Motor Applications Research Articles

Advanced Venturini control for PMSM with modular multilevel matrix converter

This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of control strategies for modular multilevel matrix converters (MMMC) utilizing advanced second-order sliding mode control (ASOSMC) within the context of permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) applications. The research introduces a novel control framework based on the Venturini method, which, when integrated with ASOSMC, achieves a unity input power factor while generating sinusoidal phase current waveforms with markedly reduced harmonic distortion. These advancements not only enhance overall system performance but also significantly improve power quality, addressing critical requirements in contemporary electrical engineering. Additionally, the study conducts a rigorous comparative analysis between classical Proportional Integral (PI) control and ASOSMC, elucidating the substantial limitations of PI control in nonlinear environments where dynamic adaptability is paramount. In contrast, ASOSMC demonstrates superior capability in managing disturbances and nonlinearities, thereby offering enhanced reliability and efficiency for MMMC systems. The findings illustrate that ASOSMC not only addresses the challenges posed by traditional control techniques but also contributes to the development of more robust control methodologies within power electronics. By establishing a clear superiority of ASOSMC over conventional methods, this research paves the way for future innovations in control strategies specifically tailored for high-performance applications that require resilience under varying operational conditions. Ultimately, this work underscores the necessity of integrating advanced control techniques to optimize the operational capabilities of modular multilevel converters, facilitating the creation of sophisticated solutions that meet the evolving demands of electrical systems and power quality enhancement in diverse applications. The implications of these findings are significant, offering foundational insights for both theoretical exploration and practical implementation in the field.

Validation of On-Head OPM MEG for Language Laterality Assessment.

Pre-surgical localization of language function in the brain is critical for patients with medically intractable epilepsy. MEG has emerged as a valuable clinical tool for localizing language areas in clinical populations, however, it is limited for widespread application due to the low availability of the system. Recent advances in optically pumped magnetometer (OPM) systems account for some of the limitations of traditional MEG and have been shown to have a similar signal-to-noise ratio. However, the novelty of these systems means that they have only been tested for limited sensory and motor applications. In this work, we aim to validate a novel on-head OPM MEG procedure for lateralizing language processes. OPM recordings, using a soft cap with flexible sensor placement, were collected from 19 healthy, right-handed controls during an auditory word recognition task. The resulting evoked fields were assessed for hemispheric laterality of the response. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the grand average language response indicated that the first two principal components were lateralized to the left hemisphere. The PCA also revealed that all participants had evoked topographies that closely resembled the average left-lateralized response. Left-lateralized responses were consistent with what is expected for a group of healthy right-handed individuals. These findings demonstrate that language-related evoked fields can be elucidated from on-head OPM MEG recordings in a group of healthy adult participants. In the future, on-head OPM MEG and the associated lateralization methods should be validated in patient populations as they may have utility in the pre-surgical mapping of language functions in patients with epilepsy.

Present Situation and Future Prospects of Motor Cooling System

Background: The motor cooling system is mainly used in aerospace, automotive, and marine fields, where the motor system is cooled to extend the service life and safety of the motor. The running power of motors rises too fast, which leads to the failure of heat dissipation as expected and shortens the service life of motors. Therefore, it is necessary to choose an appropriate cooling mode for motors to improve their cooling structure, reduce their temperature rise, and improve their reliability and service life. The internal motor cooling system can perform fixed-point heat dissipation, but the overall heat dissipation is poor. The external motor cooling system can perform overall heat dissipation but has high requirements on the structure. Over the years, the application and development of motor cooling systems have gained more and more attention. Objective: This paper discusses the structural characteristics, advantages, and development trends of the motor cooling system in order to reduce the temperature rise of the motor and improve its reliability and service life. This paper aims to provide an overview and systematic guidance for future designs of the motor cooling system. Methods: According to the structural characteristics of the motor cooling system and the requirements of the motor application field, the most typical internal cooling system and external cooling system in the motor cooling system are summarized. Results: By analyzing the causes and hazards of motor heating, the limited requirements of the motor system in use are summarized. The motor system is classified and compared based on the structure, heat dissipation principle, and use of the motor heat dissipation system. The characteristics of small volume and strong heat dissipation ability are also summarized. Based on the analysis of the internal and external cooling system, the problems of complex structure and poor cooling effect are summarized, and the future development trend and direction of the motor cooling system are discussed in detail. Conclusion: This paper divides the motor cooling system into an internal cooling system and an external cooling system according to the specifications and operating environment. This paper expounds on internal and external cooling systems' different principles, advantages, and disadvantages. This paper summarizes the cooling systems in recent years in order to facilitate their subsequent development and use. The main components of additional patents for future inventions are motor cooling systems, innovation in structure simplification, and cost performance optimization.

