Applications Of Photonic Crystals Research Articles

Transfer-matrix method of circular polarization light in an axionic photonic insulator

The photonic analog of an axioniclike system (or electronic topological insulator) is called an axionic photonic crystal. These materials are classified by three physical properties: permittivity $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, permeability $\ensuremath{\mu}$, and the topological parameter $\ensuremath{\theta}$. As a particular case, crystals with periodic $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$ and $\ensuremath{\mu}$ are the so-called photonic crystals. In this paper, we employ a transfer-matrix treatment to study the propagation of light waves in an axionic photonic crystal composed of alternating building layers $A$ and $B$. We present numerical results for the photonic band structure as a function of the ratio between permittivities $R={\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{B}/{\ensuremath{\epsilon}}_{A}$, layer thicknesses $X={d}_{B}/{d}_{A}$, and topological parameters $\ensuremath{\delta}={\ensuremath{\pi}}^{2}{({\ensuremath{\theta}}_{A}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\theta}}_{B})}^{2}/{\ensuremath{\alpha}}^{2}$. Our numerical results reveal that the band-gap features (width, center position, upper and lower frequencies) depend on the three parameters $\ensuremath{\epsilon}$, $\ensuremath{\mu}$, and $\ensuremath{\theta}$, but with the dependence on $\ensuremath{\theta}$ being stronger. In particular, as far as the band-gap width is concerned, we find that $X$ and $R$ work against each other; that is, as $X$ increases, $R$ must decreases for a wide band-gap emergence and vice versa. More interesting, however, are the results for the topological parameter $\ensuremath{\theta}$. We show that the presence of $\ensuremath{\theta}$ produces a photonic band gap (PBG) which depends only on the $\ensuremath{\delta}$ term. The widening of this PBG is slightly asymmetrical and monotonic as a function of $\ensuremath{\delta}$. It was also found that $\ensuremath{\delta}$ has no influence on the center position of the PBG. Our results open possibilities for technological applications of axionic photonic crystals with regard to the controlling and confinement of the propagation of light.

Visible transparency tuning and corresponding sensing application of opal photonic crystals

The development of optical refractive index sensors for label-free sensing is beneficial for both chemical and biochemical applications. Lots of efforts have been devoted to narrow the resonance peaks of periodic nanostructures and, therefore, improve the figures of merit. The substrates with high-quality factor resonances always come at the expense of not only complicated fabrication processes but also the requirement of sophisticated optical measuring systems. It is demonstrated in this work that Fabry-Perot resonance based broadband sensing with figure of merit of 83 can be achieved using low-cost self-assembled opal photonic crystals. It is seen by the naked eye that the transparency of photonic crystal dots can be gradually improved by increasing the refractive index of the filling liquid. The loop-mediated isothermal amplification induced refractive index variation of biological samples has also been recognized using the prepared photonic crystal dots, which are capable of fluorescence enhancement as well.

Modal Properties of Photonic Crystal Cavities and Applications to Lasers.

Photonic crystal cavities enable strong light–matter interactions, with numerous applications, such as ultra-small and energy-efficient semiconductor lasers, enhanced nonlinearities and single-photon sources. This paper reviews the properties of the modes of photonic crystal cavities, with a special focus on line-defect cavities. In particular, it is shown how the fundamental resonant mode in line-defect cavities gradually turns from Fabry–Perot-like to distributed-feedback-like with increasing cavity size. This peculiar behavior is directly traced back to the properties of the guided Bloch modes. Photonic crystal cavities based on Fano interference are also covered. This type of cavity is realized through coupling of a line-defect waveguide with an adjacent nanocavity, with applications to Fano lasers and optical switches. Finally, emerging cavities for extreme dielectric confinement are covered. These cavities promise extremely strong light–matter interactions by realizing deep sub-wavelength mode size while keeping a high quality factor.

Refractive‐Index‐Matching‐Based Encryption of Photonic Crystal Prints with Multistage and Reconfigurable Information (Adv. Mater. Interfaces 20/2021)

Encrypted Photonic Crystals The multi-colors of Rubik's cube originate from the selective reflection of light by colloidal photonic crystals, which can be reversibly hidden by altering their refractive index with solvents and then decrypted one by one under different temperatures. This newly developed encryption strategy will advance the applications of photonic crystals in high security of anticounterfeiting and information protection as demonstrated by Dongpeng Yang, Xiaobo Zhou, Shaoming Huang, and co-workers in article number 2100789.

