Halosulfuron Application Research Articles

SANDEA–SOIL INSECTICIDE INTERACTION STUDIES IN NORTH CAROLINA POTATOES

Trials were conducted at Plymouth, NC in 2004 and 2005 to determine the effect of halosulfuron on the yield and grade of white-skinned and red-skinned Irish potatoes when used in combination with different infurrow insecticides. Factors for the factorial design used included potato variety, halosulfuron timing, halosulfuron rate, and insecticide. In-furrow insecticides included imidacloprid. aldicarb, and phorate at 30.3, 293, and 233 g ai/1000 m of row, respectively. Halosulfuron was applied at 26.3 or 52.6 g ai/ha preemergence (PRE), postemergence, over the top (POST), or postdirected (P-DIR) to the potatoes. Preemergence applications of halosulfuron were made after last hilling of the bed, POST applications were made at early flowering, and P-DIR sprays were applied at late flowering. Crop injury was evaluated visually at 2 and 4 weeks after treatment (WAT). Potatoes were dug and graded at maturity. Data was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) with means separated using Fisher's protected LSD (p = 0.05). No interaction between insecticides and halosulfuron were observed. However, some yield differences were seen due to halosulfuron alone. Minimal (<10%) injury was seen with PRE and P-DIR applications. Substantial injury was only seen at 2 WAT, and only from POST treatments. At this timing, halosulfuron applied at the low rate injured potato 14-19% across the insecticides, while the high rate caused significantly higher injury (23% to 24%). Injury from the POST timing did affect yield. Higher levels of smaller potatoes (USDA Grade #1) were found in the POST treatments, when pooled over years, varieties and rates. This indicates that tuber development may have been delayed due to foliar injury. This is supported by the lower levels of USDA Grade #3 potatoes from POST applications compared to other timings. When pooled across years, varieties, and rates, the lowest total yields were with the POST timing.

NUTSEDGE CONTROL IN TOMATO WITH COMBINATIONS OF SANDEA (HALOSULFURON) AND DUAL MAGNUM (S-METOLACHLOR)

Effects of combining labeled rates of halosulfuron (Sandea) and s-metolachlor (Dual Magnum) were evaluated as a preemergence (PRE) application in a randomized complete block designed experiment at the Wiregrass Experiment Station in southeastern Alabama. Treatments were assigned in a factorial arrangement of four levels of halosulfuron (0.0, 0.009, 0.018, and 0.036 lbs. a.i./acre) and six levels of s-metolachlor (0.0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.0, and 1.25 lbs. a.i/acre). The purpose of the study was to ascertain possible synergistic effects from combining these two herbicides to control nutsedge at a possible lower cost. Two repetitions were completed in 2005 with data pooled in analysis. Results found no interaction between the halosulfuron and the s-metolachlor and therefore no synergistic affects. Analysis of the main effects revealed that the highest labeled rate of either herbicide gave the highest percent control relative to the nontreated control. Soil activity of halosulfuron in controlling nutsedge has been shown to be less effective than foliar applications. Our own LD90 greenhouse studies confirmed this to be true. We examined four application techniques of halosulfuron (POST both soil and foliar, POST foliar only, POST soil only, and PRE soil only) to determine the LD90. Results revealed that halosulfuron had the lowest LD90 from the treatments with a foliar application. However, some soil activity was observed. Results from field studies indicated that PRE applications of halosulfuron must be at the highest labeled rate to provide effective control. S-metolachlor was equal to halosulfuron on percent control and is lower in cost on a per acre basis.

Halosulfuron and 2,4-D Mixtures' Effects on Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album)