Effect of friction layer thickness on energy conversion efficiency of traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motor

Abstract Due to its compact size and resistance to electromagnetic interference. Applications for traveling wave rotary ultrasonic motors (TRUM) include robotic joint drives and aerospace.The motor’s energy conversion efficiency is impacted by the characteristics of the friction layer, yet the underlying mechanism influencing the efficiency remains unreported. Using the previously created finite element model, the mechanism via which the amount of thickness within the friction layer influences the motor output characteristics is examined.Analysis is done on the variations in motor loss, energy conversion efficiency, and input-output characteristics. The computation results show that when the friction layer is less than 0.4 mm, the machine’s output speed increases as the friction layer’s thickness decreases.The results of the calculation indicate that when the friction layer thickness is between 0.05 and 0.4 mm, the motor’s output torque and speed would drop. The findings indicate that the output torque and motor torque decrease as the friction layer thickness increases when it is between 0.05 and 0.4 mm. Both the viscoelastic losses and the motor’s energy conversion efficiency rise.Research shows that the friction layer thickness has a huge impact on the motor and cannot be ignored, providing a reference for the application of motors in industries such as robot joints.

Efficient DC motor speed control using a novel multi-stage FOPD(1 + PI) controller optimized by the Pelican optimization algorithm.

This paper introduces a novel multi-stage FOPD(1 + PI) controller for DC motor speed control, optimized using the Pelican Optimization Algorithm (POA). Traditional PID controllers often fall short in handling the complex dynamics of DC motors, leading to suboptimal performance. Our proposed controller integrates fractional-order proportional-derivative (FOPD) and proportional-integral (PI) control actions, optimized via POA to achieve superior control performance. The effectiveness of the proposed controller is validated through rigorous simulations and experimental evaluations. Comparative analysis is conducted against conventional PID and fractional-order PID (FOPID) controllers, fine-tuned using metaheuristic algorithms such as atom search optimization (ASO), stochastic fractal search (SFS), grey wolf optimization (GWO), and sine-cosine algorithm (SCA). Quantitative results demonstrate that the FOPD(1 + PI) controller optimized by POA significantly enhances the dynamic response and stability of the DC motor. Key performance metrics show a reduction in rise time by 28%, settling time by 35%, and overshoot by 22%, while the steady-state error is minimized to 0.3%. The comparative analysis highlights the superior performance, faster response time, high accuracy, and robustness of the proposed controller in various operating conditions, consistently outperforming the PID and FOPID controllers optimized by other metaheuristic algorithms. In conclusion, the POA-optimized multi-stage FOPD(1 + PI) controller presents a significant advancement in DC motor speed control, offering a robust and efficient solution with substantial improvements in performance metrics. This innovative approach has the potential to enhance the efficiency and reliability of DC motor applications in industrial and automotive sectors.

Surface Passivation of Norland Optical Adhesive Improves the Guiding Efficiency of Gliding Microtubules in Microfluidic Devices.

The microtubule-kinesin biomolecular motor system, which is vital for cellular function, holds significant promise for nanotechnological applications. In vitro gliding assays have demonstrated the ability to transport microcargo by propelling microtubules across kinesin-coated surfaces. However, the uncontrolled directional motion of microtubules has posed significant challenges, limiting the system's application for precise cargo delivery. Microfluidic devices provide a means to direct microtubule movement through their geometric features. Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA) is valued for its mold-free application in microfluidic device fabrication; however, microtubules often climb up channel walls, limiting controlled movement. In this study, a surface passivation method for NOA is introduced, using polyethylene glycol via a thiol-ene click reaction. This technique significantly improved the directional control and concentration of microtubules within NOA microchannels. This approach presents new possibilities for the precise application of biomolecular motors in nanotechnology, enabling advancements in the design of microfluidic systems for complex biomolecular manipulations.

Prediction of Breakdown Time of Insulation Material for Use in Medium-Voltage Inverter-Fed Marine Propulsion Motor Applications

Prediction of Breakdown Time of Insulation Material for Use in Medium-Voltage Inverter-Fed Marine Propulsion Motor Applications

Effect of SiO2-Li2O3-CuO additive on piezoelectric properties of PMS-PZT ceramics at low sintering temperature

