Applications In Industry Research Articles

Development and optimization of machine learning models for estimation of mechanical properties of linear low-density polyethylene

A hybrid methodology was developed and implemented for estimation of polymeric mechanical properties in rotational moulding process. The considered polymer in this study is linear low-density polyethylene, known as LLDPE, which has extensive application in plastic industry. The mechanical properties of the polymer were assessed and correlated to the oven residence time to build the predictive model of moulding process. A tiny dataset containing only 25 data rows via a number of machine learning models were assessed. Oven residence time is the only input, while the LLDPE's properties including tensile strength, impact strength, and flexure strength are the outputs considered in the machine learning models. We used tree-based ensemble methods for modeling in this work and they are tuned using FA (Firefly Algorithm) optimizer to find optimal hyper-parameters of them. Finally, the optimal models had shown a great performance to predict the output accurately. For tensile strength, the best model (FA-ET) has an R2 value of 0.9994, this score is 0.9995 for impact strength and 0.9968 for flexure strength. The tree-based models tuned in this study revealed to be robust in estimation of polymeric properties and can be used to obtain the products with the best quality.

Investigation on thermal conductivities of plain-woven carbon/phenolic and silica/phenolic composites at high temperature: Theoretical prediction and experiment

Phenolic resin-based ablation materials have found widespread applications in the aerospace industry. The prediction of their thermal conductivity is of paramount importance for the optimization and evaluation for thermal protection systems. However, there is rarely reported thermal conductivity performance of phenolic composites during ablation processes. Therefore, this investigation theoretically predicts the dynamic response of thermal conductivity at high temperatures for plain-woven carbon/phenolic and high silica/phenolic composites. By combining the progressive cubic ablation model with existing composite material property formulas, a multiscale prediction model for effective thermal conductivity is developed. The thermal performance of the resin matrix, reinforcing fibers, yarns, and overall fabric composites is calculated. Additionally, mesoscale representative volume elements are implemented to investigate the overall heat transfer characteristics of carbon/phenolic and high-silica/phenolic composites, including temperature and heat flux distributions. Moreover, both composites thermal conductivities are measured in the range from 298 K to 473 K. The proposed prediction model demonstrates good reliability, with average deviations of 3.76 % and 7.36 % compared to finite element analysis results and experimental data, respectively.

A novel model of microelongation thermomechanical photoacoustic waves in excited semiconductor materials

In this study, we discussed the photothermal effect on a microelongated thermoelastic plate under the influence of acoustic pressure. This study is very important in many fields and has a wide application in industries. The problem is studied in the two-dimensional plane to obtain the thermoacoustic and mechanical waves behavior. Normal mode analysis is used to get the exact solution of the problem. Many comparisons between the physical quantities are made according to the different values of physical constants of many semiconductor materials. Graphical illustrations depict the numerical outcomes for the examined fields both with and without microelongation parameters.

Immobilization of the β-galactosidase enzyme by encapsulation in polymeric matrices for application in the dairy industry

Lactose intolerance affects approximately 65% of the global adult population, leading to the demand for lactose-free products. The enzyme β-galactosidase (βG) is commonly used in the industry to produce such products, but its recovery after lactose hydrolysis is challenging. In this scenario, the study aims to encapsulate βG within capsules, varying in dimensions and wall materials, to ensure their suitability for efficient industrial recovery. The enzyme βG was encapsulated through ionic gelation using alginate and its blends with pectin, maltodextrin, starch, or whey protein as wall materials. The capsules produced underwent evaluation for encapsulation efficiency, release profiles, activity of the βG enzyme, and the decline in enzyme activity when reused over multiple cycles. Alginate at 5% wt/vol concentrations, alone or combined with polymers such as maltodextrin, starch, or whey protein, achieved encapsulation efficiencies of approximately 98%, 98%, 80%, and 88%, respectively. The corresponding enzyme recovery rates were 34%, 19%, 31%, and 48%. Capsules made with an alginate-pectin blend exhibited no significant hydrolysis and maintained an encapsulation efficiency of 79%. Encapsulation with alginate alone demonstrated on poor retention of enzyme activity, showing a loss of 74% after just 4 cycles of reuse. Conversely, when alginate was mixed with starch or whey protein concentrate, the loss of enzyme activity was less than 40% after 4 reuses. These results highlight the benefits of combining encapsulation materials to improve enzyme recovery and reuse, offering potential economic advantages for the dairy industry.