Greenhouse and laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the response of common lambsquarters to POST applications of halosulfuron–methyl plus 2,4-D admixtures and to investigate the effects of 2,4-D on the absorption, translocation, and metabolism of halosulfuron. In the greenhouse, halosulfuron at 0, 4.5, 9, 18, and 36 g ai/ha was applied alone and mixed with 2,4-D at 0, 17, 35, and 70 g ai/ha POST to 7.5- to 9-cm seedlings, and plant fresh weights were determined 4 wk after treatment (WAT). Halosulfuron alone did not control this weed, while fresh weights of common lambsquarters treated with 2,4-D declined hyperbolically as rates increased. A synergistic response for mixtures of these herbicides occurred, as observed fresh weights for all combinations were less than expected based on independent action and the calibrated marginal responses. In the laboratory, 7.5- to 9-cm seedlings were treated POST with commercially formulated halosulfuron at 9 and 18 g/ha and 2,4-D at 0, 70, and 140 g/ha, respectively, followed by foliar-applied14C-halosulfuron. Absorption of14C-halosulfuron increased with time, and absorption and translocation were not influenced by the addition of 2,4-D. Results from these studies inferred that halosulfuron and 2,4-D were generally synergistic on common lambsquarters and that mechanisms other than absorption, translocation, and metabolism may explain this response.

Southern Root-Knot Nematode Effect on Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) and Chile Pepper Response to Halosulfuron1

Greenhouse experiments were conducted in the summer of 2002 to determine the effect of root-knot nematodes on purple nutsedge suppression and chile pepper response after applications of halosulfuron. Purple nutsedge and chile pepper plants were grown together in 20-cm-diam pots, inoculated with root-knot nematodes, and treated with halosulfuron 2 or 4 wk after inoculation. Root-knot nematode infection had no effect on purple nutsedge control or chile pepper injury after treatment with halosulfuron, regardless of application timing. However, root-knot nematode reproduction was lower in pots that received a halosulfuron treatment, particularly halosulfuron applied 2 wk after inoculation. Controlling purple nutsedge using halosulfuron in a field infested with root-knot nematodes could also decrease the amount of nematode inoculum that is available for infecting chile plants later in the season.Nomenclature: Halosulfuron; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. #3 CYPRO; chile pepper, Capsicum annuum L. ‘Joe E. Parker’; southern root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid and White) Chitwood, host race 3.Additional index words: Pest interactions, ALS herbicide, Capsicum annuum, CYPRO.Abbreviations: GH1, first greenhouse experiment; GH2, second greenhouse experiment; GH3, third greenhouse experiment.

Control of Purple Nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) with Herbicides and Mowing1

Purple nutsedge management with herbicides (halosulfuron, imazaquin, MSMA, S-metolachlor, and sulfentrazone) and mowing was investigated in a bare ground homogenous purple nutsedge field site. Mowing at 5 cm increased control of purple nutsedge by 6% compared to not mowing. Sequential applications of halosulfuron, MSMA, and sulfentrazone provided at least 80% control of purple nutsedge shoots, whereas imazaquin controlled purple nutsedge shoots less than 65%. All herbicide treatments reduced purple nutsedge total and viable tuber densities at least 40%. S-metolachlor PRE reduced total and viable tuber densities 65 and 69%, respectively. Sequential applications of sulfentrazone or MSMA reduced total and viable tubers 80%. Early postemergence (EPOST) or EPOST followed by late-postemergence applications of halosulfuron and imazaquin reduced total and viable tuber densities 52 and 59%, respectively. Data indicate that S-metolachlor PRE and sequential applications of MSMA and sulfentrazone may be viable treatm...

Control of Green and False-Green Kyllinga (Kyllinga brevifolia and K. gracillima) in Golf Course Fairways and Roughs1

