Applications In Wireless Communication Systems Research Articles

Optimized Graph Sample and Aggregate‐Attention Network‐Based High Gain Meta Surface Antenna Design for IoT Application

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a High Gain Metasurface (HGM) antenna design optimized for IoT applications. The antenna operates at a 5.8 GHz frequency and utilizes a quarter‐wavelength unit cell structure. The design employs a Graph Sample and Aggregate‐Attention Network (GSAAN) to enhance the transmission characteristics of the metasurface. To optimize the performance of GSAAN, the Giza Pyramids Construction Algorithm (GPCN) is applied to adjust the weight parameters, leading to significant improvements in radiation efficiency, bandwidth, gain, directivity, and return loss. The proposed HGM antenna is simulated in MATLAB 2023b, where it demonstrates substantial performance gains over existing methods. Specifically, the proposed design achieves 28.34% higher gain compared to the MSA‐RHCOA method, 24.47% improvement over HGM‐AD‐MATCS, 26.34% better gain than BR‐HGA‐PGM, and a 32.12% gain increase relative to MSA‐Hyb‐ADSA‐HMSOA. These enhancements make the proposed antenna design a competitive solution for high‐gain applications in wireless communication, satellite communication, and radar systems. The integration of GSAAN with GPCN optimization in the HGM antenna design enables the creation of highly directive radiation patterns, making it well‐suited for IoT applications that require high performance and reliability. The results of this study demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in achieving superior antenna performance, positioning it as a strong alternative to existing metasurface antenna designs.

Additively manufactured conductive and dielectric 3D metasurfaces for independent manipulation of broadband orbital angular momentum

Recent developments in conductive and dielectric multi-material additive manufacturing have generated significant interest for their potential to enhance the performance of electronic devices. Lights-out digital manufacturing, a sophisticated multi-material printing technique, facilitates the seamless sintering of silver nanoparticles and acrylate inks, enabling the creation of functional electronic devices. In this study, the LDM process is utilized to prototype intricate 3D metasurface designs. A comprehensive analysis of the properties of the printed materials confirms the practicality of this multi-material printing approach. The research examines various element distributions within multi-metal layer structures, including carbon, phosphorus, oxygen, sulfur, and fluorine, to investigate the interfaces between conductive and dielectric structures. In addition, the conductivities of silver nanoparticle inks at different curing temperatures are studied to identify optimal printing conditions. Both the conductive and dielectric inks exhibit precisely controlled particle sizes and exceptional stability, which are critical for accurate additive manufacturing. Using this sophisticated printing solution, the paper presents a broadband 3D metasurface engineered to independently manipulate two distinct orbital angular momentum states in the V-band (60–70 GHz) and W-band (79–90 GHz), suitable for high-speed wireless communications. The integration of deep neural networks helps reduce the phase coupling between the frequency bands, enabling independent control of the OAM states. The structure of the dual-band metasurface features four distinct silver layers yet is fabricated on a single ultra-thin planar substrate, demonstrating its potential for applications in future wireless communication systems.

A novel narrowband MEMS filter with extensional mode resonators

This work proposes a novel electrostatic mechanically coupled narrowband filter based on width extensional mode (WEM) resonators. Rectangle plate WEM resonators have the potential for high quality factor (Q) and low motional resistance. The rectangle plate was slotted to reduce thermoelastic loss and optimize mode shape coefficient of WEMs. The Q values of coupled WEM resonators exceed 80,000, enabling a narrow bandwidth filter. A 3λ/4-length coupling beam filter (CBF) was demonstrated. The 3λ/4 coupling beam filter has a center frequency of 79.79 MHz and a bandwidth of 0.024 %. The CBF exhibits an impressive 26.39 dB stopband rejection and 6.97 dB insertion loss with 5.13 dB passband ripple. The MEMS filters presented in this work hold significant potential for applications in wireless communication systems.

Stretchable Dual-Axis Terahertz Bifocal Metalens with Flexibly Polarization-Dependent Focal Position and Direction.

