom monitoring behaviors between LVAD and non-LVAD dyads. Additional investigation may suggest targets for dyadic interventions to improve symptom burden, appraisal, and management.

Appraising Environmental Beauty of Northern Areas of Pakistan through Rhetoric Expressions in Uzma Aslam Khan’s Thinner Than Skin: An Ecolinguistic Perspective

Environmental study is rising as a hot topic nowadays and there is a striking awareness of sustaining asymmetry between man and nature. How individuals ponder human relationships with the earth and other living creatures have changed deliberately. Ecolinguistics is a sub-field of sociolinguistics that studies the role of language in connecting human beings and their natural environment. Therefore, this research investigates the use of rhetorical expressions by Anglophone author Uzma Aslam Khan and her characters Nadir, Farhana, and Maryam and their attitudes, graduation, and engagement with the natural environment. For this purpose, the "Appraisal Model" (Martin and White, 2000) has been used as a theoretical framework that sheds light on Arran Stibbe's (2015) ecolinguistic model of Evaluation. It highlights several rhetorical devices through which the narrators expressed their positive attitude towards "the stories they lived by." They rhetorically bespeak the readers to appreciate the environmental beauty of the Northern areas of Pakistan as it is surrounded by beauty and provides a therapeutic potency to build a strong relationship between man and his motherland. The study is limited as it only attempts to praise the beauty of Northern areas by appraisal patterns and does not include the other counterparts of Pakistan. However, the study is significant as it endeavors to appreciate the environmental beauty of Pakistan and provides new avenues for scholars to bridge a gap between ecolinguistics and other areas of linguistics, such as critical discourse analysis, pragmatics, and semantics.

Cultural variability in appraisal patterns for nine positive emotions

AbstractEmotions result from evaluations of events, referred to as appraisals. Specific configurations of appraisals have been shown to characterize different emotions, with some variation occurring across cultures. However, appraisal research to date has focused primarily on negative emotions, though recent efforts have started to also examine the appraisal profiles of positive emotions. Cross-cultural work on the appraisals of positive emotions has, however, been scarce. Here, we examine the appraisal profiles of nine positive emotions in the US and China. Using 13 commonly employed appraisal dimensions, we investigated the evaluations of events eliciting amusement, awe, compassion, desire, gratitude, interest, love, pride, and relief. Eighty participants from China and the US recalled events from their own life involving each of these emotions and provided Likert-scale appraisal ratings for each emotional event. Consistent with previous research, we find distinct appraisal patters for each positive emotion. We also, for the first time, demonstrate cultural variations in appraisals of positive emotions. Our study extends existing research by highlighting differences in appraisals of positive emotions across cultures.

Diachronic changes of least delicate appraisal in parliamentary and congressional language

AbstractThis study investigates least delicate patterns ofappraisalin two diachronic corpora of UK Parliament and U.S. Congress speeches over the last two centuries, focusing on diachronic changes and trends of systemic probabilities of least delicateengagementandattitude polarity. Based on computational algorithms that automatically extractappraisalinstances and intersections from the two corpora, the comparative analysis carried out in this paper incorporates several statistical methods, including homogeneity or ‘change-point’ tests, Mann-Kendall trend analysis, and time-series Correspondence Analysis. The results indicate that, in both corpora, probabilities of monoglossic as well as attitudinal patterns (as opposed to neutral ones) follow statistically significant upward trends. In addition, positive polarity is increasing steadily, especially in the U.S. Congress.appraisalintersections are also dynamically changing depending on changes in sociopolitical circumstances. More specifically, in the formative and early years during which party conflicts were intensified, heteroglossic patterns are favored. In war and post-war periods, monoglossic patterns are more associated with neutral polarity. In recent decades, during which political polarization hit a peak, monoglossic patterns begin to favor attitudinal polarity. These findings are discussed in terms of possible causal and correlational interpretations, limitations and directions for future research.

Feeling moved by music: Investigating continuous ratings and acoustic correlates.