Herbicides commonly used to control Cyperus spp. are not completely effective against Kyllinga spp. Field trials were conducted on North Carolina golf courses to evaluate green and false-green kyllinga control at fairway and rough golf course mowing heights. Treatments included single and sequential applications of bentazon (1.12 kg ai/ha), halosulfuron (0.07 kg/ha), MSMA (2.24 kg/ ha), and trifloxysulfuron (0.03 kg/ha); imazaquin (0.56 kg/ha) with and without MSMA; and two rates of sulfentrazone (0.42 and 0.56 kg/ha). Green or false-green kyllinga control was equivalent at fairway and rough mowing heights. Halosulfuron applied sequentially, imazaquin with and without MSMA, and trifloxysulfuron applied singly or sequentially, controlled green and false-green kyllinga 89 to 99% 10 wk after initial treatment (WAIT). However, Kyllinga spp. control decreased over the course of the study regardless of herbicide treatment. By one year after treatment (YAIT), bentazon or MSMA alone controlled green or false-green kyllinga 50% or less. No difference was observed in green or false-green kyllinga control between imazaquin vs. imazaquin plus MSMA, sulfentrazone 0.42 vs. 0.56 kg/ha, or trifloxysulfuron one vs. two applications at any rating date. Green kyllinga was seemingly more difficult to control than false-green kyllinga. Sequential applications of bentazon and MSMA, single applications of halosulfuron, sulfentrazone applied at 0.42 and 0.56 kg/ha, and single and sequential applications of trifloxysulfuron controlled false-green kyllinga at least 10% greater than green kyllinga at 1 YAIT. Further research is needed to assess the potential variation among Cyperus and Kyllinga spp. response to herbicides.Nomenclature: Bentazon, halosulfuron, imazaquin, monosodium methanearsonate (MSMA), sulfentrazone, trifloxysulfuron; bermudagrass, Cynodon spp.; false-green kyllinga, Kyllinga gracillima L.; green kyllinga, Kyllinga brevifolia Rottb. #3 KYLBR.Additional index words: Mowing height, turfgrass management.Abbreviations: WAIT, weeks after initial treatment; YAIT, year after initial treatment.

Eggplant Tolerance to Halosulfuron Applied through Drip Irrigation

Halosulfuron is an alternative to methyl bromide for managing nutsedges (Cyperus spp.) in several vegetable crops. Field studies were conducted to evaluate eggplant growth and yield when halosulfuron was applied through drip-irrigation before transplant at four rates (0, 26, 39, or 52 g·ha–1 a.i.) or following transplant (26 g·ha–1 applied 1, 2, or 3 weeks after transplant) in spring and fall crops in 2002 and 2003. Inverse linear relationships were observed between rate of halosulfuron and eggplant growth and rate of halosulfuron and eggplant yield. Halosulfuron at 52 g·ha–1 reduced eggplant growth (crop height and canopy width) 19% to 22%. Eggplant fruit biomass at the first harvest was reduced 37% to 63% by halosulfuron applied before transplant. Eggplant was capable of recovering from the initial injury and there was no effect of halosulfuron rate on fruit biomass at the final harvest. Total season fruit biomass was reduced ≤4% from halosulfuron at 39 g·ha–1, while halosulfuron at 52 g·ha–1 reduced fruit biomass 33%. Delay in application of halosulfuron to 3 weeks after transplant (WAT) resulted in ≤7% reduction in fruit biomass and number for the entire season. When halosulfuron was applied 1 WAT, fruit biomass at the first two harvests was reduced >33%, however total season harvest from this treatment was >99% of the yield from the nontreated control. This preliminary study indicates that halosulfuron injected through drip tape may have the potential to assist in the replacement of methyl bromide for nutsedge management in eggplant. However, there are many issues that must be addressed and studied before adopting this practice in eggplant.

Preemergence Weed Control in Direct-Seeded Watermelon

Studies were conducted at eight sites during a 3-yr period in Oklahoma and Arkansas to determine the effectiveness and safety of preemergence applications of halosulfuron both alone and in tank mixtures with bensulide, clomazone, ethalfluralin, and naptalam. Ethalfluralin, naptalam plus bensulide, and sulfentrazone also were applied alone. Although halosulfuron caused up to 20% seedling stunting, watermelon plants recovered by 5 to 7 wk after planting, and yield was similar to that of hand-weeded plots. Halosulfuron treatments controlled hophornbeam copperleaf, Palmer amaranth, carpetweed, and cutleaf groundcherry 80 to 100%. Control of goosegrass was at least 97% with clomazone plus ethalfluralin plus halosulfuron. Injury to watermelon treated with sulfentrazone ranged from 76 to 98% at 2 to 4 wk after treatment. This was reflected by yields that were lower than any other herbicide treatment in the studies.

