Applied Economics Research Articles

Top to bottom: an expanded ranking of economics journals

ABSTRACT In what we believe is the largest ranking of its kind in economics, this study extends the economics journal ranking literature by examining the impact of papers published in more than 550 economics journals. Based on Google Scholar citations per article to all articles published in the 15-year period from 2001 through 2015, we find that the top five journals are the American Economic Review, Quarterly Journal of Economics, Journal of Financial Economics, Journal of Political Economy and Journal of Economic Perspectives. Moreover, three of the American Economic Association’s newest journals – American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, American Economic Journal: Macroeconomics, and American Economic Journal: Economic Policy – are ranked among the top 30 economics journals. An expanded ranking such as that provided in this study is likely a useful tool for researchers, particularly the new ones, in navigating the field of economics.

Editorial

This special issue of the Public Service Journal (RSP) brings together papers on building policy capacity for development within the Brazilian context. Starting from a broad and integrated understanding of development, which is not restricted to the context of the economic sphere, this compilation presents analyses that discuss issues relevant to the current national agenda. The accumulated imbalance of 'capacities' in various policy areas, the challenges of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals, the peculiarities of capacity mobilization in the local context, and the intersection between capacities and governance are some of the topics debated in this publication.
 It is worth mentioning that this publication is a result of the debate promoted during the International Workshop on Building Capable States for Development in Latin America, held in São Paulo in December 2018 - an event promoted in a partnership between the National University of Singapore (NUS), the Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV/EAESP), and the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA). Thus, the papers presented in this special issue have been examined and discussed previously among Brazilian and international academics dedicated to the study of state capacities. The aim of publishing these papers in English is to continue to promote this sort of dialogue in international debates on the field of public policy.

Budget, motives and strategies for financial independence of undergraduates

Introduction. The problems of scientific analysis, where the subject of study is the financial independence of undergraduates, mainly focuses on two directories: the study of the academic performance of undergraduate and the factors affecting it; financial condition of undergraduate depending on tuition fees. In modern studies, the issues of financial independence of students, their budget are not given due attention. The employment of students is often seen as one of the factors that negatively affect their academic performance, or in the context of forced work caused by high tuition fees. In today's pandemic realities, the aspect of the financial independence of students is actualized, while the problem of students' labor activity during training is of scientific and practical interest as a forced measure to maintain their well-being in order to gain financial independence. Materials and methods. The survey was attended by: 2-4-year students of the Bachelor's degree program "Applied Economics and Finance" (38.03.01 Economics) of the Institute of Economics and Management of Ural Federal University was carried out. The total number of students in 2-4 courses on the program is 284. Results and discussion. As a result of the study, the key motives for obtaining financial independence have been identified, which boil down either to the forced need to find finances, or to the desire to obtain financial independence and the formation of labor and financial competencies; formulated the basic financial strategies of students in relation to budget planning, budget optimization - passive as an orientation towards transfers from parents and the state, active as a search for grant support or going to work; it was found that the problem of choosing between work and study as an additional criterion included opportunity costs, measured as deterioration in academic performance; it was found that significant financial support from parents (family) and its increase with an increase in student spending forms a "soft budget constraint" for a student, reducing the motivation to gain financial independence. It was founded that more than 20% of 2-4-year students have part-time gob, while 2/3 of the working students do not “sacrifice” their studies for work. This is due to the fact that the motivation for choosing a job is voluntary. The survey data allowed to conclude that students are focused both on the improving of labor and financial competencies. It was revealed that the main source of income for their budget is transfers from parents (more than 90%) but own earns are less than 6% of the student budget. It should be noted that there was a large range in the students’ income: from 2,500 to 36,000 rubles. This may be due to both the income of the family in which the student lives and the model of financial support of the parents: they admit the independence of students according to their budget or the autonomy of their student children is practically absent. Conclusion. The results of this study are aimed at comprehending the educational, scientific, labor activity of a student, taking into account the motives for obtaining financial independence, which can be taken into account in the design of individual educational trajectories of students, the development of grant projects and offers of internship, educational loans, which together ensure the strengthening of the financial independence of students.