The experience often described as feeling moved, understood chiefly as a social-relational emotion with social bonding functions, has gained significant research interest in recent years. Although listening to music often evokes what people describe as feeling moved, very little is known about the appraisals or musical features contributing to the experience. In the present study, we investigated experiences of feeling moved in response to music using a continuous rating paradigm. A total of 415 US participants completed an online experiment where they listened to seven moving musical excerpts and rated their experience while listening. Each excerpt was randomly coupled with one of seven rating scales (perceived sadness, perceived joy, feeling moved or touched, sense of connection, perceived beauty, warmth [in the chest], or chills) for each participant. The results revealed that musically evoked experiences of feeling moved are associated with a similar pattern of appraisals, physiological sensations, and trait correlations as feeling moved by videos depicting social scenarios (found in previous studies). Feeling moved or touched by both sadly and joyfully moving music was associated with experiencing a sense of connection and perceiving joy in the music, while perceived sadness was associated with feeling moved or touched only in the case of sadly moving music. Acoustic features related to arousal contributed to feeling moved only in the case of joyfully moving music. Finally, trait empathic concern was positively associated with feeling moved or touched by music. These findings support the role of social cognitive and empathic processes in music listening, and highlight the social-relational aspects of feeling moved or touched by music.

Classification Method and Application of Rock Fracture Ability by Supercritical CO2 Blasting

In order to study the fracture ability classification of rock mass under the cracking action of supercritical CO2 phase transition, based on the classification theory of rock mass in blasting engineering, an analytic hierarchy process (AHP)-entropy weight method (EWM) and the cloud model classification method for rock mass cracking under CO2 phase transformation are proposed. In this method, rock density, rock tensile strength, rock wave impedance, and rock mass integrity coefficient are used as the factors to determine the level of rock mass fracturing, and the evaluation index system of rock mass fracturing is established. Through this evaluation method, the rock mass in a reconstruction project section of Nyingchi, Tibet, is classified and evaluated. The results present that this new classification method of rock mass fracture ability uses AHP–EWM to carry out the weight distribution of the classification index. In addition, it is combined with the cloud model for the classification division, overcoming the traditional classification method fixed with appraisal pattern flaw. Therefore, it has validity and feasibility. According to the characteristics of fracture ability, the rock masses in the area to be rebuilt on the Tibet Highway are divided into grade II, grade III, and grade IV, which provides scientific guidance for the construction of the project.

Pain and Opioid Use in Cancer Survivors: A Practical Guide to Account for Perceived Injustice

The presence of pain decreases survival rates in cancer. Pain management in clinical settings is often suboptimal and secondary to other cancer-related treatments, leaving many people undertreated. Opioid use is associated with side effects and decreased survival rate in cancer patients. Hence, there is an urgent need for considering factors such as perceived injustice that sustain post-cancer pain and trigger a behavioral pattern associated with opioid use. Injustice beliefs represent a maladaptive pattern of cognitive appraisal that may be a salient target for improving pain-related coping in these patients. Perceived injustice is associated with increased opioid prescription and prospectively predicted opioid use at 1-year follow-up, urging the need for targeted interventions to diminish perceived injustice. Explain the importance of screening for perceived injustice in patients with pain following cancer treatment, its potential relevance for opioid abuse, and its potential impact on the management of pain following cancer. Also, prove clinicians with a clinical guide for an approach comprising of modified pain neuroscience education, motivational interviewing, and acceptance-based interventions to account for perceived injustice in patients having pain following cancer. A narrative review, perspective and treatment manual. Several universities, a university of applied science department, a university hospital, and a private clinic (i.e., transdisciplinary pain treatment center). Patients were cancer survivors with pain. Intervention included modified pain neuroscience education, motivational interviewing, and acceptance-based interventions. Measurements were taken through the Injustice Experience Questionnaire (IEQ). The IEQ can be used to assess perceived injustice in a valid way. Education about pain, including discussing perceived injustice, should be the first part of the management of pain in cancer survivors. In order to obtain the often-required behavioral change towards a more adaptive lifestyle, motivational interviewing can be used. To thoroughly tackle perceived injustice in patients having pain following cancer, special emphasis should be given to the individual reasons patients identify for experiencing (continued) pain and related symptoms. Pain acceptance should also be thoroughly addressed. Clinical trials exploring the benefits, including cost-effectiveness, of such a multimodal approach in patients with pain following cancer treatment are needed. In light of its potential relevance for opioid abuse and potential impact on conservative management strategies, clinicians are advised to screen for perceived injustice in patients with pain following cancer treatment. Therapeutic targeting of perceived injustice can be done through an approach comprising of modified pain neuroscience education, motivational interviewing, and acceptance-based interventions.

Appraisal and coping predict health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: An international approach.