WEED CONTROL IN TOMATO WITH HALOSULFURON (SANDEA)

Halosulfuron (Sandea 75WG) is labeled for pre- or posttransplant use in tomato, cucumber, cantaloupe, among other vegetable crops. For pretransplant usage, the label specifies a 7-day waiting period after halosulfuron application under the plastic mulch before transplanting tomatoes. This period may be too long for growers who are busy in the spring with planting and pesticide sprays while on a race with the constantly changing climate of early spring. Experiments were conducted in the last 2 years to determine whether transplanting tomato within 7 days of halosulfuron application had any deleterious effects on tomato. In 2003, tomatoes were transplanted daily from day 0 through 7. Plant survival and height were collected. Tomato plants survived all dates of transplanting treatments. Plant height indicated that plants transplanted early were taller than those transplanted late, only because they had more time to establish and grow in the field. There was no adverse effect to tomato growth. In 2004, tomatoes were set on a 2-day interval from day 0 through 10 after halosulfuron application under the plastic mulch. Plant height, visual rating, % early blight infection, and yields were collected. A severe early blight infection confounded the results of herbicide applications. Still, it was clear that halosulfuron 0.026 or 0.051 kg a.i./ha had no effect on plant height or visual rating. Yields were not statistically different from those of the control, when the effect of early blight was factored out.

Halosulfuron Has a Variable Effect on Cucurbit Growth and Yield

Halosulfuron is a proposed alternative to methyl bromide for managing nutsedges (Cyperus spp.) in several vegetable crops, including cucurbits. Field studies were conducted to evaluate the crop sensitivity to halosulfuron in a spring squash (Cucurbita pepo L.)—fall cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) rotation from 2000 to 2002. Treatments included application of halosulfuron to the soil surface after forming the bed, but before laying mulch (halosulfuron-PRE), halosulfuron applied through drip irrigation (halosulfuron-DRIP) after forming bed and laying mulch, metham applied through drip irrigation after forming bed and laying mulch, a nontreated control with mulch, and nontreated control without mulch. Each treatment was applied to both direct seeded and transplanted zucchini squash. Halosulfuron treatments reduced squash plant diameter relative to metham, however plant diameters in halosulfuron-PRE (transplant and direct seed) and halosulfuron-DRIP (transplant) treatments were not different from the nontreated control. Halosulfuron-PRE delayed squash fruit production relative to the mulched nontreated control. However, application of halosulfuron-PRE and halosulfuron-DRIP did not reduce squash yield at the conclusion of the season, relative to the nontreated control. Cucumbers were transplanted and direct seeded into previous squash plots and received either an application of halosulfuron-DRIP, or were not treated. Differences in cucumber yields were not detected with second crop treatments. Cucumbers appear to have adequate tolerance to halosulfuron, making it a potential replacement for methyl bromide for nutsedge control. Suppression of early season squash growth by halosulfuron may hinder the adoption of halosulfuron as a methyl bromide alternative for squash.

Effects of Postemergence Herbicides on Centipedegrass Seed Production1

Field studies were conducted in 2001 and 2002 to determine the effect of clethodim, sethoxydim, and halosulfuron on centipedegrass seedhead suppression, seed yield, and seed germination. Clethodim (0.28 kg/ha), sethoxydim (0.31 kg/ha), and halosulfuron (0.06 kg/ha) applications were made at −2, 0, 2, 4, and 6 wk after mowing stopped (WAMS) in each year. Seedhead suppression varied in severity between 2001 and 2002, with increased suppression in 2001. Clethodim reduced seedhead emergence 50 and 33% when applied at 2 and 4 WAMS, respectively, in 2001. Sethoxydim reduced seedhead emergence by 21 and 18% when applied at 2 and 4 WAMS, respectively, in 2001. Halosulfuron had no effect on seedhead emergence in either year and did not reduce seed yield at any application timing. Clethodim reduced seed yield between 22 and 44% at all application timings. The pattern of yield reduction from sethoxydim was similar to that caused by clethodim; however, yield reduction with sethoxydim ranged between 7 and 48% for all application timings. The greatest reduction in seed yield occurred when clethodim and sethoxydim were applied 4 WAMS. Seed germination was not affected by halosulfuron or sethoxydim at any application timing. Clethodim, when applied at 4 and 6 WAMS, decreased seed germination by 17 and 20%, respectively.Nomenclature: Clethodim; halosulfuron; sethoxydim; centipedegrass, Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack. ‘Tifblair’ #3 ERLOP.Additional index words: Seed germination.Abbreviations: WAMS, weeks after mowing stopped; WAT, weeks after treatment.