Occurrence of Enterococci in the Process of Artisanal Cheesemaking and Their Antimicrobial Resistance.

Enterococci are a group of microorganisms that have a controversial position from some scientific points of view. The species of the greatest clinical importance are E. faecalis and E. faecium, which are common agents of nosocomial infections. However, enterococci also have important applications in the dairy industry, as they are used as non-starter lactic acid bacteria (NSLAB) in a variety of cheeses, especially artisanal cheeses. The aim of this study was to determine the presence of representatives from the Enterococcus genus using PCR and MALDI-TOF MS methods on samples of raw milk, processing environment swabs, and cheese from four different artisanal dairy plants in Slovakia. Among the 136 isolates of enterococci, 9 species of genus Enterococci (E. faecalis, E. faecium, E. durans, E. devriesi, E. hirae, E. italicus, E. casseliflavus, E. malodoratus, and E. gallinarum) were identified and were tested for their antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to 8 antibiotics (amoxicillin, penicillin, ampicillin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, vancomycin, rifampicin, and tetracycline); most of them were resistant to rifampicin (35.3%), ampicillin (22.8%), and tetracycline (19.9%). A PCR analysis of vanA (4.41%) and tetM (14.71%) revealed that antimicrobial resistance genes were present in not only phenotypic resistant isolates of enterococci but also susceptible isolates. The investigation of antimicrobial resistance in enterococci during the cheesemaking process can be a source of valuable information for public health in the concept of "One Health".

Role of Nanomaterials in Pharmaceutical Preparation: A Review

Aim & objective: This study aims to explore the multifaceted applications of nanomaterials and assess their potential advantages and disadvantages. Understanding the different physicochemical properties of nanomaterials & excipients. Method: This study reviews current literature and research findings to compile a comprehensive overview of nanomaterials. Key aspects covered include synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and notable applications in different industries. The review also discusses the advantages and disadvantages associated with nanomaterials, highlighting their potential benefits and challenges. Advantages & disadvantages: Nanomaterials offer numerous advantages such as enhanced mechanical, electrical, and optical properties, which make them suitable for developing advanced technologies. However, challenges include concerns over their potential environmental and health impacts, as well as the scalability of production processes from laboratory to industrial scales. Additionally, the high cost of synthesis and regulatory uncertainties pose hurdles to widespread adoption. Conclusion: In conclusion, nanomaterials present a paradigm shift in materials science and engineering with vast potential to address pressing global challenges. Their unique properties enable innovative solutions across various sectors, promising significant advancements in healthcare, electronics, energy, and environmental sustainability. However, realizing these benefits requires continued research to mitigate risks and optimize their applications. Establishing robust regulatory frameworks and fostering interdisciplinary collaborations are essential to harnessing the full potential of nanomaterials while ensuring their safe and sustainable integration into society.