COVID-19 has had a devastating impact on people worldwide. We conducted an international survey (n=3646) examining the degree to which people's appraisals and coping activities around the pandemic predicted their health and well-being. We obtained subsamples from 12 countries-Bangladesh, Bulgaria, China, Colombia, India, Israel, the Netherlands, Norway, Peru, Portugal, Turkey and the United States. For each, we assessed appraisals and coping strategies as well as indicators of physical and mental health and well-being. Results indicated that, despite mean-level societal differences in outcomes, the pattern of appraisals and coping strategies predicting health and well-being was consistent across countries. Use of disengagement coping (particularly behavioural disengagement and self-isolation) was associated with relatively negative outcomes. In contrast, optimistic appraisals (particularly of high accommodation-focused coping potential and the ability to meet one's physical needs), use of problem-focused coping strategies (especially problem-solving) and accommodative coping strategies (especially positive reappraisal and self-encouragement) were associated with relatively positive outcomes. Our study highlights the critical importance of considering accommodative coping in stress and coping research. It also provides important information on how people have been dealing with the pandemic, the predictors of well-being under pandemic conditions and the generality of such relations.

Appraisal patterns as predictors of emotional expressions and shares on political social networking sites

Emotions are considered important drivers of the diffusion of messages on social networking sites. Therefore, emotion-eliciting political communication yields the potential to reach broad audiences and to influence citizens’ attitudes and behavior. In this study, we investigate message characteristics that potentially trigger emotional reactions on part of the users of political social networking pages and test if this fosters the diffusion of political content in the network. Based on appraisal theory, we employ a manual coding scheme to identify appraisal dimensions in political parties’ Facebook posts that should trigger sadness or anger. We subsequently combine the manual codings with information of the users’ reactions to the respective posts, which we gathered using an automated content analysis. More specifically, we determine (1) if posts that include sadness or anger appraisals are associated with the corresponding emotional reactions in the form of emojis and (2) if these posts are shared more often.

N-effects are not-P-effects

This paper analyzes pronominal competition and its pragmatic consequences in Scottish Gaelic (Celtic). In cases of competition cross-linguistically, use of a particular pronoun can trigger pragmatic effects like negative appraisal (N-effects). Although Scottish Gaelic exhibits a superficially similar pattern of competition and negative appraisal, I show that existing accounts based on referential potential (Sichel and Wiltschko 2020) and structure (Patel-Grosz and Grosz 2017) are unable to capture the Scottish Gaelic pattern. Instead, I argue that negative appraisal in Scottish Gaelic stems from the absence of positive appraisal, signaled via use of exempt anaphors. Following Charnavel (2020), I propose that exempt anaphors are anteceded by a null prolog introduced by a logophoric operator, which requires its complement to be evaluated from the perspective of prolog’s antecedent. By using an exempt anaphor, a speaker adopts the perspective of the pronoun’s referent, indicating positive appraisal since they are willing to take the referent’s point of view. Yet when a speaker chooses not to use an exempt anaphor, they refuse to make this perspective shift, which translates as negative appraisal. Apparent N-effects in Scottish Gaelic are, then, better characterized as not-P-effects.

Perceived injustice mediates the relationship between socioeconomic status and physical function among individuals with chronic low back pain

Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is among the most prevalent musculoskeletal pain conditions, accounting for the largest number of years lived with disability. A growing literature suggests that low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with diminished physical functioning and increased physical limitations, antecedents for disability. Emerging evidence also suggests that pain-related perceived injustice is a risk factor for poor CLBP outcomes, including pain-related disability. Relatedly, maladaptive patterns of appraisal (e.g., perceived injustice) may be shaped by prior adverse social experiences, such as inequalities resulting from low SES. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine whether perceived injustice mediates the relationship between income status (i.e., an indicator of SES) and physical function among individuals with CLBP. CLBP patients (N = 129) completed the Short Physical Performance Battery (SPPB), an objective measurement instrument of lower extremity functioning. Additionally, patients completed a series of questionnaires including study demographics, the Injustice Experience Questionnaire, the Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale, and the Brief Pain Inventory – Short Form. In a regression-based model adjusted for sex, racial/ethnic status, depression, and current level of pain severity, findings revealed that perceived injustice significantly mediated the association between income level and physical function [Indirect Effect = 0.02, 95% CI: 0.0005 to 0.06]. Specifically, lower level of income was associated with greater perceived injustice (p = 0.006), which in turn was associated with diminished physical performance (p = 0.02). This study is among the first to examine associations between socioeconomic status, perceived injustice, and physical function. Our findings suggest that injustice perception may be a mechanism through which income status impacts current physical function, which may potentially lead to long-term disability over time. These findings reinforce the importance of further examining injustice appraisals as targets for intervention, especially among low income individuals with CLBP. This research was supported by the National Institute on Minority Health and Health Disparities (Goodin).