Seletividade do halosulfuron isolado ou em mistura com glyphosate para culturas anuais

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a seletividade do herbicida halosulfuron isoladamente e na mistura com glyphosate, aplicados em pré e pós-emergência, para culturas de verão (milho, feijão, algodão e soja) e para culturas de inverno (aveia-preta, azevém, centeio, trigo e triticale). Foram instalados dois experimentos em campo, nas Fazendas Experimentais do Lageado e de São Manuel - UNESP - Botucatu-SP - Brasil. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da aplicação isolada do herbicida halosulfuron (100/150 g ha-1), em pré e pós-emergência, e em mistura de tanque halosulfuron + glyphosate NA e WG (100+4.000 g ha-1 e 100+2.000/4.000 g ha¹, respectivamente), em pré-emergência e em diferentes épocas de aplicação (2, 15 e 30 dias antes e 15 e 30 depois da semeadura). A intensidade da fitotoxicidade encontrada nas plantas das culturas de soja, milho, feijão, algodão e azevém foi devido à aplicação do herbicida halosulfuron, que esteve relacionada com dosagens, época e modo de aplicação. Quanto mais próximo da aplicação do halosulfuron em pós-emergência da semeadura das culturas, maiores foram as injúrias encontradas em suas plantas. Todos os tratamentos testados não proporcionaram sintomas de fitotoxicidade nas plantas de aveia-preta, centeio, trigo e triticale.

Efeito do estresse hídrico sobre a eficiência do halosulfuron no controle de tiririca

Foi conduzido um trabalho em casa de vegetação com o objetivo de estudar o efeito de 10 dias de estresse hídrico (Yw de ³2,6; -2,2; -0,35 e -0,2 MPa) sobre a eficiência do halosulfuron (150g p.c./ha+Aterbane-0,25% v/v) no controle de tiririca em pós-emergência . A aplicação do halosulfuron em plantas de tiririca sob estresse de até -2,6 MPa controlou satisfatoriamente a tiririca desde que irrigadas até 24 horas após a aplicação, mas quando a irrigação ocorreu 48 horas após, houve comprometimento na translocação do herbicida nas plantas. Quando o estresse foi menor que -2,0 MPa, o herbicida manteve-se eficaz no controle de tiririca, principalmente para aquelas com Yw de -0,35 MPa.

Purple (Cyperus rotundus) and Yellow Nutsedge (C. esculentus) Control in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) Turf1

Field studies were conducted in 1996 and 1997 to determine postemergence control of purple (Cyperus rotundus) and yellow nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) by single and sequential applications of bentazon, halosulfuron, and sulfentrazone; sequential applications of MSMA; and single applications of imazaquin and imazaquin plus MSMA. Sequential applications of halosulfuron at 70 g ai/ha controlled purple nutsedge more effectively at 10 wk after initial application (WAI) than all other herbicides. Single applications of imazaquin (0.56 kg ai/ha) or imazaquin plus monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid (MSMA, 2.24 kg ai/ha) controlled purple nutsedge adequately 6 WAI (78 and 90%, respectively) but not 18 WAI. Single applications of either halosulfuron (70 g/ha) or imazaquin plus MSMA or sequential applications of either bentazon (1.12 kg ai/ha), MSMA (2.8 kg/ha), or halosulfuron controlled yellow nutsedge greater than 80% by the end of the season in 1996 when nutsedge was in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L.). However, in absence of bermudagrass in 1997, only sulfentrazone or the halosulfuron sequential treatments controlled yellow nutsedge 13 WAI. In 1996, single and sequential applications of halosulfuron reduced viability of purple nutsedge tubers to 33 and 30%, respectively, compared to 84% in the nontreated control. However, herbicide treatments did not reduce tuber viability in 1997. Sulfentrazone (0.28 kg ai/ha) plus MSMA (2.24 kg/ha) and sequential MSMA applications reduced viability of yellow nutsedge tubers to 6 and 31%, respectively, in 1997.Nomenclature: Bentazon, 3-(1-methylethyl)-(1H)-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4(3H)-one 2,2-dioxide; halosulfuron, methyl 5-[[(4,6-dimethoxy-2-pyrimidinyl)amino]carbonylami-nosulfonyl]-3-chloro-1-methyl-1-H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate; imazaquin, 2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-5-oxo-1H-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid; MSMA, monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid; sulfentrazone, N-[2,4-dichloro-5-[4-(difluoromethyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-methyl-5-oxo-1H-1,2,4-triazol-1-yl] phenyl] methanesulfonamide; purple nutsedge, Cyperus rotundus L. #3 CYPRO; yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L. # CYPES; bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. #CYNDA.Additional index words: Tuber viability, weed management, CYNDA, CYPES, CYPRO.Abbreviations: fb, followed by; MSMA, monosodium salt of methylarsonic acid; NIS, nonionic surfactant; POST, postemergence; WAI, weeks after initial treatment; WP, wettable powder.

