Application In China Research Articles

From Substantive to Procedural Law: Better Approach to Equal Treatment of Chinese State-Owned and Private Enterprises

The institutional plight of dual discrimination’ has forced Chinese private enterprises to commit crimes in order to survive, as they are treated differently from state-owned enterprises both politically and economically. In response, China’s Criminal Law Amendment (XI) has enhanced the statutory penalties for crimes committed by private enterprises to make them more similar to those committed by state-owned enterprises. Chinese scholars considered this amendment as an important step forward in achieving equal treatment for Chinese private and state-owned enterprises. With the aim of exploring the appropriate approach of equal treatment of Chinese state-owned and private enterprises, we start our research by examining the above considerations. However, from the perspective of the theory of the purpose of penalties, the punishment for crimes committed by private enterprises need not be absolutely identical to those for crimes committed by state-owned enterprises. Therefore, enhancement of the penalties aiming to protect private enterprises in criminal substantive law does not contribute to realization of the principle of equality before the law. Switching from criminal substantive law to criminal procedural law is a better approach to achieve equal treatment for state-owned and private enterprises in China. The reason for this is that, according to the theory of rectificatory justice, in order to achieve equal treatment of private and state-owned enterprises, more judicial preferences should be granted to private enterprises in the criminal procedural law, rather than in the substantive law. Within the framework of the current China’s criminal procedure law, we can take two parts of procedural strategies in application of procedure law into consideration, including: improvement in the application of China’s corporate compliance deferred prosecution institution and restriction of custody against personnel in Chinese private enterprises.

Application of Clinical Pharmacology in Early Clinical Drug Development: PK/PD studies of a new proton pump inhibitor

Clinical pharmacology is critical in drug development. This presentation introduces the current status of its application in China, and then presents a PK/PD model for proton-pump inhibitor (PPI) drugs. This mechanism-based model is established using ilaprazole as a case drug in which food effect and circadian rhythm are taken into account, and it provides a potential strategy to accelerate the development of novel PPIs.

On the Innovative Application of China’s Traditional Arts and Crafts in the Industry of Fashion Arts

The language concerning traditional arts and crafts is increasingly applied in modern fashion designing, which has become the important design ideas by focusing on the traditions. By elaborating the recognition of traditional arts and crafts, its diversified emerges in fashion arts including its classification s, materials, production methods, design methods and the diversity of design themes, the author discusses the creative application by combining the traditional arts and crafts and the modern fashion design and artistry. By explaining the traditional culture and analyzing its applications, the author explores the innovative application of traditional arts and crafts in the industry of modern fashion arts. The terminal aim is to link up the traditions and fashion, protect and inherit China’s traditional arts and crafts, promote modern fashion brands and extend the cultural connotation of fashion brands.

A deep learning-based multi-turn conversation modeling for diagnostic Q&A document recommendation

Online healthcare communities (OHCs) have become producers of medical information. Solving the issue of how to effectively reuse such a large amount of medical data and discover its potential value is of the utmost importance for alleviating the shortage of medical resources. Online consultation has received widespread attention and population since its first appearance in 1999, and as a result, many diagnostic multi-turn questions and answers (Q&A) documents have become available. This type of document is formed by multiple rounds of patient questions and doctors’ diagnostic answers and contains massive medical knowledge and doctors’ diagnostic experience. Few studies concentrate on the modeling and recommendation of this type of document, yet making these documents convenient for reuse reduces the cost of medical consultation for patients and saves time addressing common diseases for doctors. In this paper, we focus on the modeling and understanding of diagnostic multi-turn Q&A records and propose a deep-learning recommendation framework based on patient medical information needs, the contents of Q&A records and doctor background information. With the evaluation based on a real dataset that contains pediatric consultation dialogues fetched from DingXiangYuan, a famous online consultation application in China, we found that the proposed model achieved a good performance on the recommendation of diagnostic multi-turn Q&A records and outperformed baseline models. In addition, we discussed a potential application scenario of the recommendation model, suggesting that the proposed model can promote the reduction of patient costs and doctors’ work pressure in countries or regions with insufficient medical resources.