Varifocal lenses are essential components in any optical system, while traditional lenses suffer from bulky volume, fixed focal position, and limited working spectra. As well-arranged subwavelength structures, metalenses overcome the abovementioned obstacles and exhibit merits of ultrathin thickness, flexible focal length, and multifocus. The electromagnetic responses of metasurfaces, including metalens, rely on the phase distributions of phase-shifting elements. The steerable focal direction is investigated to obtain the combinations of focusing and anomalous refraction phase distribution. To fully explore the flexibility of focal length and direction, seven designs of double layers of terahertz (THz) bifocal metalenses are proposed and investigated in this study. They exhibit dependent and independent relationships of tunable focal length and direction with flexible tuning mechanisms. Along with polarization multiplexing, two different focuses can be obtained when the incident waves are x-linear and y-linear polarization states, respectively. The simulation results agreed well with the theoretical predictions. These designs provide a new method to modulate the focal position precisely with promising applications in wireless communication, imaging, and on-chip optical integration systems.

Experimental investigation of water-based beam reconfigurable dielectric resonator antenna

In the present article, a novel dielectric resonator antenna (DRA) for the control of radiated beams is presented. The proposed DRA is capable of not only reconfiguring the beam width and gain, but also generating single, double, and multiple beams without changing the shape of the antenna. The DRA consists of a cuboid-shaped dielectric resonator having two chambers for storing the water. By varying the water levels in the chambers the beam width can be varied from 56° to 116° and gain 9.8 dBi to 5.86 dBi at the operating frequency of 9.2 GHz. In addition, multiple beams can also be produced by reducing the water level in one chamber. The prototype of the proposed DRA is fabricated and measured for different water levels. The simulated and measured results are in close agreement. The proposed DRA can find its potential application in microwave, space, and wireless communication systems.

Dual-parameter controlled reconfigurable metasurface for enhanced terahertz beamforming via inverse design method

Recently, reconfigurable metasurfaces have emerged as a promising solution for wavefront manipulation in the terahertz (THz) region, providing enhanced beamforming capabilities. However, traditional single-parameter control methods fail to achieve independent phase and amplitude modulation, constraining their modulation capabilities. Meanwhile, forward design methods based on phase matching ignore the structural responses of the non-ideal unit, leading to degraded beamforming performance. Here, we introduce an electrically reconfigurable metasurface composed of bilayer graphene strips based on dual-parameter control. Full-wave simulations demonstrate independent amplitude and phase modulation, achieving the full 360° phase coverage and an adjustable amplitude range from 0 to 0.8 at 2.6 THz. To optimize beamforming performance, particularly for the responses of the non-ideal unit away from the designed frequency, we employed an inverse design method based on a hybrid evolutionary algorithm. This novel approach significantly enhances beam steering, achieving a maximum 60% increase in beam directivity and maintaining over 90% of ideal directivity across a broad frequency range from 1.6 THz to 5 THz. Especially, it achieves a maximum deflection angle of 75°. Meanwhile, the adaptability of the inverse design method is further demonstrated to various optimized objectives. For beam focusing, even with limited phase control (below 210°), this method significantly enhances the focusing quality (up to 150% enhancement) and increases the focusing efficiency from 25% to 40%. Additionally, it effectively mitigates the impact of quantized phase errors on beamforming. This research not only demonstrates potential applications in high-speed THz wireless communication and compact imaging systems but also paves the way for innovative designs in reconfigurable metasurfaces.

Composite phase modulated beam steering controllable reflective metasurface

Terahertz metasurface functional devices as an effective method to control terahertz waves have attracted extensive attention from researchers. In order to enhance the functionality and flexibility of the metasurface and adapt to diverse application scenarios and demands, a beam-steering controllable reflective metasurface is designed by combining the Pancharatnam-Berry phase principle and the phase change material vanadium dioxide in this work. The metasurface unit consists of five layers, they being the top layer that is a metal patterned layer, the third layer that is made of vanadium dioxide and located between the dielectric layers with different thickness, the dielectric layer that is made of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and the bottom layer that serves as a metal reflective layer. The metasurface units are rotated based on the Pancharatnam-Berry phase principle to obtain four metasurface units with fixed phase differences in between, after which the metasurface units are arranged in two dimensions based on the generalized Snell reflection law to obtain the desired phase-gradient deflected reflection beam. The insulating state-metallic state transition of the vanadium dioxide layer on the metasurface can change the phase gradient of the preset metasurface, thereby realizing the on/off function of deflection. The simulation results show that when the vanadium dioxide is in the insulating state, the phase gradient of the designed metasurface appears, and the metasurface can deflect the vertically incident circularly polarized wave with specific angle anomalies in a operating band of 1.1–2.0 THz; when the vanadium dioxide is in the metallic state, for the same operating band of the same metasurface, the phase gradient of the metasurface disappears, and the metasurface mirror reflects the vertically incident circularly polarized waves, thereby realizing the function switching. This design provides new possibilities for modulating the terahertz reflected beam, which will have potential applications in terahertz wireless communication and radar systems.