Impacts of blockchain technology in agrifood: exploring the interplay between transactions and firms’ strategic resources

PurposeDespite the growing interest in blockchain technology (BCT) applications in the agri-food industry, evidence of their economic and strategic implications remains scarce. This study aims to contribute to filling this gap by jointly investigating how BCT adoption affects transactional relationships, and how it contributes to the firm’s strategic resources.Design/methodology/approachAn explanatory case study is conducted based on a theoretical framework grounded on transaction cost economics and the resource-based-dynamic capabilities view. Six BCT implementations by agri-food firms are studied. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed using thematic analysis.FindingsFindings reveal that BCT benefits depend on how companies integrate technology across their supply chains. In fact, the results suggest that overall transaction efficiency within the supply chain is enhanced only for those firms prioritising stakeholder engagement during technology implementation and leveraging existing trust relationships with economic agents. Moreover, the results suggest that BCT is not yet perceived as a strategic resource, but rather that it has the potential to enhance firms’ operational-adaptive, absorptive and innovative capabilities. When all supply chain actors clearly understand blockchain’s functionality and value, the development of these capabilities becomes more pronounced.Practical implicationsThe study identifies two BCT adoption configurations. One primarily focuses on enhancing supply chain efficiency and transparency (dynamic BCT), while the other uses BCT mainly for marketing purposes (static BCT). These configurations lead to varied possibilities for leveraging BCT’s potential advantages. Furthermore, they show how a mismatch between a strategic approach and its chosen configuration could work against any positive impact and lead to disillusionment with the BCT. Thus, managers should assess carefully the impact of such different configuration choices on performance.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to attempt to analyse the economic implications of adopting BCT in the food sector from both a firm and supply chain perspective. Additionally, it shows how interpreting these impacts is contingent on the diverse modalities for embedding BCT into existing supply chains.

Optimizing decision-making with aggregation operators for generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets and their applications in the tech industry

Intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs) represent a significant advancement in classical fuzzy set (FS) theory. This study advances IFS theory to generalized intuitionistic fuzzy sets (GIFSBs) and introduces novel operators GIFWAA, GIFWGA, GIFOWAA, and GIFOWGA, tailored for GIFSBs. The primary aim is to enhance decision-making capabilities by introducing aggregation operators within the GIFSB framework that align with preferences for optimal outcomes. The article introduces new operators for GIFSBs characterized by attributes like idempotency, boundedness, monotonicity and commutativity, resulting in aggregated values aligned with GIFNs. A comprehensive analysis of the relationships among these operations is conducted, offering a thorough understanding of their applicability. These operators are practically demonstrated in a multiple-criteria decision-making process for evaluating startup success in the Tech Industry.

Cultivation of a naturally resilient Chlorella sp.: A bioenergetic strategy for valorization of cheese whey for high nutritional biomass production

This study investigated Chlorella's capacity to treat cheese whey (CW) effluent and produce a high-nutritional value biomass, by using a systematic sequential experimental design. Physicochemical analysis of CW revealed its high pollution load, characterized by elevated levels of lactose, phosphorus, and nitrogen, as well as high turbidity due to the presence of whey solids. Screening experiments demonstrated that trace mineral addition and continuous air supply are essential factors for Chlorella biomass production in CW (>800 mg·mL−1). Furthermore, whey solids did not hinder Chlorella growth, with notable biomass production observed even in undiluted CW, demonstrating this microalga's ability to adapt metabolically to the complex environment. Laboratory-scale photobioreactor experiments confirmed Chlorella's ability to produce biomass in CW, outperforming controls (>800 mg·mL−1). Bioremediation potential assessment exhibited significant reductions in organic pollutants (>14 g·L−1 COD), nitrogen (>400 mg·L−1), phosphorus (>140 mg·L−1) and sodium (>650 mg·L−1). CW solids were also removed with Chlorella harvesting (>99 %). Harvested algal biomass was enriched with proteins (>40 g·100 g−1), polyunsaturated fatty acids (>9 % TFA) and pigments, offering potential applications in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries. Overall, this study highlights Chlorella's efficacy in CW treatment and biomass valorization, offering a sustainable solution for dairy wastewater management while producing valuable resources.