Innovation-driven development strategy and research development investment: a case study of Chinese sport firms

PurposeThis study investigated the effectiveness and applicability of China’s innovation-driven policies on encouraging sports firms to invest in research and development (R&D) activities.Design/methodology/approachThrough a series of multiple linear regression models, this study examined the direct and interaction effects of innovation-driven polices and firm characteristics on R&D investment for sport firms listed on the New Third Board in China.FindingsResults showed that financing constraints and certification as a high-tech enterprise were not themselves significant predictors of R&D investment; instead, the number of R&D staff and a firm's total assets were identified as key internal factors predicting the level of a firm's R&D investment. Other effective policy tools for stimulating Chinese sport firms' R&D investments included pre-tax deductions of R&D expenses, government R&D subsidies and income tax relief for high-tech enterprises, although their effects were heterogeneous.Research limitations/implicationsThis study observes a new theoretical discovery that when the financing constraints do not limit R&D investment, innovation-driven strategies remain effective tools to stimulate the R&D investment of sports firms.Practical implicationsThe findings provided practical guidance for both government–industry policymakers and sport business managers to prioritize the identified areas of significance when promoting R&D.Originality/valueFirst, this study focused on sport firms, which constitute a quickly growing industrial sector in China. The findings offered important insights for the government as well as corporate management with regard to promoting new industries and new enterprises. Second, this paper analyzed the effects of three special innovation-driven policies on R&D investment and explored enterprise innovation development in more detail. Third, this paper discussed not only the effects of innovation-driven policies on R&D investment but also the heterogeneity of their effects. The related conclusions could help improve the development, implementation and assessment of innovation-driven policies.

Simulation and analysis of thermochemical seasonal solar energy storage for district heating applications in China

Thermochemical energy storage, a promising candidate for seasonal solar thermal energy storage, offers an economic solution to mitigate the use of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions due to its large storage density and almost zero-loss long-term storage. The present article explored the potential of the thermochemical seasonal energy storage system using MgO/Mg(OH)2 system for solar district heating applications in China. The solar district heating model with thermochemical seasonal energy storage system, including the parabolic trough solar collector and a chemical reactor, has been built. The dynamic charging/discharging performance of the seasonal solar thermal energy storage system has been simulated and analyzed by using the real weather data and the practical domestic heating demand. The optimal parameters of the equipment have been identified. And the comparison of the performances between thermochemical seasonal energy storage system and the conventionally used water storage tank system has been carried out for various areas of China. The results indicate that the stored thermochemical energy is able to contribute 94.6% of heating demand in the discharging stage, demonstrating the application potential of MgO/Mg(OH)2 thermochemical energy storage system in China. The needed solar collector areas of the seasonal thermochemical energy storage system decrease by up to 2/3 compared with those of a water storage tank system in the condition of the similar storage system volume. The advantage of seasonal thermochemical energy storage is more obvious for the case of region with abundant solar energy supply.

Mandatory Corporate Social Responsibility? Legislative Innovation and Judicial Application in China