Lead zirconate titanate (PZT) based piezoelectric ceramics are applied in ultrasonic transducers and multilayer actuators fields universally. Excellent piezoelectric properties of PZT-based ceramics of low sintering temperature are crucial for the applications of high-power motors and multilayer piezo-actuators due to the reduction of cost and energy consumption. In this paper, a ternary solid-solution ceramic system 0.05Pb(Mn1/3Sb2/3)O3-0.47PbZrO3-0.48PbTiO3 (PMS-PZT) was studied. A new complex additive composed of SiO2-Li2O3-CuO was doped into the PMS-PZT ceramics. The doping of CuO and Li2O3 was discovered to be able to lower the sintering temperature and remain electric properties efficiently, while the doping of SiO2 can decrease the grain size and increase the density. All ceramic samples were fabricated by solid-phase reaction method and sintered in the low temperature range from 800 °C to 1000 °C. The phase structure, morphology of natural surface and electrical properties of ceramics doped by 0.5 wt% additive were characterized. The 0.5 wt% additive doped PMS-PZT ceramics exhibit remarkable comprehensive piezoelectric properties sintered at 900 °C (d33 = 343 pC/N, Qm = 1016, Tc = 328 °C, tanδ = 0.4 % (at 25 °C), εr = 1344, d33* = 490 pm/V). The sintering temperature 900 °C is significantly below the melting point of Ag (961.9 °C) and Cu (1083.4 °C), so the more cost-effective Cu internal electrodes and Ag rich Ag/Pd electrodes can be used to substitute the expensive Pd rich Ag/Pd internal electrodes in the production of devices composed of multilayer ceramic. The research of this work provides an important candidate additive for the applications of high-performance transducers and multilayer actuators with low cost.

Prospects For Application of High-Efficiency and High-Power Electric Motors in New Energy Vehicles

Prospects For Application of High-Efficiency and High-Power Electric Motors in New Energy Vehicles

Non-fragile control of discrete-time conic-type nonlinear Markovian jump systems under deception attacks using event-triggered scheme and Its application

The non-fragile control issue of discrete-time conic-type nonlinear Markov jump systems under deception attacks has been investigated using an event-triggered method. The nonlinear terms satisfy the conic-type nonlinear constraint condition that lies in a known hypersphere with an uncertain center is employed. The deception attack may obstruct normal communication in an effort to obtain confidential information. In addition, a non-fragile event-triggered controller is suggested to further conserve communication resources. As a stochastic process, a deception attack is manageable by the established controller. Also, by choosing an appropriate Lyapunov-Krasovskii functional, a set of necessary conditions is found in terms of linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) that guarantee mean square stability of the discrete-time conic-type nonlinear Markov jump system in the presence of deception attacks. Finally, the proposed non-fragile event-triggered control techniques is validated with a DC-DC motor application system and another numerical example.

Preparation of Soft Magnetic Composite Using Cold Sintering Technique

Soft magnetic composites are powder metal products under development as an alternative to 2D laminates in electric motor applications. The 3D design of SMCs offers greater energy efficiency but poses a challenge to maintain adequate strength properties required for application. Soft magnetic composites are fabricated through compaction and heat treatment of iron particles coated with insulated coating to form a dense compact. The soft magnetic properties of the compact are affected by the properties of the iron powder, density of compact as well as the efficacy of forming uniform thin insulating coating at the particle boundary. Additionally, the strength of the compact is also affected by the nature of the insulating boundary at the particle interfaces. We report a low temperature process that involves cold sintering phenomenon to densify and strengthen soft magnetic composites. Iron powders have been modified using a co-precipitation method that forms a hydrated copper/iron oxalate coating on individual iron particles. Warm compaction of the modified iron powders at 100°C resulted in a highly dense soft magnetic composite which demonstrated ~ 3x improvement in strength. The compacts can be further heat treated in air at higher temperatures to form high strength oxide coating iron based soft magnetic composites. Results of the AC and DC magnetic measurements of fabricated cold sintered toroid compacts made as a function of heat treatment temperature reveal that DC permeability increased with heat treatment temperature. Analysis of AC core loss data showed that hysteresis power losses dominated the performance at lower heat treatment temperatures (< 300°C) beyond which dynamic core losses significantly increased.