Comprehensive review of isolation techniques in MIMO antennas for 5G mobile devices

Recently, due to the fast development in multimedia applications of wireless communication systems and the urgent demands of increasing the capacity and data rates to meet the requirements of 5G mobile communication systems, new transmission techniques are needed. One of the powerful enabling tools of the 5G communication systems is the Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) antenna system employing multiple antennas and utilizing the multipath fading mobile environment to increase the channel capacity without any additional bandwidth and/or transmitted power. However, because of the limited space of the mobile devices, the distances between antennas are decreased. The mutual coupling between antennas severely affects the overall performance of the MIMO system. So, isolation improvement methods are applied to reduce these influences. In this review, the different isolation techniques and their features and drawbacks are presented, and the techniques for applying them in modern MIMO antenna systems are illustrated. Besides, the performance characteristics of these MIMO systems are compared. The review contains also the basic concepts of the MIMO antenna system and its performance metrics. Finally, the future directions and trends for the MIMO antenna system design are discussed briefly.

Design and Simulation of Elliptical Shaped Microstrip Patch Antenna Using HFSS

Abstract: The elliptical patch antenna presents a comprehensive study on the design, fabrication, and performance analysis of an operating at 2.4 GHz, employing FR4 substrate material. The elliptical shape is chosen for its unique radiation characteristics and compact form factor, making it suitable for integration into modern wireless communication systems. The design process involves careful consideration of key parameters, including patch dimensions, feedline structure, and ground plane geometry. Advanced simulation tools, such as electromagnetic simulators, are employed to optimize the antenna's performance, achieving desirable characteristics such as low return loss and enhanced bandwidth. Utilizing FR4 as the substrate material offers several advantages, including costeffectiveness, ease of procurement, and compatibility with standard PCB manufacturing processes. The dielectric properties of FR4 are thoroughly analyzed and incorporated into the antenna design process to ensure accurate simulation results. The proposed elliptical patch antenna has promising applications in various wireless communication systems, including Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and IoT devices, operating in the 2.4 GHz frequency band. Its compact size and robust performance make it a compelling choice for space-constrained and high-performance wireless communication applications. This contributes valuable insights into the design and optimization of patch antennas, particularly those using FR4 substrates, and serves as a foundation for the development of efficient and cost-effective wireless communication solutions in the 2.4 GHz spectrum.

A Novel Joint Channel Estimation and Symbol Detection Receiver for Orthogonal Time Frequency Space in Vehicular Networks.

A vehicular network embodies a specialized variant of wireless network systems, characterized by its capability to facilitate inter-vehicular communication and connectivity with the encompassing infrastructure. With the rapid development of wireless communication technology, high-speed and reliable communication has become increasingly important in vehicular networks. It has been demonstrated that orthogonal time frequency space (OTFS) modulation proves effective in addressing the challenges posed by high-mobility environments, as it transforms the time-varying channels into the delay-Doppler domain. Motivated by this, in this paper, we focus on the theme of integrated sensing and communication (ISAC)-assisted OTFS receiver design, which aims to perform sensing channel estimation and communication symbol detection. Specifically, the estimation of the sensing channel is accomplished through the utilization of a deep residual denoising network (DRDN), while the communication symbol detection is performed by orthogonal approximate message passing (OAMP) processing. The numerical results demonstrate that the proposed ISAC system exhibits superior performance and robustness compared to traditional methods, with a lower complexity as well. The proposed system has great potential for future applications in wireless communication systems, especially in challenging scenarios with high mobility and interference.

