Orientation Of Applied Field Research Articles

Signatures of electronic correlations and spin-susceptibility anisotropy in nuclear magnetic resonance

We present a methodology for probing the details of electronic susceptibility through minimally-invasive nuclear magnetic resonance techniques. Specifically, we classify electron-mediated long-range interactions in an ensemble of nuclear spins by revealing their effect on simple spin echo experiments. We find that pulse strength and applied field orientation dependence of these spin echo measurements resolves the spatial extent and anisotropy of electronic spin susceptibility. This work provides an alternate explanation to NMR results in superconducting and magnetically-ordered systems. The methodology has direct applications for sensing and characterizing emergent electronic phases.

Origin of Nonlinear Damping Due to Mode Coupling in Auto-Oscillatory Modes Strongly Driven by Spin-Orbit Torque

We investigate the physical origin of nonlinear damping due to mode coupling between several auto-oscillatory modes driven by spin-orbit torque in constricted Py/Pt heterostructures by examining the dependence of auto-oscillation on temperature and applied field orientation. We observe a transition in the nonlinear damping of the auto-oscillation modes extracted from the total oscillation power as a function of drive current, which coincides with the onset of power redistribution amongst several modes and the crossover from linewidth narrowing to linewidth broadening in all individual modes. This indicates the activation of another relaxation process by nonlinear magnon-magnon scattering within the modes. We also find that both nonlinear damping and threshold current in the mode-interaction damping regime at high drive current after transition are temperature independent, suggesting that the mode coupling occurs dominantly through a non-thermal magnon scattering process via a dipole or exchange interaction rather than thermally excited magnon-mediated scattering. This finding presents a promising pathway to overcome the current limitations of efficiently controlling the interaction between two highly nonlinear magnetic oscillators to prevent mode crosstalk or inter-mode energy transfer and deepens understanding of complex nonlinear spin dynamics in multimode spin wave systems.

Field orientation dependent magnetization reversal and dynamics in sub-100 nm wide permalloy nanowires

We have investigated the magnetization reversal mechanism and dynamic behaviour of 90 nm wide permalloy nanowires patterned over a large area as a function of thickness (t) in the range from 20 nm to 70 nm and applied field orientation. The reversal processes and dynamic properties are probed using the magneto-optical Kerr effect and broadband ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) spectroscopy respectively. We have observed that both the static and dynamic properties are markedly sensitive to the film thickness. For t= 20 nm, the magnetization reversal process is dominated by coherent rotation mode due to the strong shape anisotropy and the onset of curling mode is observed. The FMR spectra display the existence of two well-separated modes, unlike the single mode which existed in the large width nanowires of the same thickness. The two modes at high and low frequencies correspond to the excitations at the centre and edges of the wire respectively. For t ⩾ 50 nm, the magnetization reversal process is dominated by curling mode of reversal. The centre mode frequency is found to be sensitive to the film thickness and shows two fold anisotropy. The experimental results are substantiated with micromagnetic simulations. These results have potential implications in designing reconfigurable magnonic crystals for microwave devices.

Control of the Bose-Einstein Condensation of Magnons by the Spin Hall Effect

Previously, it has been shown that rapid cooling of yttrium-iron-garnet-platinum nanostructures, preheated by an electric current sent through the Pt layer, leads to overpopulation of a magnon gas and to subsequent formation of a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC) of magnons. The spin Hall effect (SHE), which creates a spin-polarized current in the Pt layer, can inject or annihilate magnons depending on the electric current and applied field orientations. Here we demonstrate that the injection or annihilation of magnons via the SHE can prevent or promote the formation of a rapid cooling-induced magnon BEC. Depending on the current polarity, a change in the BEC threshold of -8% and +6% was detected. These findings demonstrate a new method to control macroscopic quantum states, paving the way for their application in spintronic devices.

Breaking the chiral mirror of alanine with dipole moment and oriented electric field: Violations of parity degeneracy and a possible answer to nature’s homochirality

Life is chiral and chirality of life is single-handedness. While ubiquity of homochirality is the signature of nature, its’ origin is still existing as a question of unresolved mysteries. All the earlier hypotheses on homochirality advocate for weak nuclear forces responsible for the chiral parity degeneracy breaking. This work shows that an electronic discriminator like, component of dipole moment can break the chiral mirror of alanine more effectively than the weak nuclear forces. Using a theoretical approach, synchronization of enantio-discriminating dipole component of alanine, with the applied field orientation, was used to break the chiral mirror, first time for a chiral amino-acid. This technique was found to activate simultaneously both thermodynamic and kinetic controls, in a manner complaisant to one another, to achieve ≈100% ee for l-alanine (reversed field: d-alanine). We argue that nature’s choice of bio-homochirality, may be not only due to weak nuclear forces, as electronic parity violations were found to be profound and efficient.