An Application of DC Motor Modelled Classical Sliding Mode Control with Moving Sliding Surface to Rotary Inverted Pendulum System

The rotary inverted pendulum system (RIP), which is highly favored in control applications, is examined in this work. By determining the coordinates of the Rip elements' centers of gravity, the system's total kinetic and potential energies were determined. The kinetic and potential energy expressions were used to generate the Lagrangian function. Expressions providing the system's equations of motion were discovered by taking the Lagrangian approach into consideration. The motor's equations, which will initiate the system, have also been considered. Through the use of state variables and a Matlab program, the system's pendulum angle was managed by using a moving sliding surface and the traditional sliding mode control technique. Based on the dynamics, the slip surface's slope was computed. The sliding surface's slope was computed based on the system's dynamics. The genetic algorithm was utilized to determine the ideal values for the coefficients employed in the control structure. The findings showed that the inaccuracy was roughly zero and that the pendulum angle took around 1.5 seconds to reach the intended reference value. Furthermore, it noted that the motor torque and current values are 12 Nm and 2.5 amps, respectively. The findings show that the motor values are reasonably similar to the values seen in real-world applications. Control in real-time applications won't be an issue if the motor is chosen based on these values

Electromagnetic Optimization of a High-Speed Interior Permanent Magnet Motor Considering Rotor Stress

High-speed interior permanent magnet (IPM) motors require highly reliable rotors. Some measures must be adopted to improve rotor safety, but its electromagnetic performance is seriously affected. It is a challenge to achieve excellent electromagnetic characteristics while satisfying mechanical strength. This paper presents an electromagnetic optimization design of high-speed IPM motors considering rotor stress. Firstly, the permanent magnet (PM) is segmented by adding stiffeners to improve stress distribution. The effects of the bridge and stiffener thickness on the rotor stress and electromagnetic performance are analyzed. Secondly, an electromagnetic optimization model is built based on a three-segment PM rotor structure, aiming for maximum efficiency and minimum rotor core losses. Then, the initial design and optimized scheme are compared, the results show that the efficiency, safety and temperature performance of the motor are improved. Finally, a 140 kW, 18,000 rpm prototype is manufactured and tested. The above analysis provides a valuable reference for the design and widespread application of high-speed IPM motors.

A Hybrid Analysis of Brushless DC Motor

Brushless DC (BLDC) motors and derives have gained popularity because of numerous advantages. This motor application is achievable since permanent magnet (PM) technology has advanced. It has higher efficiency, reliability, and power with less maintenance due to the absence of brushes. A higher torque-to-mass ratio and long life are two of the most attractive characteristics making it appropriate for high-performance applications. This study describes the hybrid methodology for analyzing a three-phase, four-pole, 1500 W, brushless DC (BLDC) motor with an inner rotor. PI controllers and PWM in Matlab /Simulink, and the chopped current control in Maxwell 2d ae used. BLDC motor modeled by rotation machine export (RMxprt) analytical software and analyzed with a finite element method (FEM) Maxwell 2D software to calculate motor performance, such as torque, speed, and efficiency. The FEM results were verified by comparing them with the results taken from the Matlab/Simulink program and with the aid of the RMxprt software to supply some missing data. The motor torque and efficiency results from Maxwell 2D and Matlab show good agreement. A hybrid FEM-analytical approach is successfully applied to study a BLDC motor using three software packages RMxprt, Maxwell 2D, and Matlab/Simulink despite the lack of motor test data. The RMxprt program offers missing data like stator resistance, stator inductance, and torque constant. It is provided in the design sheet to help us with motor modeling. The successful adoption of the proposed hybrid FEM-analytical methodology will provide a good starting point for future BLDC motor research work

Research on SM-ADRC of BLDC motor based on GWO algorithm

Abstract In recent years, the application of BLDC motors in all walks of life has become more and more extensive, and the precision requirements of the motor are also higher and higher. This paper proposes a method of ADRC and SMC, and the GWO algorithm is used to adjust parameters. Simulation graphics show that this method can enhance the control precision of BLDC motors.

Investigation of shaded pole stator topology for low power AC motors design

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate the features of single phase shaded pole stator with squirrel–cage rotor or permanent magnet rotor, that leads to an investigation of these topoloties as induction motor or synchronous motor. The comparative analysis is realised for the following three topologies: single phase shaded pole induction motor (SPIM) with squirrel–cage rotor, the second topology (single phase synchronous motor) has the same stator configuration but with permanent magnet rotor and the third investigated topology is similar to the second one, where the stator poles instead of iron steel are made of soft composite material.Design/methodology/approachThe investigation in this work starts with a performance analysis of single-phase SPIM. Afterwards for the same stator topology the squirrel rotor is replaced with a two-pole permanent magnet rotor and the same performance analysis is realised for this topology. Finally, the second topology is improved bay replacing the iron steel stator poles with stator poles made of soft magnetic composite material and performance analysis is realised for this third type of topology as well. The performance analysis of all topologies is realised by implementation of finite element method and finite element analysis.FindingsThe presented data and diagrams from the realized investigation show that single phase synchronous motor with shaded pole stator has an improved characteristics in comparison with the initial single-phase SPIM. Finally, the third topology realized on the bases of the single-phase synchronous motor has the best performance characteristics due to the implementation of soft magnetic material in the realization of the stator poles. The proposed methodology for structural and performance improvement of a single-phase SPIM topology opens the possibility for additive manufacturing application and significant cost reduction.Originality/valueThe focus was put on exploration the possibilities of the single-phase shaded pole stator topology for application in low-power and low-cost single phase self-starting motors. By simple replacement of the squirrel–cage rotor, in the reference AKO-16 motor, with one-piece ferrite permanent magnet rotor, the self-starting single phase synchronous motor was derived. In the next step, owing to simplify the SPPM motor production process and manufacturing, the stator poles instead of iron steel lamination were made of soft composite material Somaloy®. It opens the possibility for additive manufacturing application and significant cost reduction.