Abstract Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is often understood as voluntary corporate behavior beyond legal compliance. The recent emergence of CSR legislation is challenging this typical understanding. A number of countries including China, Indonesia, and India have expressly stated in legislation that companies shall undertake CSR. However, the CSR law is controversial. Critics of CSR see the law as an unwise effort to challenge profit maximization as the only social responsibility of the corporation. Even CSR advocates welcome the CSR law with great caution. Given the vague statutory language of CSR, the practical application of the law places high demands on the judiciary. However, as the countries that have adopted the CSR law are mainly developing countries with rather weak legal institutions, it raises a common concern that the law is simply an innovation without implementation. This Article conducts an empirical study of China, an early adopter of CSR legislation. The empirical analysis of Chinese court cases reveals what the CSR law means in judicial practice, whether CSR is in fact mandatory, and in what types of disputes CSR is relevant or outcome determinative. Among various findings, this Article shows that the CSR law is by no means as useless as commonly expected. The meaningful application of the law is attributable to the law’s compatibility with China’s legal infrastructure and sociopolitical institutions. Chinese courts have innovatively applied CSR in various contexts far beyond the traditionally Western-led focus on directors’ fiduciary duties. The Chinese experience suggests that the CSR law is more of a judicial review standard than a corporate behavior standard, which further confirms the importance of judicial capacity in implementing the vague law. This Article concludes with insights for the corporate purpose debate from a comparative perspective and with policy suggestions for adopting CSR legislation.

Control effect of fungicide pyraclostrobin alternately applied with Bordeaux mixture against apple Glomerella leaf spot and its residue after preharvest application in China

Apple Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is caused by Colletotrichum fructicola, which causes severe leaf spot symptoms and leads to early defoliation, resulting in considerable economic losses. Since few efficient chemical control strategies were yet available in China, the aim of this work was to establish the basis of a control strategy for GLS. In the present study, we determined in vitro toxicity of three commercial fungicides prochloraz, pyraclostrobin and tebuconazole against mycelial growth and conidia germination of C. fructicola. The EC50 values of the three fungicides on mycelial growth ranged from 0.02 to 0.55 μg ai mL−1, and that on conidia germination ranged from 2.01 to 3.02 μg ai mL−1. Two consecutive years of field experiment was conducted in 2017 and 2018 in four apple orchards of Shandong province in China for further verifying the control effect of these three agents. The four apple orchards that planted with susceptible cultivar ‘Gala’ use two training systems, one is the slender pyramid training system (SP), and the other is the slender spindle training system (SS). Besides the target agent treatment, Bordeaux mixture was also sprayed for one or two times in a growing season. Synthetic fungicide pyraclostrobin sprayed at the dose 810.00, 405.00, and 202.50 g ai ha−1 in 2017, and 810.00, 405.00, and 303.75 g ai ha−1 in 2018. Tebuconazole was applied at the dose 580.50 g ai ha−1 in 2017, and prochloraz was applied at the dose 911.25 g ai ha−1 in 2018. Results showed that the treatment of pyraclostrobin at 810.00 and 405.00 g ai ha−1 combined with Bordeaux mixture have good control effect. The application frequency of fungicides in SS training system orchard is one to two times less than that in SP training system orchard, but the control effect of chemical agents in the former is greater than or equal to the latter. The final residues of all pesticides were below the Chinese national standards for pesticide residues. In conclusion, the application strategy of spraying pyraclostrobin combined with Bordeaux mixture can effectively prevent and control GLS caused by C. fructicola, and reasonable preharvest application of the fungicide will not cause excessive pesticide residues.

Recent Advances in Polymer Flooding in China: Lessons Learned and Continuing Development

SummaryPolymer flooding is one of the most promising chemical enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) techniques. It offers a high incremental-oil-recovery factor (IORF), low cost, and wide reservoir applicability. The first large commercial polymer-flooding application began in Daqing Oil Field and remains the largest polymer application in the world. However, encouraged by the success of previous field applications and new findings regarding the viscoelasticity of polymers in the reduction of residual oil saturation (ROS), high-concentration high-molecular-weight (MW) polymer-flooding (HCHMW) field tests have been conducted in many oil fields in China. Although some of these field tests in Daqing are well-documented, subsequent progress has seldom been reported. Moreover, recent references about the latest polymer-flooding applications in China reveal that HCHMW has only a limited application in Daqing. This is not in agreement with previous reports and expectations, especially given that viscoelasticity has been drawing increased attention. This paper explains why HCHMW is not currently widely used. New types of amphiphilic polymers are also field tested in China. Lessons learned from polymer-flooding practices in offshore reservoirs, heavy-oil reservoirs, and conglomerate reservoirs are given to help reduce risks and costs of polymer flooding in the low-oil-price era. EOR techniques in post-polymer-flooding reservoir field tests are also compared. In addition to providing useful information for engineers, this paper helps clarify some misconceptions—such as injecting the most viscous polymer possible—in polymer-flooding implementations, according to polymer-flooding practice in China. Annual oil production using polymer flooding as well as polymer utility factors (UFs) are given. Various technical parameters, such as polymer slug, viscosity, IORF, oil-increase factor (OIF), and water-cut decrease, are provided to better understand polymer-flooding evaluation as well economics.