Patternable structural color prepared by using photonic crystal paints with high solid content

In this work, a kind of structural color paint composed of poly (styrene-butyl acrylate-butyl methacrylic acid) (P(St-BA-MAA)) latex dispersion was used to rapidly fabricate large‐area photonic crystal patterns (PCPs). There are two main parts: the P(St-BA-MAA) latex dispersion with high solid contents was prepared via an optimized semi‐batch emulsion polymerization method, and then the prepared P(St-BA-MAA) latex dispersion was directly used as paints to fabricate PCPs on different substrates by traditional brushing or printing method. Specifically, the apparent color, particle size and morphology of the P(St-BA-MAA) latex microspheres were characterized, the process of PCPs formation was deeply explored, the color effects and regulatory mechanisms of resultant structural color from PCPs were systematically analyzed, and the large-area PCPs with different color hues were fabricated using P(St-BA-MAA) latex microspheres. It was confirmed that the solid contents of synthesized P(St-BA-MAA) latex dispersion were about 50–55 wt%, the microspheres presented excellent monodispersity, good sphericity and typical core-shell structure. The process of PCPs formation was accompanied by a series of color changes, which could be explained by the Bragg's law of diffraction. The three dimensions (3D) PCPs with bright and angle-dependent structural color could be fabricated within 15–20 s on substrates, and the addition of black dye into paints could well enhance the brightness and vividness of prepared structural color. The area of PCPs with different structural colors could reach 1 m2 facilely in our experiments, which builds a practical basis for the industrialization of PCPs. The research results of this work would provide strategic support for the practical application of photonic crystals.

Thermal stability analysis of polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fibers in bending state

In this paper, polarization-maintaining photonic crystal fibers (PM-PCFs) with odd-edge and even-edge arrangements of air holes in cladding, such as pentagon, hexagon, heptagon, and octagon, were taken as the research objects. The temperature characteristics of birefringence and loss of fibers with different structures in the bending state were compared and analyzed. The results show that the PM-PCFs with the cladding air holes odd-edge distributed have better thermal stability, especially the fiber with the pentagonal distribution of cladding air holes. This research provides a theoretical reference for selecting optical fibers and designing methods for photonic crystal fiber applications that require high output performance stability

Recent Advances in Preparation and Applications of 3D Transition Metal Oxides Semiconductor Photonic Crystal

Nanostructured transition metal oxides (TMOs) semiconductor materials, whose photoelectric properties are significantly improved due to their nanostructures, have attracted more and more attention in recent years. As a functional material with periodic nanostructures and unique optical properties, photonic crystals (PhCs) have become an important option for nanostructuring semiconductor materials. The TMO semiconductor PhC (TMOPC), which is integrated by combining TMO with PhC, not only has the sensitivity of the TMO semiconductor to environmental stimulus, but also can improve the utilization rate of light and make the material have the optical response due to the optical modulation of PhC, such as slow light effect. The application of TMOPCs is widely promoted and expanded due to the improvement of its performance. Herein, this review summarizes the preparation methods of 3D TMOPCs in recent years and their main applications. The limitation and potential development of 3D TMOPCs in preparation and application are also discussed and prospected.

An Investigation on Opto-thermo-mechanical Behaviour of a Borate Family NLO Crystal for Photonic Applications

An Investigation on Opto-thermo-mechanical Behaviour of a Borate Family NLO Crystal for Photonic Applications

P‐3.9: A high Transmittance VR LCD by Using the Application of 1D Photonic Crystal

We presents a method to improve the transmittance of the VR LCD by using the photonic band‐gap characteristics of one‐dimensional (1D) photonic crystal. The specific method is as follows. The 1D photonic crystal is formed by making multiple layers of SiNx and SiO2 on the bottom of TFT, and the photonic crystal at the display area is removed. The light from backlight will passing through the aperture area of Pixels, and reflected back to the Backlight by high reflectivity of 1D photonic crystal which positioned behind the BM layer. The reflected light will be re‐enter the panel by the Reflector which be set on the bottom of backlight. The experimental results show that the transmittance can be increased about 20% by using 5‐layers photonic crystal.