Yellow Nutsedge (Cyperus esculentus) Management and Tuber Reduction in Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon×C. transvaalensis) Turf with Selected Herbicide Programs1

Abstract: A 4-yr field study was conducted to evaluate yellow nutsedge suppression in ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass. Herbicide programs included preemergence (PRE) applications of metolachlor (3.4 kg ai/ha) and postemergence (POST) applications of imazaquin (0.28 kg ai/ha) plus MSMA (2.2 kg ai/ha) or halosulfuron (0.07 kg ai/ha) plus MSMA (2.2 kg/ha). Herbicides were applied to the same plots each year. Yellow nutsedge shoot suppression and tuber numbers were determined each year. Suppression of yellow nutsedge shoots increased over the 4-yr period from 83% by 1996 with two annual applications of imazaquin plus MSMA or halosulfuron plus MSMA. PRE metolachlor applications did not suppress shoot production in any year; nor did they enhance suppression from POST treatments. Sequential applications of halosulfuron plus MSMA and imazaquin plus MSMA increased shoot suppression by 17 to 24% at 3 mo after initial treatment (MAIT) compared to single applications. All treatments reduced tuber numbers (>60%...

Halosulfuron for selective control of purple nutsedge in maize

Ten field trials were conducted in the Waikato and Bay of Plenty between 1995 and 1997 to evaluate the effectiveness of post-emergence halosulfuron for control of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus) in maize. Halosulfuron severely damaged the foliage of purple nutsedge and reduced its population and ground cover at rates between 32.5 and 130 g/ha. Repeat annual applications of halosulfuron were necessary to reduce the number of tubers to low levels. Halosulfuron caused chlorosis and some stunting of young maize plants but they grew out of the damage and neither grain yields nor crop maturity were affected. Crop tolerance was similar following prior use of any of the currently registered pre-emergence herbicides for maize.

Purple Nutsedge Control by Halosulfuron or Imazaquin/MSMA in Turfgrass in the Tropics

ABSTRACT Field and greenhouse experiments were conducted to determine the extent of purple nutsedge (Cyperus rotundus L.) control in bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) turf by halosulfuron (methyl 5- [[(4, 6-dimethoxy-2-pyriiTUdinyl)-amino]carbonylaminosulfonyl]-3-chloro-l-H-pyrazole-4-carboxylate) or imazaquin (2-[4,5-dihydro-4-methyl-4-(l-methyIethyl)-5-oxo-lH-imidazol-2-yl]-3-quinolinecarboxylic acid)/MSMA (monosodium methanearsonate), and to determine the extent of purple nutsedge regrowth from basal bulbs after foliar treatment with these herbicides. Excellent initial control (> 80%) of emerged shoots of purple nutsedge occurred with halosulfuron or imazaquin + MSMA. However, purple nutsedge shoots emerged within 3 or 4 weeks after all treatments, and nutsedge shoot density increased with time. With a rapid increase in purple nutsedge shoot density, the extent of control deteriorated rapidly, even after two applications of halosulfuron. Both halosulfuron at 70 g ha−1 and imazaquin at 0.42 kg ha−1 + MSMA at ...