Regional drivers’ effects and policies of COVID‐19

Regional Science Policy & PracticeVolume 12, Issue 6 p. 979-980 INTRODUCTION Regional drivers’ effects and policies of COVID-19 Tomaz Ponce Dentinho, Corresponding Author Tomaz Ponce Dentinho [email protected] Centre of Applied Economics Studies of the Atlantic, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal Correspondence Tomaz Ponce Dentinho, Centre of Applied Economics Studies of the Atlantic, University of Azores, Azores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo. Portugal. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorNeil Reid, Neil Reid Department of Geography and Planning, The University of Toledo, USASearch for more papers by this author Tomaz Ponce Dentinho, Corresponding Author Tomaz Ponce Dentinho [email protected] Centre of Applied Economics Studies of the Atlantic, University of Azores, Azores, Portugal Correspondence Tomaz Ponce Dentinho, Centre of Applied Economics Studies of the Atlantic, University of Azores, Azores, Rua Capitão João d'Ávila, 9700-042 Angra do Heroísmo. Portugal. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorNeil Reid, Neil Reid Department of Geography and Planning, The University of Toledo, USASearch for more papers by this author First published: 12 December 2020 https://doi.org/10.1111/rsp3.12378Citations: 1Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article.Citing Literature Volume12, Issue6Special Issue: Regional Drivers Effects and Policies of Covid‐19December 2020Pages 979-980 RelatedInformation

ENVIRONMENT, MIX ENERGIES, ASEAN ECONOMIES AND EDUCATION

Education, environment, energies and economic, have several number high impacts of research in 5 years. Data from Dimensions.ai, the most comprehensive research grants database which links grants to millions of resulting publications, clinical trials and patents, have several results about education, environment, energies and economic research, in Studies in Human Society 146 papers, Economics 96 papers, Applied Economics 95 papers, Engineering 93 papers, Policy and Administration 63 papers. Using vosviewer.com analysis, files downloaded from the free version of Dimensions may contain data for at most 2500 documents. (Larger numbers of documents are supported when a subscription-based version of Dimensions is used), we can see that Education have high impact on energy, environment, sustainability and sustainable development. The study aims to investigate the environmental effects of mix energies on the three most polluted countries of ASEAN economies. The study uses the data of the Philippines, Vietnam, and Thailand over the period of 1995-2017 as gathered from the World Bank and Global Economy. The study uses Brush Pagon LM and Pearson CD to test the cross-section dependence among variables while Levin et al., (2002) panel unit root test to check the stationary in the data. Westerlund (2007) cointegration and FMOLS tests are applied to analyze the long-run relationship. The result confirms the adverse environmental effects of fossil fuel electricity generation (FEG) and positive environmental effects of solar electricity generation (SEG), nuclear-power electricity generation (NEG), and geothermal electricity generation (GEG) on the ASEAN economies. Wind electricity generation (WEG) and hydroelectricity generation (HEG) do not significantly contribute to deteriorating the environment. The study suggests using GEG, WEG and SEG methods of producing electricity instead of FEG.

Does remittance protect the household from catastrophic health expenditure in India

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the dynamic nature of the catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) on remittances receiving households between 2005 and 2012 in India. Design/methodology/approach The study adopted Xu’s (2005) definition of catastrophic health-care expenditure. And also used binary logistic regression to examine the effects of remittances being received on CHE in households across India. The data were drawn from the two rounds of the India Human Development Survey conducted by the University of Maryland, the USA, and the National Council of Applied Economic Research, New Delhi, India. Findings The results show that the percentage of households received remittances, and that the amount of remittances received has substantially increased during 2005 and 2012, though variation is evident by socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the household. Apparently, the variation (percentage of households received remittances) is more pronounced for factors such as household size, number of 60+ elderly, sectors and by regions. Household’s catastrophic health spending and remittances being received show a statistically significant association. Households which received remittances during both the time showed the lowest likelihood (AOR:0.82; p-value < 0.10; 95% CI:0.64–1.03) to experience catastrophic health spending. Originality/value The paper identified the research gap to examine the occurrence of catastrophic health spending by remittances receiving status of the household using a novel panel data set.