FAME

In this article, we propose the Fast Algorithms for Maxwell’s Equations (FAME) package for solving Maxwell’s equations for modeling three-dimensional photonic crystals. FAME combines the null-space free method with fast Fourier transform (FFT)-based matrix-vector multiplications to solve the generalized eigenvalue problems (GEPs) arising from Yee’s discretization. The GEPs are transformed into a null-space free standard eigenvalue problem with a Hermitian positive-definite coefficient matrix. The computation times for FFT-based matrix-vector multiplications with matrices of dimension 7 million are only 0.33 and 3.6 × 10 − 3 seconds using MATLAB with an Intel Xeon CPU and CUDA C++ programming with a single NVIDIA Tesla P100 GPU, respectively. Such multiplications significantly reduce the computational costs of the conjugate gradient method for solving linear systems. We successfully use FAME on a single P100 GPU to solve a set of GEPs with matrices of dimension more than 19 million, in 127 to 191 seconds per problem. These results demonstrate the potential of our proposed package to enable large-scale numerical simulations for novel physical discoveries and engineering applications of photonic crystals.

L-citrulline (LC) doped zinc tris-thiourea sulfate (ZTS) single crystals for photonic applications

L-citrulline (LC) doped zinc tris-thiourea sulfate (ZTS) single crystals for photonic applications

Photonic crystals for perovskite‐based optoelectronic applications

AbstractThe emerging perovskite materials present great opportunities for cost‐saving and efficient optoelectronic devices. However, there are still some roadblocks in the path toward commercialization of perovskite‐based devices, such as low light utilization, poor crystalline quality and dissatisfactory environmentally long‐time stability. To solve these problems, photonic crystal (PC) as a promising structure for control light has been exploited. To date, a series of perovskite‐based devices improved by PC has been reported. These PCs do not only improve the performance of devices but also give flexural endurance, vivid color and some degree of transparency to the electronic devices. Herein, a general overview is provided on the recent advances for the application of PCs in perovskite‐based optoelectronic devices (solar cells, photodetectors, and light‐emitting diodes). In addition, some personal perspectives on potential future challenges and improvements in this field are presented.

Higher-order topolectrical semimetal realized via synthetic gauge fields

Classical bosonic systems may be tailored to support topological order and unidirectional edge transport exploiting gauge fields. Here, we theoretically explore how synthetic gauge fields may be used to induce higher-order topological phases and zero-energy boundary states. We demonstrate these principles in two types of three-dimensional topolectrical circuits with synthetic gauge fields threading through their reduced two-dimensional lattices, leading to a half-quantized quadrupole charge within a region of the momentum space. We theoretically show the emergence of nodal line rings and Weyl points in the bulk dispersion, whose projected surfaces and hinges support surface Fermi arcs and flat hinge Fermi arcs emanating from the nodal line ring and Weyl points, representing the spectral signature of higher-order topological semimetals. These analogs of higher-order semimetals realized in electric circuits using synthetic gauge fields may be extended to various photonic platforms and find applications in photonic crystals, nano-optics, and cold atom research.

A method to detect the content of substance in solution by using spectral position information of photonic crystal

Photonic crystal is a dielectric structure arranged according to certain rules, and its excellent electromagnetic wave characteristics can be used to manufacture a lot of kinds of photonic crystal devices. In this paper, a defect is introduced into the photonic crystal, and the transfer matrix method is used to study the relationship between the liquid concentration and the peak value of the liquid transmission at the electromagnetic wave length when the defect is a mixture of ethanol and glycol. The results show that by observing and measuring the position of the peak transmittance of the mixed liquid, the substance content of the liquid mixture, that is, the concentration, can be inferred. The accuracy of this method is compared with the experimental results, which shows that this method has high accuracy. This method is simple and easy to operate. This result opens up a new direction for the application of photonic crystals.