Frame-based Conceptual Model of Smart City’s Applications in China

Starting from the development path of modern cities, this thesis expounds the conceptual-based framework of application as well as the development background and overall status of “Smart City”. Specifically, it focuses on analyzing basic applications in three major areas (smart health, smart transportation, and smart community), studies some innovative practices of smart construction in China, and prospects the challenges and trends of smart city development in China.

Heat transfer performance of an assembled multilayer wall in a Chinese solar greenhouse considering humidity

This paper presents a new type of assembled multilayer wall suitable for Chinese solar greenhouses, and studies the heat transfer performance of the wall with three different external insulation schemes. The results show that there is coupling in the heat and moisture transfer of the assembled multilayer wall in the solar greenhouse, but it is not obvious and is not sensitive to the change in humidity outside the room, which is beneficial to the construction of thermal environments in solar greenhouses. The relative humidity of the clay filling in the wall is kept at approximately 99%, which gives the wall a stable and efficient heat storage and release capacity that can basically realize one-way heat transfer between the wall and the indoor environment. There is a lag effect in the response of the temperature field in the wall to the change in the external temperature. Increasing the thickness of the polystyrene insulation board on the outdoor side in a certain range can reduce the lag effect and increase the heat storage of the wall by 24.95%, the heat released to the room by 41.72%, and the hourly average heat released during the heat release process by 3.08 times. The wall design concept is advanced, the heat storage and release performance is good, and the wall can be quickly assembled, reused and returned to the field on site, which is suitable for large-scale application in China and in the world.

A method for evaluating the longitudinal functional connectivity of a river–lake–marsh system and its application in China

AbstractThe longitudinal functional connectivity of a river–lake–marsh system (RLMS) refers to the actual water‐mediated transport of material from upstream to downstream areas along a spatial gradient and is fundamental to understand hydrological and biogeochemical cycles. However, due to a lack of consensus on appropriate data and methods, the quantification of connectivity is still a challenge, especially at the catchment scale. We developed a new method to evaluate longitudinal functional connectivity based on fluxes of materials (water, sediment, and chemicals) along a RLMS. The calculation of fluxes is based on the longitudinal pattern of terrain gradient, which influences transport efficiency, and on contributions from hillslopes, which set the initial spatial template of material loading to the RLMS. We evaluate the contributions from hillslopes to RLMS based on a new modified version of the index of sediment connectivity (IC) proposed by Borselli et al. (2008) and revised by Chartin et al. (2017).We applied this method to the Baiyangdian Basin covering an area of 3.4 × 104 km2 in China and quantified longitudinal functional connectivity during normal, wet, and dry periods(April, July and December) in year 2016. We found that areas with good structural connectivity exhibited poor functional connectivity during the normal and dry periods. Modelling testing with discharge data from hydrological stations and measured chemicals from Baiyangdian Lake was satisfactory in test periods. We conclude that public data and Digital Elevation Model‐derived information can be used to reliably map the longitudinal functional connectivity of RLMSs. The proposed method provides a useful tool for monitoring and restoring the longitudinal functional connectivity of RLMSs and our results indicate that efforts aimed at restoring functional connectivity in RLMSs should take into account landscape patterns that can greatly influence fluxes in the watershed.