Mixed convective heat transfer in an open cavity with fins

AbstractThis work numerically explores the mixed convective heat transfer in an open square enclosure containing conducting fins fixed to the heated vertical wall. This kind of work with fins has enormous potential due to its applications in research, engineering, and current industries. Therefore, the current work is highly significant to understand the impact of mixed convection. The external flow enters from the hole in the bottom wall and leaves from the hole in the upper wall. The left vertical wall of the enclosure is heated isothermally, and the fins are attached to the heated walls at a uniform height. Both the upper and lower walls are adiabatic, whereas the right sidewall is at a lower temperature. The non‐dimensional transport equations are resolved by using the finite element method. The study is accomplished for the wide control variables range, such as Reynolds number (50 ≤ Re ≤ 200), Richardson's number (0.1 ≤ Ri ≤ 10), the length of the fins (Lf = 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6), the size of the outlet opening (Wout = 0.1, 0.2, and 0.3), and the gaps in between the outlet hole and left heated wall (S = 0, 0.45, and 0.9). The results show that the thermal performance of the open enclosure is meaningfully affected by the control parameters. The maximum and minimum heat transfer happens when the position of the outlet opening is at the left (S = 0) and right (S = 0.9), respectively. The heat transfer improves by raising the Ri and Re, whereas increasing the fin's length and distance between the outlet opening and left wall reduces heat transfer significantly. The rises 13% with a decrease in the fin's length from 0.6 to 0.2 at Re = 200, S = 0 due to the improvement of the convection on the heated wall. Also, increases by 15% when Ri increases from 1 to 9.

Development of Stabilizing Solution for Long-Term Storage of Bacteriophages at Room Temperature and Application to Control Foodborne Pathogens.

Bacteriophages (phages) have gained considerable attention as effective antimicrobial agents that infect and kill pathogenic bacteria. Based on this feature, phages have been increasingly used to achieve food safety. They are stored in a medium or buffer to ensure stability; however, they cannot be directly applied to food under these conditions due to reasons such as regulatory considerations and concerns about marketability. This study developed a stabilizing solution that allowed the maintenance of phage activity for extended periods at room temperature while being directly applicable to food. The stability of phages stored in distilled water was relatively low. However, adding a stabilizer composed of sugars and salts improved the survival rates of phages significantly, resulting in stability for up to 48 weeks at room temperature. When Escherichia coli O157:H7-contaminated vegetables were washed with tap water containing phages, the phages reduced the pathogenic E. coli count by over 90% compared with washing with tap water alone. Additionally, when pathogenic E. coli-contaminated vegetables were placed in a phage-coated container and exposed to water, the coating of the container dissolved, releasing phages and lysing the pathogenic E. coli. This led to a significant 90% reduction in pathogenic E. coli contamination compared to that after water rinsing. These results suggest an effective and economical method for maintaining phage activity and establishing the potential for commercialization through application in the food industry.

Exploring fatty acid composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant properties in oils of newly developed sesame mutant lines in Morocco

AbstractSesame (Sesamum indicum L.) is renowned for its significance as a global oilseed crop, valued for its high oil content and nutritional properties. This study aimed to explore the fatty acid composition, bioactive compounds, and antioxidant attributes of sesame mutant oils, examining their potential applications in food industry. Nine M4 mutants, along with their parents, were grown in two contrasting environments (Taoujdate and Afourare) to investigate their seed oil, phenolic and flavonoid contents, the balance between omega‐6, omega‐9, and omega‐3 fatty acids, iodine value, and susceptibility to oxidation. Genotype and environment main effects as well as their interaction had a significant effect on the majority of the parameters studied. The mutant “US2‐1” stands out with a distinctive fatty acid profile, featuring the highest saturated fatty acids, ω‐6/ω‐9 ratio, and omega‐3 content, in addition to its high total flavonoid content and remarkable oxidative stability. “ML2‐10,” “US1‐2,” “US2‐6,” and “US2‐7” exhibit high oil content, coupled with substantial levels of phenols and flavonoids, rendering them excellent candidates for culinary and industrial applications where oxidative stability is important. “ML2‐68,” “ML2‐72,” “US06,” “US1‐DL,” and “US1‐3” offer versatile options with their moderate oil content and fatty acid profiles that resist oxidation. This research highlights the potential for breeding sesame mutants tailored to specific applications, contributing to both enhanced oil production and improved nutritional value. The insights gained here pave the way for the development of sesame varieties with superior nutritional and functional attributes, thereby promoting the sustainable production and consumption of sesame oil.