Psychological structure and neuroendocrine patterns of daily stress appraisals

Threat and challenge are two fundamental appraisal concepts of psychological stress theories, determined by the mismatch between demands and resources. Previous research has predominantly investigated the neuroendocrine correlates of stress appraisal in laboratory contexts during acute demanding situations. We tested whether the psychoneuroendocrinology of stress appraisals can also be investigated in naturalistic trans-contextual everyday life settings. Forty-two participants produced five daily saliva samples and provided concurrent questionnaire data on subjective stress, demands, resources, and the threat–challenge continuum over the course of five days (69% female; mean age = 22.8, range = 18–30 years). Momentary salivary cortisol and alpha amylase were predicted with three-level autoregressive linear mixed models. We found that both momentary cortisol and alpha amylase were elevated during higher subjective stress. In contrast, cortisol was not significantly related to a bipolar threat–challenge indicator. Moreover within-person response surface analyses showed no effect of the mismatch between demands and resources on either physiological stress indicator, but confirmed theoretically proposed effects on subjective threat–challenge, which was replicated in another intensive longitudinal (N = 61) and a large cross-sectional sample (N = 1194). In sum, our study (a) suggests robust relations between subjective stress and HPA/SAM axis activity on a moment-to-moment basis and (b) confirms theoretical predictions concerning stress appraisal and the mismatch between demands and resources on a psychological level. In contrast, no neuroendocrine patterns of threat–challenge were found, suggesting that neuroendocrine patterns might be context-specific and do not apply to a general demand-resource imbalance in everyday life.

How women varsity athletes high in self-compassion experience unexpected stressors

Self-compassion appears to promote adaptive appraisals and coping in women athletes (Mosewich et al., 2019), and a self-compassionate perspective may aid athletes in navigating the experience of unexpected stressors. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to explore how women varsity athletes high in self-compassion experience unexpected stressors. More specifically, our research questions were: (1) How do women varsity athletes high in self-compassion appraise unexpected stressors surrounding competition? and (2) How do women varsity athletes high in self-compassion attempt to cope with unexpected stressors surrounding competition? Using utilization-focused purposeful sampling, 216 women varsity athletes completed the Self-Compassion Scale (Neff, 2003b). Seven women (Mage = 19.43 years, SD = 1.40) with high self-compassion scores (M = 3.83, SD = 0.48) then participated in individual semi-structured interviews. Through an interpretive description framework (Thorne, 2016), themes were created around appraising and coping with unexpected stressors. Athletes drew on past experiences, a balanced perspective toward sport, and logical appraisal patterns when evaluating unexpected stressors. Furthermore, five themes were developed that illustrate coping efforts: emotional self-awareness to support coping, realizing the experiences of significant others in sport, use of established social network, proactively approaching the problem, and direction of attention to (re-)engage. It appears that varsity women athletes high in self-compassion possess resources that enable them to effectively navigate unexpected stressors. Lay summary: The study explored how athletes who scored high in the construct of self-compassion responded to unexpected stressors that they encountered during competition. Athletes described various approaches that aided them in assessing the unexpected stressors. Athletes engaged in a range of efforts to try to manage unexpected stressors that they experienced. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE To reduce ambiguity surrounding unexpected stressors, athletes should be encouraged to reflect on past experiences with stressors to recognize similarities to the current stressor. Furthermore, reflecting on past experiences can aid athletes in fostering a sense of self-efficacy from previous successes and/or from recognizing the confidence that significant others in sport (e.g., coaches, teammates) have in the athlete to be able to manage the demands of competition. Athletes should develop a range of reactive and proactive coping approaches to respond to and/or reduce the impact of unexpected stressors. Such approaches may include mental skills (e.g., self-talk, physical cues) to facilitate perseverance in the face of unexpected stressors. Establishing and having access to a social support network can aid athletes in preparing for and responding to unexpected stressors. Social support can be emotional (e.g., aiding athletes in managing their emotions), informational (e.g., gathering more information surrounding an unexpected stressor), and/or indirect (e.g., recognizing that other athletes have experienced, or are experiencing, similar challenges).