A compact transmission/reflection array antenna based on frequency‐selective surface

AbstractIn this paper, we propose an array antenna that can work in reflection and transmission modes simultaneously or separately. Reflection and transmission at two frequencies are determined by designing and implanting frequency selective surfaces for the antenna. An antenna array prototype including 14 × 14 units and a horn‐fed antenna is designed and measured. The peak gain is 24.6 dBi when the array operates in reflection mode at 12 GHz and 21.3 dBi in transmission mode at 7 GHz. The peak gains are at least 10 dBi higher than the feed source. Moreover, a shift in the beam direction was observed when the feed horn moved along the axis during the measurement. A ±16.4° beam scan can be achieved with a ±60 mm shift in the feeder, as presented in the paper. The proposed transmission/reflection array antenna has potential applications in wireless communication systems.

Reconfigurable Transmitarray Based on Frequency Selective Surface for 2D Wide-Angle Beam Steering

A novel reconfigurable transmitarray (RTA) with two-dimensional (2D) wide beam steering capability is presented herein. Different from the traditional RTA with the discrete phase compensation (one-bit or multi-bits phase shift), a second order parallel bandpass filter model is used to realize the RTA elements with a 180° continuous phase compensation. A sandwich structure composed of the two patches with rectangular slots and the middle ground sheet with the cruciform slot is constructed for the phase shift characteristics of the frequency selective surface (FSS), and two varactor diodes are loaded across the rectangular slots on the two top and bottom patches. The simulated results show that the proposed elements could achieve continuous transmission phase compensation from 0° to 180° with a 3 dB insert loss within the operating band of 11.8–12.6 GHz. The RTA prototype with 16×16 elements and an aperture size of 6λ0×6λ0 at 12.2 GHz is fabricated and measured for experimental verification. The measured results show that its beam scanning range can reach ±50° in both horizontal and vertical planes with a peak gain of 22.76 dBi and a aperture efficiency of 24.65%. Furthermore, the sidelobe levels (SLLs) are lower than −17.8 dB, which is much better than most RTAs. The proposed RTA has potential applications in radar, microwave imaging and wireless communication systems with low-cost fabrication and a stable performance.

Active polarization-converting metasurface with electrically controlled magnitude amplification.

Recently, reconfigurable polarization-manipulation metasurfaces controlled with active components have gained widespread interest due to their adaptability, compact configuration, and low cost. However, due to the inherent non-negligible ohmic loss, the output energy of these tunable metasurfaces is typically diminished, particularly in the microwave region. To surmount the loss problem, herein, we propose an active polarization-converting metasurface with non-reciprocal polarization responses that is integrated with amplifying transistors. In addition, we provide a design strategy for a polarizer that is insensitive to polarization and has energy amplification capabilities. Experiments are conducted in the microwave region, and amplification of the polarization-converting behaviors is observed around 3.95 GHz. The proposed metasurface is prospective for applications in future wireless communication systems, such as spatial isolation, signal enhancement, and electromagnetic environment shaping.

A Deep-Neural-Network-Based Decoding Scheme in Wireless Communication Systems

With the flourishing development of wireless communication, further challenges will be introduced by the future demands of emerging applications. However, in the face of more complex communication scenarios, favorable decoding results may not be yielded by conventional channel decoding schemes based on mathematical models. The remarkable contributions of deep neural networks (DNNs) in various fields have garnered widespread recognition, which has ignited our enthusiasm for their application in wireless communication systems. Therefore, a reliable DNN-based decoding scheme designed for wireless communication systems is proposed. This scheme comprises efficient local decoding using linear and nonlinear operations. To be specific, linear operations are carried out on the edges connecting neurons, while nonlinear operations are performed on each neuron. After forward propagation through the DNN, the loss value is estimated based on the output, and backward propagation is employed to update the weights and biases. This process is performed iteratively until a near-optimal message sequence is recovered. Various factors within the DNN are considered in the simulation and the potential impacts of each factor are analyzed. Simulation results indicate that our proposed DNN-based decoding scheme is superior to the conventional hard decision.