Reviewer Acknowledgements

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 6 Abootaleb Shirvani, Texas Tech University, USAAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelDilshodjon Rakhmonov, Tashkent State University of Economics, UzbekistanDjebali Nesrine, University of Jendouba, TunisiaHichem Maraghni, University of Taibah, TunisiaIulia Lupu, Victor Slavescu” Centre for Financial and Monetary Research, Romanian Academy, RomaniaMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyOlena Sokolovska, St. Petersburg State University, UkraineOltiana Muharremi Pelari, Stonehill College in Ma, USARajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRamona Orastean, Lucian Blaga University of Sibiu, RomaniaRichard Nguyen, Alliant International University, USAShahram Fattahi, Razi University, IranSteven V. Cates, Purdue University-Global, USASzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, GuatemalaVictoria Cociug, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Moldova Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com

The interprovincial slave trade from Rio de Janeiro, 1809–1833: An analysis of the Brazilian Institute of Applied Economic Research database

AbstractIn the 19th century, Rio de Janeiro emerged as the largest slaving port in the Americas. Every year, ships, mainly from Brazil and Portugal, poured thousands of enslaved Africans in that port. But what happened to them after they disembarked? This paper examines a database of passports and other sources compiled by the Brazilian Institute of Applied Economic Research to address that question. It also discusses the challenges and methods of adjusting the database to an ongoing project focused on the intracontinental slave trade in the Americas from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The paper shows that, although Rio de Janeiro was the final destination for many slaves disembarked there, a significant proportion of them was re‐exported into the interprovincial traffic, to regions as distant as Minas Gerais, São Paulo, and Rio Grande do Sul.

Editorial

This special issue of the Public Service Journal (RSP) brings together papers on building policy capacity for development within the Brazilian context. Starting from a broad and integrated understanding of development, which is not restricted to the context of the economic sphere, this compilation presents analyses that discuss issues relevant to the current national agenda. The accumulated imbalance of 'capacities' in various policy areas, the challenges of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals, the peculiarities of capacity mobilization in the local context, and the intersection between capacities and governance are some of the topics debated in this publication.
 It is worth mentioning that this publication is a result of the debate promoted during the International Workshop on Building Capable States for Development in Latin America, held in São Paulo in December 2018 - an event promoted in a partnership between the National University of Singapore (NUS), the Getulio Vargas Foundation (FGV/EAESP), and the Institute of Applied Economic Research (IPEA). Thus, the papers presented in this special issue have been examined and discussed previously among Brazilian and international academics dedicated to the study of state capacities. The aim of publishing these papers in English is to continue to promote this sort of dialogue in international debates on the field of public policy.

Application of Big Data Technology in Teaching Reform of Applied Economics in Colleges and Universities

With the development of the times and the progress of society, the scientific and cultural achievements of human beings are constantly accumulated, and a large number of science and technology are widely used in people’s daily production and life. Under the background of the current big data era, China’s economic system reform of all walks of life is in full swing, and the economic system and structure of all walks of life are gradually improving. The teaching reform of Applied Economics in Colleges and universities in China also needs to follow the trend of the times. Nowadays, the knowledge structure required by students majoring in Applied Economics in Colleges and universities has also changed greatly compared with the past. In order to cope with this change, this paper puts forward the method of integrating big data technology with the teaching reform of Applied Economics in Colleges and universities, and carries out the current situation of the teaching of Applied Economics in Colleges and universities In order to meet the new needs of applied economics students in the new era, this paper analyzes and combines the new requirements of the era of big data for students majoring in Applied Economics. Through long-term research, we can find that some analysis methods proposed in this paper have important practical significance for the application of big data technology in the teaching reform of Applied Economics in Colleges and universities.