How College Students Assess the Threat of Infectious Diseases: Implications for University Leaders and Health Communicators

Higher education institutions and their students face a wide range of infectious disease threats (IDTs). However, there is a lack of theory-driven research on how to provide communication for multiple IDTs to motivate protective action taking. To close this gap, this study focuses on college students and two IDT types: respiratory and sexually transmitted infections. We tested an IDT appraisal model with data from an online survey conducted at two U.S. universities with 842 students. Findings indicate that IDT type led to different patterns of threat appraisal and protective action taking intentions. More specifically, participants perceived sexually transmitted threats as significantly more predictable and more controllable than respiratory threats. Participants also had higher intention to take protective action in response to respiratory threats than sexually-transmitted threats. We also found that external attribution-dependent (EAD) emotions (i.e., anger, sadness, surprise, and confusion) and an internal-attribution-dependent (IAD) emotion (i.e., hope) were sequential mediators in the relationship between IDT appraisal and protective action taking intentions for both infectious disease types. Implications for IDT communication research and practice are discussed.

Investigating appraisal-driven facial expression and inference in emotion communication.

Theory and research on emotion expression, both on production and recognition, has been dominated by a categorical emotion approach suggesting that discrete emotions are elicited and expressed via prototypical facial muscle configurations that can then be recognized by observers, presumably via template matching. This tradition is increasingly challenged by alternative theoretical approaches. In particular, appraisal theorists have suggested that specific elements of facial expressions are directly produced by the result of certain appraisals and have made detailed predictions about the facial patterns to be expected for these appraisal configurations. This approach has been extended to emotion perception, with theorists claiming that observers first infer individual appraisals and only then make categorical emotion judgments from the estimated appraisal patterns, using semantic inference rules. Here we report two studies that empirically examine the two central hypotheses proposed by this theoretical position: (a) that specific appraisals produce predicted patterns of facial muscle expressions and (b) that observers can infer a person's appraisals of ongoing events from the predicted facial expression configurations. The results show that (a) professional actors use many of the predicted facial action unit patterns to enact, in a realistic scenario setting, appraisal outcomes specified by experimental design, and (b) observers systematically infer specific appraisals from ecologically valid video recordings of marketing research participants as they view TV commercials (selected according to the likelihood of eliciting specific appraisals). The patterns of facial action units identified in these studies correspond largely to prior predictions and encourage further research on appraisal-driven expression and inference. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Reading APPRAISAL: Mexican Health Science Majors’ Evaluation of and Ideologies about Different APPRAISAL Patterns in Scientific Texts

The goal of this paper is to describe a group of adult Mexican English learners' ideologies about different APPRAISAL patterns in English-language scientific texts. APPRAISAL is a descriptive framework of the linguistic resources used to convey feelings and attitudes (Martin &amp; White, 2005). This topic is particularly interesting in EAP (English for Academic Purposes)/EFL (English as a Foreign Language) contexts where L1 academic language ideologies proscribe the use of APPRAISAL features in scientific prose and where such proscriptions are followed in some disciplines and national contexts. Spanish-speaking countries often exemplify this. Forty Mexican undergraduate EFL students majoring in Health Sciences read two versions of the same short paragraph with different APPRAISAL resources. They were asked to say which of the two versions corresponded to a published research article and why. Evaluation patterns in their answers were analyzed using the attitude system of the APPRAISAL framework (Martin &amp; White, 2005). The prevalent types of attitudes were valuation and complexity. While most students preferred the more personal text, a minority chose the more impersonal one. The latter group's attitude constructs a language ideology that equates scientific rigor and technicality with impersonal prose; they also show less awareness of the relationship between APPRAISAL resources and writing for specialized audiences.

The individual stem student in context: Idiographic methods for understanding self-knowledge and intraindividual patterns of self-efficacy appraisal.