Research on Optimization Design of Electric Motor Based on Finite Element Calculation

With the widespread application of permanent magnet synchronous motors in the new energy vehicle market, the demand for verification and optimization of the design rationality of permanent magnet synchronous motors is gradually increasing. This article first establishes a three-phase four pole permanent magnet synchronous motor model based on the motor parameters provided by the motor manufacturer. Then, finite element simulation calculations are carried out on this model to solve the three-phase induced electromotive force, three-phase magnetic flux, cogging torque, iron core loss, and eddy current loss of the permanent magnet synchronous motor when it is unloaded. The rationality of the motor design is verified through the solution results. Finally, the average core loss of the permanent magnet synchronous motor is reduced by 3.6% through parameterized simulation, and its operating efficiency is improved. The optimization design is carried out on it.

Application of an Improved Laplacian-of-Gaussian Filter for Bearing Fault Signal Enhancement of Motors

The presence of strong noise and vibration interference in fault vibration signals poses challenges for extracting fault features from motor bearings. Therefore, appropriate pre-filtering procedures can effectively suppress the impact of the noise interference and further enhance fault-related signals. In this work, an improved Laplacian-of-Gaussian (ILoG) filter is proposed to enhance the fault-related signal. The proposed ILoG approach employs an enhanced Kurtosis-based indicator known as Correlated Kurtosis (CK). The CK capitalizes on the cyclostationarity of fault-related impulses and mitigates the random nature of impulse noise. Subsequently, an objective function, based on CK statistics, is suggested to iteratively update LoG coefficients by maximizing the CK value of the output signal. Therefore, the ILoG filter can better highlight the fault cyclic impulses associated with bearing faults. Furthermore, the ILoG filter is capable of attenuating impulsive noise, a feature that is absent in the original LoG filter. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that the proposed ILoG method provides a remarkable capability to effectively enhance the fault-induced components, thereby improving the diagnostic accuracy. Consequently, the ILoG filter holds great potential for application in motor bearing fault diagnosis.

Optimization of Ultrasonic Motor Control Based on NARX Neural Network

Abstract Compared with traditional motors, ultrasonic motors have the advantages of small size and no noise and are widely used in modern technological fields. This article proposes a neural network-based ultrasonic motor control method and optimizes it to address the difficulty of controlling ultrasonic motors. Firstly, the principle and equivalent circuit of ultrasonic motors are studied, and a phase-shifted PWM method suitable for driving ultrasonic motors is proposed. Secondly, to meet the nonlinear characteristics of ultrasonic motors, a NARX neural network that can be used for nonlinear systems is adopted for optimization control. Finally, an experimental platform was built for the experiment, and the results showed that the proposed H-bridge driving circuit has a wide input voltage range. After using the NARX neural network, the output voltage of the H-bridge circuit is more stable, which can provide a stable driving voltage for the ultrasonic motor. It can provide a certain reference value for the application of ultrasonic motors in modern technology.

Sensorless Model Predictive Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors Using an Unscented Kalman Filter

This paper deals with the application of the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm to the sensorless control of a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM). The proposed estimation strategy, based on the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), uses only the measurement of the motor current for the online estimation of speed, rotor position and load torque. Information about the system state is fed into the MPC algorithm. The results verify the effectiveness and applicability of the proposed sensorless control technique. To demonstrate its real-world applicability, implementation in low-speed direct drive astronomy telescope mount systems is investigated. The outcomes of the implementation are thoroughly examined, leading to insightful conclusions drawn from the observed results. Through rigorous theoretical analysis and extensive simulation studies, this paper establishes a solid foundation for the proposed sensorless control technique. The results obtained from simulation studies and real-world applications underscore the efficacy and versatility of the proposed approach, offering valuable insights for the advancement of sensorless control strategies in motor applications. The main aim of this work is to demonstrate and validate the practical feasibility of combining two complex techniques, establishing that such an integration is not only possible but also effective in achieving the desired objectives.