Retraction: Application of Big Data Technology in Teaching Reform of Applied Economics in Colleges and Universities (J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1648 042075)

This article has been retracted by IOP Publishing following an allegation that raises concerns this article may have been created, manipulated, and/or sold by a commercial entity. In addition, IOP Publishing has seen no evidence that reliable peer review was conducted on this article, despite the clear standards expected of and communicated to conference organisers. The authors of the article have been given opportunity to present evidence that they were the original and genuine creators of the work, however at the time of publication of this notice, IOP Publishing has not received any response. IOP Publishing has analysed the article and agrees there are enough indicators to cause serious doubts over the legitimacy of the work and agree this article should be retracted. The authors are encouraged to contact IOP Publishing Limited if they have any comments on this retraction. Retraction published: 16 September 2022

TRANSMISSÃO DA VARIAÇÃO DA TAXA DE CÂMBIO PARA OS PREÇOS DE EXPORTAÇÕES BRASILEIRAS DA CARNE BOVINA E DA CARNE DE FRANGO (1997-2019)

The objective of this work consisted of examining the relation between exchange rates in the Brazilian export prices of beef and chicken meat, relation defined as the pass-through of the exchange rate, having as reference the period from July, 1997 to March, 2019. The data were collected from the sites of Center for Advanced Studies in Applied Economics – CEPEA, the Institute of Applied Economics - IPEA, in WORLD BANK, and in the Bureau of Labor Statistics – BLS. In this sense, time series instrumentals were used, especially the Error Correction Vector Model. The results found indicated that the pass-through degree of the exchange rate for the export prices of beef occurred in a complete way, representing competitiveness. Yet, for chicken meat, the pass-through coefficient was incomplete, representing that the exchange rate depreciations do not translate themselves into significant gains in competitiveness, once that they reduce partially the export prices.

Análise Comparativa das Práticas de Gestão do Conhecimento de Processos Organizacionais entre Prefeituras de uma Região do Brasil e de uma Província do Equador

Knowledge Management contributes to making organizations more competitive. In the public sector, it can increase efficiency, innovate processes and improve the quality of services offered. However, consultations with databases show that there are few specialized authors in this field and the level of collaboration between them and international comparisons is low; the number of publications in Latin American journals dealing with the subject is also small and the literature contributes little to implementing Knowledge Management in public organizations. This paper aims to conduct a comparative analysis of the level of implementation and reach of Knowledge Management practices of organizational processes in city halls in a region of Brazil and in a province of Ecuador. This is a multiple case study, with a quantitative approach and, as for the objectives, it is characterized as being an exploratory research. Data collection took place through a questionnaire prepared by the Institute of Applied Economic Research. The results show that Ecuador's city halls have, on average, a higher level of implementation and reach of Knowledge Management practices associated with organizational processes than their counterparts in Brazilian. The level of implementation of these practices is low for the municipalities of the countries analyzed. The reach level is medium for Ecuador's city halls and low for the Brazilians ones. Thus, it is concluded that there is a need to create strategies in both countries to increase the level of implementation and reach of these practices.

2021 Kuznets Prize awarded to Yun Qiu, Xi Chen, and Wei Shi

1 Biographical abstractsYun Qiu is an assistant professor at the Institute for Economic and Social Research at Jinan University (Guangzhou, China). She obtained a PhD in Agricultural, Environmental, and Development Economics from Ohio State University. She is a Fellow of the Global Labor Organization (GLO). Yun uses applied econometric techniques to conduct research in areas focused on (1) understanding the health and productivity impacts of extreme weather and air pollution in China; (2) characterizing the influencing factors of the spread of COVID-19 and its socioeconomic impacts; and (3) valuing coastal adaptation strategies and urban amenities.Xi Chen is an associate professor of Health Policy and Economics at Yale University. He obtained a PhD in Applied Economics from Cornell University. His research endeavors focus on improving public policies on population aging, life course health, and global health systems. Dr. Chen is a consultant at the United Nations Institutions, Fellow at the Global Labor Organization (GLO), former President of the China Health Policy and Management Society, and Butler-Williams Scholar at the US National Institutes of Health. Dr. Chen’s work has been published in prestigious economics, science, and medical journals, recognized through numerous awards, and widely covered in media.Wei Shi is an associate professor at the Institute for Economic and Social Research, Jinan University (Guangzhou, China). His research interests include topics in econometrics, real estate economics, and applied microeconomics. His current research focuses on panel data models with spatial interactions and multidimensional heterogeneities, peer effects models, and applications of spatial econometric models. He is a Fellow of the Global Labor Organization (GLO) and obtained his PhD in economics from Ohio State University.