Tunable Planar Hall Effect in (Ga,Mn)(Bi,As) Epitaxial Layers.

We have thoroughly investigated the planar Hall effect (PHE) in the epitaxial layers of the quaternary compound (Ga,Mn)(Bi,As). The addition of a small amount of heavy Bi atoms to the prototype dilute ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As enhances significantly the spin–orbit coupling strength in its valence band, which essentially modifies certain magnetoelectric properties of the material. Our investigations demonstrate that an addition of just 1% Bi atomic fraction, substituting As atoms in the (Ga,Mn)As crystal lattice, causes an increase in the PHE magnitude by a factor of 2.5. Moreover, Bi incorporation into the layers strongly enhances their coercive fields and uniaxial magneto-crystalline anisotropy between the in-plane 〈110〉 crystallographic directions in the layers grown under a compressive misfit strain. The displayed two-state behaviour of the PHE resistivity at zero magnetic field, which may be tuned by the control of applied field orientation, could be useful for application in spintronic devices, such as nonvolatile memory elements.

Coupled magnetic nanostructures: Engineering lattice configurations

We present a systematic investigation of tunable magnetization dynamics of coupled magnetic nanostructures, arranged in one-dimensional arrays of horizontally and vertically coupled linear chains and in two-dimensional arrays of square artificial spin ice lattice. The spatial distribution of the demagnetization field is markedly sensitive to the lattice arrangement, leading to a significant modification of the collective behavior of static and dynamic properties of the arrays. Using ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy, the engineering of demagnetizing factors with various lattice arrangements has been established quantitatively. The signature of distinct spin wave modes, spatially localized in the constituent nanomagnets, was observed and tuned by the lattice arrangements and applied field orientation. The experimental results are well complemented with micromagnetic simulations.

Magnetic Tunability of Permalloy Artificial Spin Ice Structures

This paper reports tunable ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{80}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{20}$ artificial spin ice structures of various geometrical lattice arrangements as a function of film thickness. We achieve the magnetic tunability by three distinct methods namely, geometrical arrangements of nanomagnetic elements in the form of square, kagome, and triangular lattices with the variation in film thickness (20, 30, and 50 nm) for each geometry and the applied field orientations. Magnetic force microscopy reveals that the nanoelements are in single-domain states, obeying the spin ice rules for the 20-nm-thick spin ice structures. A combination of nanoelements in single-domain and vortex states is observed with the increase in thickness up to 30 nm. For the 50-nm-thick elements, vortex and flux closure states are in evidence. Broadband ferromagnetic resonance spectroscopy establishes the presence of distinct resonant modes that are spatially localized in the nanomagnets of different orientations and, hence, can be controlled by the applied field orientations. The role of shape anisotropy on the static and dynamic properties is investigated systematically and complemented by extensive micromagnetic simulations. The results show great potential towards designing reconfigurable magnonic crystals for microwave filter applications.

Dynamic Resistance Measurement in a Four-Tape YBCO Stack With Various Applied Field Orientation

The dynamic resistance which occurs when a superconductor carrying DC current is exposed to alternating magnetic field plays an important role in HTS applications such as flux pumps and rotating machines. We report experimental results on dynamic resistance in a four-tape coated conductor stack when exposed to AC magnetic fields with different magnetic field angles (the angles between the magnetic field and normal vector component of the tape surface, θ) at 77 K. The conductors for the stack are 4-mm-wide SuperPower SC4050 wires. The field angle was varied from 0° to 120° at a resolution of 15° to study the field angle dependence of dynamic resistance on field angle as well as wire I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> (B, θ). We also varied the field frequency, the magnetic field amplitude, and the DC current level to study the dependence of dynamic resistance on these parameters. Finally, we compared the measured dynamic resistance results at perpendicular magnetic field with the analytical models for single wires. Our results show that the dynamic resistance of the stack was mainly, but not solely, determined by the perpendicular magnetic component. I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">c</sub> (B, θ) influences dynamic resistance in the stack due to tilting of the crystal lattice of the superconductor layer with regard to buffer layers.

Field-induced magnetic phase transitions and memory effect in bilayer ruthenate Ca3Ru2O7 with Fe substitution

Bilayer ruthenate Ca3(Ru1−xFex)2O7 (x = 0.05) exhibits an incommensurate magnetic soliton lattice driven by the Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya interaction. Here we report complex field-induced magnetic phase transitions and memory effect in this system via single-crystal neutron diffraction and magnetotransport measurements. We observe first-order incommensurate-to-commensurate magnetic transitions upon applying the magnetic field both along and perpendicular to the propagation axis of the incommensurate spin structure. Furthermore, we find that the metastable states formed upon decreasing the magnetic field depend on the temperature and the applied field orientation. We suggest that the observed field-induced metastability may be ascribable to the quenched kinetics at low temperature.