A Compact Axial-Mode Helical Antenna Based on Spoof Surface Plasmon Polaritons

A compact axial-mode helical antenna (AMHA) is presented based on spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs). The proposed antenna consists of an SSPP waveguide, a matching metal strip, and a reflective metal ground. To achieve miniaturization and good circular polarization (CP) performance, an SSPP waveguide formed by a periodically slotted metal strip wound around a uniform foam cylinder surface is designed as the radiation part of AMHA. Compared with the traditional AMHA using metallic strip line, the SSPP AMHA can reduce the length of metal strip by 20%, while the physical aperture, height, and volume are reduced by 36%, 20%, and 49%, respectively. Experimental results demonstrate that the antenna has good radiation performance in the operation frequency from 3.3 to 4.7 GHz with a gain of 9.6 dBic at the central frequency. In addition, the size of the proposed SSPP AMHA can be further significant reduced if the foam rod in the center of helix is replaced by a high-permittivity dielectric rod. The proposed SSPP AMHA has the advantages of compact size and good CP radiation performance, which may find potential applications in radar and wireless communication systems.

Emergence of energy optimization in MIMO-OFDM communication system with hybrid teamwork-grasshopper optimization

Abstract In the application of mobile multimedia and wireless communication system needs an enormous amount of data. Due to the usage of a huge data rate, a superior amount of energy is offered to BER, which effectively enhances the entire energy consumption rate in the system, and also, the generation of CO2 emission leads to global warming. Hence, professionals searched for energy-efficient approaches for attaining enhanced data rates in wireless communication systems. Then, professionals observed the energy efficacy as well as QoS as an essential factor in developing and validating the mobile multimedia communication system that has created superior interest in recent days. In this paper, energy-efficient models are suggested for MIMO-OFDM mobile multimedia communication systems with statistical QoS constraints. Hence, this research suggests a new MTGSO for energy optimization in the MIMO-OFDM mobile multimedia communication system to improve spectral efficiency and system capacity. Thus, the empirical result of the designed method attains better performance regarding average power constraints, achieving 29.8 %, 21.3 %, 123.8 %, and 4.2 % enhanced than SSO, FOA, GSO, and TOA. This energy-efficient hybrid algorithm for MIMO-OFDM proves its efficiency in terms of various performance measures and statistical measures.

Ultrawide-Angle and Compact Leaky-Wave Antenna Based on Complex Periodic Structure

A compact antenna with the characteristic of wide-angle frequency beam scanning based on complex periodic structure is proposed. A double gradient spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) structure is added to the standard microstrip line for reducing the antenna size. The miniaturization of the proposed antenna is analyzed with the method of dispersion curves and electric field distribution. Periodic changes of the groove depth and trapezoidal gradient structure increase the beam scanning angle from backward to forward and suppress the open stopband effect. The proposed structure is printed on the FR-4 substrate with a compact size of 0.23λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> × 3.71λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> (λ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> is the wavelength of the lowest operating frequency), and has a working frequency band from 12.5 to 42.5 GHz for |S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> |< –10 dB. Meanwhile, a wide beam-scanning angle of 142° (–52° to +90°) and an average gain of 7.9 dBi are obtained by simulation and measurement. The proposed leaky-wave antenna has a potential application in wireless communication system due to its small size, broad frequency band, wide beam scanning angle and low cost.

Wireless Sensor Transmission System Using Circular Polarized Antenna At 2.4 Ghz Frequency

Sensors in the electronic world are parts that are used to detect changes in the physical or chemical environment. The output from the sensor is converted into an electrical quantity that represents the change in the environment. Sensors are widely used in agriculture, especially to detect changes in the physical or chemical environment related to plant growth, for example: temperature sensors, light sensors, soil moisture sensors, and so on. In agricultural applications that have a large area, the problem of location and distance from the sensor to the control center is a problem in itself. To solve this problem, a sensor system is designed that does not use wired (wireless) connections. In the application of wireless communication systems there is an antenna part which is very important which can affect the rate of sending sensor data. To improve the performance of wireless sensors in sending data, it is necessary to integrate the appropriate antenna with the sensor transceiver system. So this research was conducted to integrate circular polarized antennas with sensors to increase the gain in the transmission. From this integration, measurements are then taken to obtain the value of the radiation pattern, gain and bandwidth. From the resulting measurements, it can be seen that there is an increase in the gain of the wireless sensor transmission using the 2.4 GHz frequency