Bromelain Immobilized onto Clay-Carboxymethylcellulose Composites for Improving Nutritive Value of Soybean Meal.

Improvement of nutritional value and reduction of antinutritional factors (ANFs) of soybean meal (SBM) for animal feed applications could be achieved by using bromelain immobilized onto bentonite (Bt)-carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) composites. The composite with mass ratio between CMC to calcium ion (Ca2+) at 1:20 provided the highest enzyme activity, immobilization yield higher than 95%, with superior thermal and storage stabilities. Performance of the immobilized bromelain for soybean protein hydrolysis was further studied. The results showed that at 60 °C, the immobilized bromelain exhibited the highest efficiency in enzymatic hydrolysis to release free alpha amino nitrogen (FAN) as a product with high selectivity and to effectively reduce SBM allergenic proteins within 30 min. In conclusion, immobilization of bromelain onto Bt-CMC composites leads to stability enhancement of the enzyme, enabling effective improvement in SBM quality in a short treatment time and showing great potential for application in animal feed industries.

Thermodynamic properties of [formula omitted] double quantum wire in the presence of impurity and Rashba spin-orbit interaction

We investigate the effects of impurities and Rashba spin-orbit interaction on the thermodynamic properties in the InxGa1−xN double quantum wire. The energy and eigenvectors of our system are obtained through analytical diagonalization in the presence of external fields, Rashba spin-orbit interaction, and impurities. These energy levels are used to analyse the entropy, mean energy, heat capacity, and free energy of the InxGa1−xN double quantum wire. The system's entropy increases with temperature and Rashba spin-orbit interaction but decreases with impurity. At low temperatures, entropy appears weakly dependent on impurity and exhibits minimal dependence on it. The heat capacity shows a peak structure and rises as impurity and the Rashba spin-orbit interaction increase at low temperatures. At low temperatures, the system's mean energy gradually increases. As the temperature rises, the mean energy becomes independent of interaction strength and increases more rapidly. The mean energy decreases with increasing impurity and Rashba spin-orbit interaction. The thermodynamic properties of our system, such as entropy, heat capacity, mean energy, and free energy, make it suitable for applications in electronics (such as the fabrication of energy storage devices and transistors), industry (such as the operation of magnetic levitation trains), and medicine (such as MRI).

Screening factors to affect ultrasound-assisted extraction of (poly)phenols from date palm seeds.

The aim of the current work was to compare the (poly)phenol profile (free, soluble-conjugate, and insoluble-bound) and antioxidant activity of date palm seed flour using different extraction methods (conventional vs. ultrasound-assisted extraction [UAE]) and to determine the most critical variables in the extraction of (poly)phenols through UAE using the Plackett-Burman design experiment. Using the Plackett-Burman design, seven factors, namely, ethanol concentration, liquid:solid ratio (mL/g), sonotrode, amplitude (%), extraction time, extractant pH, and extraction cycle, were studied. After the factors were studied using conventional extraction methods, 23 compounds were quantified, with protocatechuic acid and catechin being the predominant (poly)phenols. Furthermore, the distribution of (poly)phenols within the cell varied, with glycosylated quercetins and caffeoyl shikimic acids predominantly found in free forms. Ultrasound-assisted extraction demonstrated efficiency in extracting free and soluble-conjugate (poly)phenols. However, it showed limitations in extracting insoluble-bound (poly)phenols. Nevertheless, similar amounts of total (poly)phenols were shown after conventional extraction and UAE, that is, 259.69 ± 43.54 and 189.00 ± 3.08mg/100g date seed flour, respectively. The Plackett-Burman design revealed the liquid-solid ratio as a crucial factor affecting (poly)phenol extraction, with higher ratios yielding better results. The sonotrode choice also influenced the extraction efficiency, highlighting that the sonotrode with a smaller diameter but higher displacement amplitude showed the best polyphenol recovery and antioxidant activity values. The nature of (poly)phenols influenced the studied extraction variables differently, emphasizing the complexity of the extraction process. In this line, pure water was sufficient to extract flavan-3-ols after UAE, whereas ethanol was a crucial factor in extracting quercetin. These findings underscore the importance of optimizing extraction methods for maximizing (poly)phenol recovery from date palm seed flour for various applications in food and pharmacology industries.