Reviewer Acknowledgements

Applied Economics and Finance (AEF) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether AEF publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue.Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 5 Abootaleb Shirvani, Texas Tech University, USAAndrey Kudryavtsev, The Max Stern Yezreel Valley Academic College, IsraelBasanta K. Pradhan, University of Delhi Enclave, IndiaDjebali Nesrine, University of Jendouba, TunisiaHedieh Shadmani, Fairfield University, USAMagdalena Radulescu, University of Pitesti, RomaniaMamdouh Abdelmoula M. Abdelsalam, Minufiya University, EgyptMarco Muscettola, Independent Researcher-Credit Risk Manager, ItalyMarwa Biltagy, Cairo University, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, EgyptNuno Crespo, ISCTE-IUL, PortugalOlena Sokolovska, Research Institute of Fiscal Policy, State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, UkraineOltiana Muharremi Pelari, Stonehill College in Ma, AlbaniaPayal Chadha, University of Wales Prifysgol Cymru, KuwaitRajeev Rana, APB Govt. P.G. College, IndiaRichard Nguyen, Alliant International University, USASzabolcs Blazsek, Universidad Francisco Marroquín, Guatemala Nikki GibbsEditorial AssistantOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of Applied Economics and FinanceRedfame Publishing9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416Beaverton, OR 97008, USAURL: http://aef.redfame.com

Spatial distribution of the \u201cMais M\xe9dicos (More Doctors) Program\u201d and social vulnerability: an analysis of the Brazilian metropolitan regions

BackgroundThe “Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program” established in 2013 by the Brazilian Government aimed to reduce inequalities by means of an emergency provision of physicians, the improvement of medical care service in the Brazilian Unified Health System, and the expansion of medical education training in Brazil. In this context, equity should be considered when defining priorities and allocating resources. This study describes the distribution of physicians for the Program in five Brazilian metropolitan regions (MRs) and analyses whether the most vulnerable areas within each one of these regions had been prioritized in compliance with the legislation framework of the program.MethodsThis is a quantitative cross-sectional study. Official secondary data was analyzed to verify the relationship between the Index of Social Vulnerability, set up by the Institute of Applied Economic Research, and the physician allocation provided by the Program. The data were organized into categories and quintiles. For spatialization purposes, the QGIS 3.4 Madeira software was used.ResultsThere are 2592 primary health care units, (in Portuguese, UBS), within the five MRs studied; 981 of these hosted at least one physician from the Program. In the Manaus, Recife, and the DF MRs, the 4th and 5th quintiles (the most vulnerable ones) hosted physicians in more significant proportions than the other quintiles, namely, 71.4%, 71.4%, and 52.2%, respectively, exceeding the national average (51.7%). It is worth mentioning that in the São Paulo MR, the units located in the most vulnerable quintiles (4th and 5th) also hosted physicians in proportions significantly higher than others (45.8%); however, this proportion did not reach 50%. There was no significant difference in the allocation of physicians in the Porto Alegre MR, indicating that there was no prioritization of the UBS according to vulnerability.ConclusionsThese results appoint to the enormous gaps of vulnerability existing both between the analyzed MRs and internally in each one of them. It emphasizes the need for criteria for the allocation of physicians so as not to increase inequities. It also highlights the importance of the continuity of the “Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program” in the metropolitan regions, above all, in areas of extreme vulnerabilities. On the other hand, they contribute to the national debate about the importance of public policies regarding constitutional rights related to access to health care and the relevance of primary care and the “Mais Médicos (More Doctors) Program” for the reduction of disparities regarding access to health care, especially for the citizens who live in regions of greater vulnerability, whether it is inside or outside large metropolitan regions.