The dynamic resistance of YBCO coated conductor wire: effect of DC current magnitude and applied field orientation

Dynamic resistance, which occurs when a HTS coated conductor carries a DC current under an AC magnetic field, can have critical implications for the design of HTS machines. Here, we report measurements of dynamic resistance in a commercially available SuperPower 4 mm-wide YBCO coated conductor, carrying a DC current under an applied AC magnetic field of arbitrary orientation. The reduced DC current, It/Ic0, ranged from 0.01 to 0.9, where It is the DC current level and Ic0 is the self-field critical current of the conductor. The field angle (the angle between the magnetic field and the normal vector of the conductor wide-face) was varied between 0° and 90° at intervals of 10°. We show that the effective width of the conductor under study is ∼12% less than the physical wire width, and we attribute this difference to edge damage of the wire during or after manufacture. We then examine the measured dynamic resistance of this wire under perpendicular applied fields at very low DC current levels. In this regime we find that the threshold field, Bth, of the conductor is well described by the nonlinear equation of Mikitik and Brandt. However, this model consistently underestimates the threshold field at higher current levels. As such, the dynamic resistance in a coated conductor under perpendicular magnetic fields is best described using two different equations for each of the low and high DC current regimes, respectively. At low DC currents where It/Ic0 ≤ 0.1, the nonlinear relationship of Mikitik and Brandt provides the closest agreement with experimental data. However, in the higher current regime where It/Ic0 ≥ 0.2, closer agreement is obtained using a simple linear expression which assumes a current-independent penetration field. We further show that for the conductor studied here, the measured dynamic resistance at different field angles is dominated by the perpendicular magnetic field component, with negligible contribution from the parallel component. Our findings now enable the dynamic resistance of a single conductor to be analytically determined for a very wide range of DC currents and at all applied field angles.

Angular dependence of magnetization reversal in epitaxial chromium telluride thin films with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy

We investigate magnetic anisotropy and magnetization reversal mechanism in chromium telluride thin films grown by molecular beam epitaxy. We report existence of strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in these thin films, along with a relatively strong second order anisotropy contribution. The angular variation of the switching field observed from the magnetoresistance measurement is explained quantitatively using a one-dimensional defect model. The model reveals the relative roles of nucleation and pinning in the magnetization reversal, depending on the applied field orientation. Micromagnetic simulations are performed to visualize the domain structure and switching process.

Anomalous Anisotropic Magnetoresistance And Magnetization In Mn3.69Bi95.69Fe0.62

It was found that the Mn3.69Bi95.69Fe0.62 consists of two phases, namely of a bismuth matrix and BiMn inclusions. It is shown that the samples have a crystalline texture. Independently on the applied field orientation, maximum on the temperature dependence of magnetization is detected at Tmax ≈ 85 K, which is associated with the reorientation transition of the magnetic moments of Mn for αBiMn phase. In turn, the electrical resistivity ρ(T) also demonstrates maximum at Tmax ≈58 K in a magnetic field of 800 kA/m when H⊥I. It is established that the maximum of ρ(T) increases and is shifted toward higher temperature Tmax≈94 K when field increasing up to 2400 kA/m. At the same time no clear maximum on ρ(T) is observed for H||I. It is shown that the relative magnetoresistance, Δρ/ρ0, is increased both with decreasing temperature and with increase of the magnetic field. The measured enhancement reaches Δρ/ρ0≈250% for H||I and Δρ/ρ0≈2400% for H⊥I in magnetic field of 2400 kA/m. Thus, the strong anisotropy of ρ(T) and Δρ/ρ0(T) is established both for H⊥I and H||I. Possible explanation of observed anomalous behavior of the temperature dependences of the electrical resistivity in magnetic fields has been proposed.

Ferromagnetic resonance of an heterogeneous multilayer system with interlayer exchange coupling: an accessible model

We present a general model for the coupled magnetic resonances of an exchange interacting multilayer system, which can be implemented without complex analytical calculations or numerical simulations. The model allows one to study the spin wave modes of a multilayer structure with any number of layers, accounting for individual uniaxial and cubic anisotropies, and (static and dynamic) demagnetizing and external fields as well, assuming that only the interlayer exchange coupling mechanism is relevant between such magnetic layers. This scheme is applied to recent measurements of a NiFe/CoFe bilayer, and to studying the influence of the strength of ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange interactions and the applied field orientation on the spin wave modes and intensities of the ferromagnetic resonance response. We find that the acoustic oscillation mode tends to stabilize in frequency if the magnetizations of the layers are parallel to each other, while the optical mode stabilizes when the magnetizations are antiparallel. Furthermore, we find that each oscillation mode is governed by either the NiFe or the CoFe. The modes swap the governing layer as the perpendicular field increases, inducing a gap between their frequencies, which appears to be proportional to the exchange coupling. Finally, we find that the field linewidth of the bilayer due to Gilbert damping has a dependence on the frequency very similar to the linear dependence of the linewidth in single layers. The theoretical scheme presented here can be further used to explore magnetization dynamics in different multilayer architectures—such as exchange springs, structures with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, and complex compositions of layer stacks—and can be useful as a basis to study multilayers with chiral and dipolar interactions.