This study aimed to identify elements of personal knowledge that were hypothesized to underlie within-person, across-context variations in students’ appraisals of self-efficacy for coping with challenges encountered in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (STEM) education. Freshman in a college of engineering completed assessments of (a) 4 elements of personal knowledge regarding themselves and their educational resources; (b) their subjective beliefs about links between these 4 personal and social qualities and each of 32 specific educational challenges; and (c) perceived self-efficacy for successfully handling each of the 32 challenges. Individual students’ self-efficacy appraisals commonly varied substantially within-person, across contexts. This variability was predictable. Students displayed relatively high (low) self-efficacy within subsets of situations they subjectively linked to positively (negatively) valenced knowledge that they possessed, a finding consistent with the knowledge-and-appraisal model of personality architecture that guided the research. Additional analyses demonstrated that students with similar overall academic self-efficacy scores may display markedly different profiles of self-efficacy appraisal across context. Students’ narrative accounts enriched understanding of these profile patterns. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved)

Exploring the Turkish Concept İrkil-: Corpus-driven Cognitive and Lexical Profiling of a Pre-emotion

As a multi-disciplinary study about irkil- (get startled), which combines findings from psychology, cognitive and corpus linguistics, the article aims to identify the lexical profile and cognitive structure of this pre-emotion through its concordances from the TNC. We employed model of extended lexical units, which involves identifying irkil’s typical collocates, colligates, semantic preferences and discourse prosodies. As part of its event schema, irkil- was found to have a linguistic schema to be filled by certain paradigmatic and syntagmatic choices. We found typical collocates of irkil- are determined by the experiencer’s pre-startle situation (engrossment/absence), sudden stimuli of acoustic, tactile, visual and cognitive natures, post-startle behavioural tendencies characterised by hypervigilance, and the ensuing emotion – fear, surprise or anger. The corpus data demonstrated the schematic nature of irkil- dictates specific lexical environments with collocates from certain semantic domains, which also affect its prosody. The study also allowed us to place the pre-emotion irkil- in the right place in the cognitive appraisal pattern for fear prepared by Scherer (2001).

Patterns of Dyadic Appraisal of Decision-Making Involvement of African American Persons Living With Dementia.

Greater everyday decision-making involvement by persons living with dementia (PLWD) and congruent appraisal between PLWDs and their caregivers have been associated with a better quality of life (QOL) for both members of the dyad. However, no study has examined the association between the appraisals of everyday decision-making involvement of PLWDs and their QOL among African Americans. A secondary analysis of cross-sectional data from 62 African American dementia dyads was conducted. Multilevel and latent class mixture modeling was used to characterize dyadic appraisal of the decision-making involvement of African American PLWDs and identify distinct patterns thereof. Three distinct patterns were observed. "Incongruent, PLWD Low Involvement" labeled 19.4% of the sample, 53.2% were labeled "Incongruent, PLWD Moderate Involvement," and 27.4% were labeled "Congruent, PLWD High Involvement." The Congruent, PLWD High Involvement pattern consisted of PLWDs who were significantly younger and had significantly less cognitive impairment than PLWDs in the other patterns. In the Incongruent, PLWD Moderate Involvement pattern, PLWDs had significantly better QOL than PLWDs in the Incongruent, PLWD Low Involvement pattern, but QOL did not significantly differ from PLWDs in the Congruent, PLWD High Involvement pattern. There is a need to tailor strategies to optimize QOL in African American dementia dyads. While increasing everyday decision-making involvement for PLWDs in the Incongruent, PLWD Low Involvement pattern is an important goal, other strategies may be needed to improve the QOL of PLWDs in the remaining patterns.

The (Continuous) Nature of Perceived Gender Counter-Stereotype: A Threshold Model of Gender Stereotype Maintenance.

People often expect men and women to look, act, and think like typical members of their gender groups. When men and women deviate from gender-stereotypical expectations across various domains, people tend to denigrate them, compared to those who follow stereotypical expectations. This derogatory attitude-termed the backlash effect-has been well supported by psychological research. However, previous studies on the backlash effect have often neglected the fact that men and women can be counter-stereotypical of their gender groups, to varying degrees. This research tried to address this continuous nature of counter-stereotypical characteristics in various domains using six experiments to evaluate individual responses to gendered facial cues, behaviors, and psychological traits. We conducted three studies, with two experiments per study. Most importantly, this research proposed a threshold model of gender stereotype maintenance to explain people's evaluations of gender-counter-stereotypical targets across various domains. The threshold model suggested that appraisal for a target with balanced gender-stereotypical and gender-counter-stereotypical characteristics tends to be more positive than for a target who strictly adheres to gender stereotypes or gender-counter-stereotypical characteristics. The results of all three studies supported the threshold model, which demonstrated a curvilinear pattern of participants' appraisals and targets' gender-counter-stereotypical degrees. The threshold model of stereotype maintenance has enriched the traditional stereotype maintenance theory and enlightened the development of a more effective impression management strategy. Moreover, it provided more ecological validity that treated gender counter-stereotype as a continuum rather than a binary variable.