Printable Silver Nano Ink for Bendable Ultrawideband Antenna with Triple-Notch Characteristics

Flexible antennas based on the printed flexible electronic technology are of great interest for important applications in wireless communication systems due to their distinctive features over traditional rigid-based antennas. The ultrawideband (UWB), notch characteristics, and bending capabilities of such antennas are crucial for flexible and wearable applications. Currently, only a few are focused on the printed flexible electronics technology with printable ink materials for UWB antenna applications. In addition, flexible UWB antennas with triple-notch characteristics and good bending performance are rarely reported. Thus, there is a need to make advances in this area. Here, we describe the application of a printable silver nanoparticle-based ink for rapidly fabricating an antenna with bendable and triple-notch characteristics designed for UWB communication systems. The ink, composed of monodisperse silver nanoparticles, isopropanol, and ethyl glycol, can easily produce favorable conductive patterns at a sintering temperature below 130 °C after inkjet printing. The antenna is designed on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and has a moderate size of 27 mm × 38 mm × 0.12 mm. It operates at a frequency range of 1.9–10.75 GHz, which covers the desired UWB frequency band. By loading a “U”-like slot and two “C”-like slots on the radiating patch, band rejections were generated at 3.2–3.8, 5.3–6.2, and 7.8–8.5 GHz, shielding the interference from world interoperability for microwave access, wireless local area networks, and X uplink bands. The bending results show that the antenna retains good UWB and triple-notch performance even after bending along the Y- or X-axis for different degrees. An antenna prototype was finally fabricated by inkjet printing of the silver nano ink on the PET substrate, exhibiting the desired notch characteristics and excellent bendability. The fabricated antenna prototype proved the feasibility of use as a flexible device at an ultrawide frequency band. The research provides a design guide for flexible antennas with notch features toward flexible and wearable electronics.

Multi Frequency Controllable In-Band Suppressions in a Broad Bandwidth Microstrip Filter Design for 5G Wi-Fi and Satellite Communication Systems Utilizing a Quad-Mode Stub-Loaded Resonator

The key elements used for receiving and processing signals in communication systems are the bandpass filters. Initially, a common operating mechanism was applied for the design of broadband filters, i.e., by cascading low-pass filters or high-pass filters using multiple line resonators with length quarter-half- or full-wavelength with central frequency, but using these approaches, the design topology becomes expensive and complex. The above mechanisms can be possibly overcome using a planar microstrip transmission line structure due to its simple design fabrication procedure and low cost. So, pointing out the above problems in bandpass filters such as low-cost, low insertion loss, and good out-of-band performance, this article presents a broadband filter with multifrequency suppression capability at 4.9 GHz, 8.3 GHz, and 11.5 GHz using a T-shaped shorted stub-loaded resonator with a central square ring coupled to the basic broadband filter. Initially, the C-shaped resonator is utilized for the formation of a stopband at 8.3 GHz for a satellite communication system, and then a shorted square ring resonator is added to the existing C-shaped structure for the realization of two more stopbands at 4.9 GHz and 11.5 GHz for 5G (WLAN 802.11j) communication, respectively. The overall circuit area covered with the proposed filter is 0.52 λg × 0.32 λg (λg is the wavelength of the feed lines at frequency 4.9 GHz). All the loaded stubs are folded in order to save the circuit area, which is an important requirement of next-generation wireless communication systems. The proposed filter has been analyzed using a well-known transmission line theory, even–odd-mode, and simulated with the 3D software HFSS. After the parametric analysis, some attractive features were obtained, i.e., compact structure, simple planar topology, low insertion losses of 0.4 dB over the entire band, good return loss greater than 10 dB, and independently controlled mutli stopbands, which make the proposed design unique and can be used in various wireless communication system applications. Finally, a Rogers RO-4350 substrate is selected for the fabrication of the prototype using an LPKF S63 ProtoLaser machine and then measured using a ZNB20 vector network analyzer for matching the simulated and measured results. After testing the prototype, a good agreement was found between the results.