Torque magnetometry of perpendicular anisotropy exchange-spring heterostructures

The field-induced magnetic configurations in a [Co/Pd]15 /TbFeCo exchange-spring system with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are studied using torque magnetometry. The experimental results are compared to a 1D micromagnetic simulation. The good agreement between experiments and simulations allows us to deduce the evolution of the in-depth magnetic configuration as a function of the applied field orientation and amplitude. The chirality transition of the interfacial domain wall developing in the structure can also be determined with this technique.

Study of magnetization reversal and anisotropy of single crystalline ultrathin Fe/MgO (001) film by magneto-optic Kerr effect**Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11274033, 11474015, and 61227902), the Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (Grant No. 20131102130005), and the Beijing Key Discipline Foundation of Condensed Matter Physics.

The magnetization reversal process of Fe/MgO (001) thin film is investigated by combining transverse and longitudinal hysteresis loops. Owing to the competition between domain wall pinning energy and weak uniaxial magnetic anisotropy, the typical magnetization reversal process of Fe ultrathin film can take place via either an “l-jump” process near the easy axis, or a “2-jump” process near the hard axis, depending on the applied field orientation. Besides, the hysteresis loop presents strong asymmetry resulting from the variation of the detected light intensity due to the quadratic magneto-optic effect. Furthermore, we modify the detectable light intensity formula and simulate the hysteresis loops of the Kerr signal. The results show that they are in good agreement with the experimental data.

Superconducting heterostructures: from antipinning to pinning potentials

We study vortex lattice dynamics in a heterostructure that combines two type-II superconductors: a niobium film and a dense triangular array of submicrometric vanadium (V) pillars. Magnetic ac susceptibility measurements reveal a sudden increase in ac penetration, related to an increase in vortex mobility above a magnetic field, , that decreases linearly with temperature. Additionally, temperature independent matching effects that occur when the number of vortices in the sample is an integer of the number of V pillars, strongly reduce vortex mobility, and were observed for the first and second matching fields, and . The angular dependence of , and shows that matching is determined by the normal applied field component, while is independent of the applied field orientation. This important result identifies with the critical field boundary for the normal to superconducting transition of V pillars. Below , superconducting V pillars repel vortices, and the array becomes an ‘antipinning’ landscape that is more effective in reducing vortex mobility than the ‘pinning’ landscape of the normal V sites above . Matching effects are observed both below and above , implying the presence of ordered vortex configurations for ‘antipinning’ or ‘pinning’ arrays.

Dynamic separation of nanomagnet sublattices by orientation of elliptical elements

We report the separation of the magnetization dynamics of densely packed nanomagnets depending on their orientation. The arrays consist of interleaved sublattices of identical nickel elliptical disks. By controlling the orientation of the elliptic disks relative to the external field in each sublattice, we simultaneously analyzed the magnetization dynamics in each sublattice using a time-resolved magnetooptic Kerr effect (TR-MOKE) microscopy system. The Fourier spectra showed clearly separated precession modes for sublattices with different orientations. The spectra were shown to be robust against the error in applied field orientation. The sublattice response can be tuned to a single collective frequency by choosing a symmetric field orientation. We analyzed the effect of the interelement coupling with various spacing between nanomagnets and found a relatively weak dependence on dipolar interactions in good agreement with micromagnetic simulations.

Magnetoresistance behavior of bi-component antidot nanostructures

We present a systematic study on the magnetoresistance (MR) behavior of bi-component antidot nanostructures consisting of the Ni80Fe20 antidot with holes filled with Fe dots. We observed that the stray field of the Fe dots significantly modifies the MR responses of the host Ni80Fe20 antidot lattice, despite the fact that Fe dots are not in a direct exchange and electric contact with the antidot lattice. The effects of temperature, applied-field orientation and antidot diameter on the MR responses are also investigated. Our experimental results are in good agreement with micromagnetic simulations.

NMR study of in-plane twofold ordering in URu(2)Si(2).

We report (29)Si NMR spectra and Knight shift measurements as a function of applied field orientation in the (001) basal plane of URu(2)Si(2). Observed linewidth oscillations confirm the in-plane twofold ordered domain state observed in recent magnetic susceptibility measurements. Analysis of our linewidth data leads to estimate ∼ 0.4% for the twofold intrinsic (monodomain) susceptibility anisotropy in the basal plane, a value ∼ 15 times smaller than that obtained from recent susceptibility measurements.