Enhanced Preparative-Scale Extraction from Graševina Grape Pomace Using Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents

This research paper presents an advanced exploration into the utilization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) combined with natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) to achieve higher concentrations of polyphenols from Graševina grape pomace. Focusing on optimizing extraction parameters to maximize the yield of polyphenols, this study evaluates their potential industrial applications, particularly within the food and cosmetics sectors. The effectiveness of betaine/glucose (BGlc) NADESs in producing stable, ready-to-use extracts with enhanced bioavailability and eco-friendly attributes is underscored. The integration of UAE with BGlc NADESs has shown significant scalability and applicability for industrial use, as evidenced by the extracts’ collagenase-inhibitory effects, determined using a ninhydrin-based colorimetric assay showing the significant inhibition of gelatine degradation and scratch tests on cultured skin cells, demonstrating enhanced cell migration and wound healing, indicating their potential in anti-aging cosmetic products. Additionally, the results from PAMPA tests demonstrated that NADES extraction significantly enhances the intestinal absorption of polyphenols from grape pomace extracts compared to conventional solvents, highlighting the potential of NADESs to improve the bioavailability of these compounds and offering promising implications for their application in the food industry. Furthermore, the research highlights the practicality of directly incorporating these extracts into products, such as anti-aging creams and functional foods, supporting sustainability initiatives within the cosmetic and food industries. This work aims to provide a comprehensive guide to green extraction techniques on a preparative scale, showcasing the versatility and innovative applications of NADES-extracted compounds across various industries, thereby paving the way for the development of eco-conscious and effective products.

Condition Monitoring System: A Flexible Hybrid Electronics Approach for Sealed Container Applications

A comparative study is presented between two advanced flexible hybrid electronics (FHE) systems designed for monitoring temperature within storage containers across various industries, including food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, automotive, and defense. The first system, a copper-flex system (CFS), employs an 88.9 µm polyimide substrate with 35 µm thick copper traces, coated with a 12.5 µm polyimide solder mask. The second system, a printed-flex system (PFS), utilizes a 127 µm polyimide substrate with high-temperature resistance and tensile strength. Conductive silver ink was screen-printed on the PFS substrate, and electronic components including a temperature sensor were attached. Functional and reliability tests were performed to check the accuracy and durability of the temperature sensor. Further, environmental and mechanical characterizations including moisture and insulation resistance, corrosion, elongation, bending, and terminal bond strength tests were performed based on ASTM and IPC-TM650 standards. Moisture and insulation resistance test on the PFS test coupons without a coating layer indicated stable resistance of approximately 18 MΩ, while permanent color change indicated oxidation of copper on uncoated CFS test coupons. After 72 hours of corrosion test, both the CFS and PFS “meander line” test coupons covered with polyimide showed negligible change in weight and resistance, approximately 0.35%. A Young’s modulus of 7.17 GPa and 2.6 GPa was calculated from the elongation test for the CFS and PFS, respectively. Bending tests on PFS revealed negligible average resistance change (0.1%) during 180° bending cycles, while no impact was recorded on the CFS. During the terminal bond strength test, soldered wires detached from the CFS test coupons at an average force of 43 N, while it was 3.8 N on the PFS test coupons. Both systems with polyimide coating layer demonstrate robustness and reliability for diverse applications in various industries.