Utilization of Mobility Data in the Fight Against COVID-19.

Utilization of Mobility Data in the Fight Against COVID-19.

Methodological framework for identifying sustainability intervention priority areas on coastal landscapes and its application in China

In regional sustainability evaluation and policy analysis, the paradigm of safe operating spaces (SOS) has been widely applied. Yet, SOS is not readily useful for informing policy interventions toward sustainability transition. This study reports on a methodological framework that operationalizes SOS at the regional scale for designing spatially targeted sustainability interventions. In particular, this framework accounts for teleology by integrating policy orientations of the place-variant “major function” of development, and provides early-warnings by integrating long-term social-environmental trends. The framework we proposed has been applied by the Chinese government in a coastal province (Liaoning) for a landscape sustainability project, which is introduced here step-by-step. The four main steps include: (1) Quantifying SOS status across multiple “what to sustain” dimensions, e.g., land scarcity, water scarcity, pollutant discharge, and ecosystem health for the inland, and coastal exploitation intensity, marine environmental quality, and marine ecosystem biodiversity for the sea. (2) Quantifying SOS status in terms of the place-variant “what to develop” dimensions, e.g., urbanization-oriented, agriculture-stock-oriented, versus conservation-oriented development. (3) Integrating the two as a composite indicator of three ordinal levels to classify the current SOS status. (4) Developing a multi-level sustainability early-warning system by cross-analysis of the SOS status and social-environmental interaction trends (e.g., changes in, e.g., resource utilization efficiency, pollutant discharge, and eco-environmental quality). The potential use of the framework is demonstrated through the case of Liaoning Province, China, which helps policy-makers to identify priority areas for sustainability interventions. Methodological robustness and future directions of applying this multi-level sustainability early-warning system are further discussed.

Research on teaching practice of app inventor course with embedded in computational thinking

At present, the concept of computational thinking is spreading in education circles around the world. From the point of view of current research and application in China, the research on the cultivation of computational thinking in K-12 education is still in the early stage. Based on the graphic programming design course of app inventor in primary and secondary schools, this study embeds computing thinking into teaching objectives and contents, constructs the teaching model of app inventor course with embedded computing thinking, and discusses how to cultivate students' computing thinking ability in teaching practice. The method provided in this paper is helpful to analyse the changes of students' computational thinking during the teaching process, and it can effectively identify teaching effects.

Biological Control with Trichogramma in China: History, Present Status, and Perspectives.

Trichogramma species make up one of the most commonly used groups of natural enemies for biological control programs worldwide. Given the major successes in using Trichogramma to control economically important lepidopterous pests on agricultural crops in China, the biology and ecology of these wasps have been intensively studied to identify traits that contribute to successful biological control. Since the 1960s, improved mass production of Trichogramma and better augmentative release methods to suppress agricultural pests have been achieved. We review the history of research and development; current knowledge on biodiversity and bio-ecology of the species used; and achievements in mass-rearing methods, release strategies, and current large-scale applications in China. In addition, we discuss potential issues and challenges for Trichogramma research and applications in the future.

Impact of Nanotechnology Patents on Green Development of China's Building Industry

The sustainable development of the building industry has drawn increasing attention around the world. Nanomaterials and nanotechnology play an important role in the processes of energy saving and reducing consumption in the building industry. Nanotechnology patents provide key technological support for the green development of the building industry. Based on patent data in China, this paper quantitatively analyzed the application of nanotechnology patents in the building industry and the time trend, regional differences, and evolution of China's nano-patent applications in the building field. In this study, the environmental total factor productivity of the building industry considering carbon constraints was determined and then used as the dependent variable to measure the green development of the building industry. On this basis, a panel data regression model was constructed to determine the impact of nano-patents on the green development of the building industry. Nanotechnology patents in the building industry can significantly improve total factor productivity. From the perspective of patent composition, technology-based patents that focus on substantial innovation can significantly promote the green development of the building industry, whereas strategic patents show a significant inhibitory effect. Regionally, the western region of China has the advantage of being less developed and thus more efficient than the central and eastern regions in the application of new nano-products. Finally, the research also showed a significant lag in the application of China's nanotechnology patents and low implementation efficiency. Nano patents can promote green development in the building industry, but there is room for improvement in the speed with which laboratory inventions are transformed into building engineering applications.