Investigation and design of microstrip patch antenna employed on PCs substrates in THz regime

ABSTRACT This article presents the application of photonic crystal (PCs) structures to design a microstrip patch antenna at terahertz (THz) frequency. An inset-feed rectangular microstrip antenna is proposed using 1D, 2D, 3D PCs substrate in 0.1–1 THz operating band. The spectral behaviour of 1D PCs exhibits the PCs’ potential characteristics and demonstrates to use it in antenna design. The antenna radiation performance is performed using different PCs materials including air cavity (ɛr = 1), polyamide (ɛ r = 3.5), paper (ɛ r = 2.5), FR4 (ɛ r = 4), Arlon (ɛ r = 2.2) and quartz (ɛ r = 3.78). It demonstrates that an air cavity photonic bandgap (PBG) type structure is more efficient than other PCs. Moreover, it reveals that 2D PCs-based antennas show a minimum reflection coefficient of −63.22 dB, maximum directivity of 6.81dBi, and radiation efficiency of 88.17% at 0.741 THz frequency. The antenna is a design and simulated by using CST microwave studio.

Features of the two-stage formation of macroporous and mesoporous silicon structuresя

The aim of this work was the formation of multilayer structures of macroporous silicon and the study of their structural, morphological, and optical properties in comparison with the properties of multilayer structures of mesoporous silicon. The paper presents the results of the development of techniques for the formation of multilayer structures of porous silicon por-Si by stepwise change in the current with two-stage modes of electrochemical etching.The data on the morphology, composition, and porosity of macroporous and mesoporous silicon samples were obtained using scanning electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray reflectivity. It was shown that with the two-stage growth of porous silicon layers, the depth of the boundary between the layers of the structure was determined by the primary mode of electrochemical etching, while the total layer thickness increased with an increase in the current density of electrochemical etching.A comparative analysis of the relative intensity and fine structure of vibrational modes of IR spectra indicated a significantly more developed specific pore surface and greater sorption capacity of mesoporous silicon as compared to macroporous silicon.
 
 
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Absorption characteristics of one-dimensional graphene photonic crystals

In order to study the absorption characteristics of one-dimensional graphene photonic crystals, a TE wave of 300–1000 nm is analyzed theoretically and numerically based on the transfer matrix method. The effects of the incident angle, the structure of the photonic crystal, the number of graphene layers, and the refractive index of the defect layer on the absorption characteristics are analyzed. The results show that the absorption of graphene can be greatly improved by using the micro Fabry–Pérot cavity formed by the defect layer of the photonic crystal. The peak, the position, and the bandwidth of the absorbance can be adjusted by changing the above-mentioned parameters of the photonic crystal. This study provides a way to expand the application of photonic crystals.

Colloidal Photonic Crystals for Biomedical Applications

Colloidal photonic crystals (PCs) have attracted extensive interests because of their excellent optical properties and advantages such as ease in preparation, cost‐effectiveness, and versatility in functionalizations. After decades of development, numerous types of colloidal PCs are developed and found various applications in the field of biomedicine, including biosensors, microcarriers, drug delivery, cell research, and organs‐on‐chips, among others. Herein, the basic concepts and recent progress concerning the applications of the colloidal PCs in the biomedical field are provided. Initially, a brief introduction of the design and fabrication of colloidal PCs that are widely used in biomedicine is presented. Subsequently, the utilities of the colloidal PCs and their representative works in each application area are discussed in detail. Finally, a summary of challenges and perspectives is presented.

Self-assembly of colloidal particles into amorphous photonic crystals

This review focuses on the introduction, fabrication, and applications of amorphous photonic crystals.

High-gain and ultrawide-band graphene patch antenna with photonic crystal covering 96.48% of the terahertz band

With the recent advancement in high-frequency microwave devices and applications, graphene-based antennas are showing real potential due to the unique properties of graphene material and its ability to operate at terahertz communication band (0.1 THz–10 THz). Herein, a very high-gain and ultrawide-band graphene-based patch antenna is proposed with the application of photonic crystal and dielectric grating. The designed antenna possesses a −10 dB impedance bandwidth of 9.552 THz with −10 dB operation from 0.448 THz to 10 THz, which is equivalent to 96.48 % of the complete terahertz communication band. Along with the ultrawide-band property, the antenna possesses a maximum gain of 21.22 dB and a maximum radiation efficiency of 93.23 %. The designed antenna is also analyzed for different periodicity, dimensions, and shapes of the photonic crystal. Where, the periodicity and dimensions of photonic crystal influence the antenna performance, the shape of the photonic crystal has little to no effect.