Correlation between destructive and non-destructive evaluation to study of plastic waste aggregate mortar: a case study of mechanical proprieties

Non-destructive evaluation using ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) testing has extensive applications in the cement materials industry. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) test is accepted as alternative to destructive testing to determine the compressive strength, dynamic modulus of elasticity, and Poisson’s ratio, which are needed for structural design. In modern construction technology, the use of Plastic waste (PW) as a partial replacement to natural aggregates in a mortar mix is growing in popularity primarily because it reduces the initial capital cost of raw materials and the associated conservation in environment. In this regard, this study explains the correlations between mechanical proprieties, and UPV tests for mortar contains 25%, 50%, and 75% of waste aggregate of plastic. Mortar based on Plastic Waste (MPW) specimens were tested by direct, semi-direct, and indirect UPV. UPV measurements can be effectively used to determine the dynamic modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio of Mortar based on Plastic Waste MPW. The dynamic elastic modulus and the Poisson’s ratio decreases for the same mortar composite when at increasing PW content. Thus, the incorporation of PW particles into the cement matrix confirms the capacity of composites to reduce the sound intensity and damp vibrations inside the composites. The results of this study will be significant for non-destructive evaluations of MPW, while additional recommendations for future studies are presented at the end of the paper.

Litsea cubeba essential oil: Extraction, chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, and applications in the food industry.

Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Pers. (Lauraceae) is a valuable industrial crop that produces essential oil. The essential oil extracted from L. cubeba (LCEO) has broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity and high antioxidant properties, with great potential for increased usage in the food industry. This literature review summarizes the extraction techniques, content and chemical composition, and antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of LCEO, with a focus on its usage in the food industry, which is an area of substantial recent research. The chemical composition of LCEO, which is affected by various factors, plays a key role in determining its bioactivity and usage in food. The potent antimicrobial activity of LCEO against various foodborne pathogens gives it potential for use in food packaging and preservation to extend shelf life. Future research challenges include the elucidation of the role and mechanism of individual chemical components of LCEO in inhibiting specific foodborne microorganisms; cultivar development to produce germplasm that yields essential oils of the desired chemical composition; and the development of commercial products that can be used in the food industry.

Parametric study to investigate mechanical properties of welded dissimilar Al6063 and Al 7073 alloys through FSW process

Aluminium alloys have been the most prominent materials that have applications in every industry due to their high strength-to-weight ratio. The low melting point and easy recyclability also attract the scientific community to apply such material in modern manufacturing. The revolution in aluminium alloys came after the invention of friction stir welding, which provided high-end welding results and catastrophically increased its application in aerospace industries. Still, many inconclusive studies need to be explored for its high-end application, especially for newly invented aluminium alloy composites. Hence, this study investigates the application of friction stir welding process for welding dissimilar Aluminium alloy compositions. The investigation starts by analysing the effect of rotational speed, feed rate, and force on temperature generation, hardness, and welding strength. Three levels of process parameters, i.e. rotational speed in the range of 1000–1200 rpm, force of 12–18 N and feed rate of 40–60 mm min−1, are selected to analyse the effect on hardness and strength of the weld. After analysis, the optimum conditions obtained were a rotational speed of 1200 rpm, a feed rate of 50 mm min−1, and an average load of 15 N for a maximum hardness of 93.16 BHN and welding strength of 228 MPa. The investigation’s findings indicated that several phenomena, including the effects of high blending activity, plastic disfigurement, the repercussions of grain structure, and frictional intensity, may influence the hardness and strength of the weld. The growth of uniform structure at the stirred area is caused by pin movement during welding, specifically from the retreating side to the advancing side.