A adoção das normas internacionais de contabilidade e os investimentos estrangeiros no mercado brasileiro

O estudo possui abordagem quantitativa e teve como objetivo analisar os efeitos da adoção das normas internacionais de contabilidade (IFRS) na participação acionária de investidores estrangeiros em empresas brasileiras listadas na Bolsa Brasil Balcão (B3). Foram utilizados dados coletados na base de dados Economática referentes a uma amostra de 362 empresas analisadas no período entre 2005 a 2017 e variáveis macroeconômicas coletadas no site do Banco Mundial, Banco Central do Brasil e Instituto de Pesquisa Econômica Aplicada. Os resultados evidenciam que houve aumento da participação acionária de investidores estrangeiros em empresas brasileiras após a convergência com as normas contábeis internacionais no período de adoção mandatória.

Editorial—Using Applied Economics to Study Participatory Irrigation Institutions and their Impact in South Asia

For many decades, participatory approaches, with their emphasis on farmer-centred management, have been presented as panaceas for overcoming weaknesses in irrigation systems. Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) has assumed such a high status that it is regularly mandated by donors sponsoring irrigation upgrades in poor countries. However, the success of PIM is mixed, and economic analysis can help explain why PIM might work in some settings and not in others. This Special Issue focusses on PIM and aims to scrutinise its usefulness, particularly in South Asia. The focus on South Asian irrigation is driven by the reality that smallholder agriculture is destined to be the mainstay for this most populous region, at least in the medium term, and finding solutions to raise agricultural productivity is a high priority. The Special Issue comprises nine papers employing several strands of economics, including New Institutional Economics, Game Theory, and Behavioural Economics. A synopsis of each paper is provided in this editorial.

Transmissão da variação da taxa de câmbio para os preços de exportação brasileiros do milho (2000-2018)

O objetivo deste trabalho consistiu no exame da relação entre as variações cambiais e os preços de exportação brasileiros do milho, relação definida como o pass-through da taxa de câmbio, tendo como referência o período de janeiro de 2000 a dezembro de 2018. Os dados foram coletados nos sites do Instituto de Economia Aplicada – IPEA e no Agriculture and Horticulture Development Board – AHDB. Neste sentido, fez-se uso dos instrumentais de séries temporais, especialmente do Modelo Vetor de Correção de Erros. Os resultados encontrados forneceram indicações de que o grau de pass-through da taxa de câmbio para os preços de exportação do milho ocorreram de forma incompleta no período total e no primeiro subperíodo e nula no segundo subperíodo, representando que depreciações da taxa de câmbio não se traduzem em ganhos significativos de competitividade, já que não reduzem expressivamente os preços de exportação.

Diversity disqualifies global uniform carbon pricing for effective climate policy

Real economies and societies are diverse. Applied economics responds to diversity by a variety in technologies, institutions, products, policies, for meeting the demands of differentiated actors. Nevertheless, neoclassical economics states that climate change can be regulated most efficiently by installing a global uniform carbon price. This position is based on many assumptions, such as full substitutability, negligible transaction costs, and boundless scale economies. However, diversity is relevant for designing well functioning carbon pricing policies. Diversity is a gradual property for cataloging homogeneous and heterogeneous cases. When categories are incompatible, substitutability is problematic, and transaction costs are high, respecting diversity is beneficial, not costly. Negating heterogeneity (strong diversity) by applying uniform approaches triggers subsequent remedial ad-hoc policies to anyhow address relevant differences. Ex-ante consideration of diversity prevents the flaws of remedial policies. By opting for diverse, case specific financial incentives, economics would well partner with other social sciences in search for realistic, effective, efficient and just climate policies. The global uniform carbon price is a theoretical concept, unlikely to ever be realized, hence escaping decisive assessment of its actual performance. We suggest a substitute indicator for UNFCCC monitoring of countries’ efforts to financially incentivize climate actions.