Preliminary study on the feasibility assessment of CO2 booster refrigeration systems for supermarket application in China: An energetic, economic, and environmental analysis

The cold chain industry related to people's livelihood in China is developing rapidly today. The energy efficiency level and environmentally-friendly characteristics of cold chain equipment need to be enhanced and improved urgently. The CO2 booster refrigeration systems (BRS) are widely used and developed in European supermarkets due to outstanding environmental benefits. The two objectives of this paper are to reveal the energy efficiency level of six CO2 BRS solutions under five typical Chinese climate conditions, as well as to objectively evaluate the application feasibility in Chinese supermarkets to inform manufacturers. Comprehensive analyses consist of energy efficiency, economy, and environment are conducted. The results show that the CO2 BRS assisted with flooded evaporation and parallel compression has the best performance. For most cities, its annual energy efficiency ratio improved by 3.9 ~ 23.2%, the payback period is averaging less than 5.5 years, and the total equivalent warming impact reduced by 11.9 ~ 52.9% compared to the reference systems. The CO2 BRS solutions are proved to be good alternatives and recommended for use in northern China, while it is not suitable for hot climate cities, such as Guangzhou, and further modifications are required. For the reference systems, the R134a/CO2 cascade refrigeration system can be considered a short-term transition solution in southern China, considering its relatively decent performance.

Examining familial role in mobile news consumption as a sequential process

News consumption is deeply and widely situated in families. Employing role theory as theoretical framework, this study argues that users’ familial role would influence their mobile news consumption behavior through shaping their personal news interests and regulating their time budget of news viewing. We extracted data from the server log of the Sohu News mobile application, one of the most popular mobile news applications in China. We found that users with different familial roles demonstrate various sequential patterns of news consumption, as represented by various sequence length and turbulence. This study expands the theoretical horizons by integrating the traditional role theory and big user data analytics to address the mobile news consumption in China.

Life Cycle Assessment and Economic Analysis of Biomass Energy Technology in China: A Brief Review

This study describes the technological processes and characteristics of biomass direct combustion power generation, biomass gasification power generation, biomass mixed combustion power generation, and biomass biogas power generation in terms of their importance and application in China. Under the perspective of environmental and economic sustainability, the life cycle assessment (LCA) method and dynamic analysis method based on time value are used to simulate and evaluate the environmental loads and economic benefits of different power generation processes. By comparing with coal-fired power generation systems, the environmental and economic benefits of different biomass power generation technologies are illustrated. The results shows that biomass gasification power generation has the best environmental benefits, with a total load of 1.05 × 10−5, followed by biomass biogas power generation (9.21 × 10−5), biomass direct combustion power generation (1.23 × 10−4), and biomass mixed combustion power generation (3.88 × 10−4). Compared with the environmental load of coal-fired power generation, the reduction rate was 97.69%, 79.69%, 72.87%, and 14.56% respectively. According to the analysis of the technical economy evaluation results, when the dynamic pay-back period and IRR (internal rate of return) were used as evaluation indicators, the biomass direct combustion power generation has the best pay-back period (7.71 years) and IRR (19.16%), followed by the biogas power generation, with higher dynamic payback period (12.03 years), and lower IRR (13.49%). For gasification power generation and mixed-combustion power generation, their dynamic payback period is long, and the IRR is low. If net present value (NPV) is selected as the evaluation index, the biogas power generation appears to be the best because its net present value per megawatt is 11.94 million yuan, followed by direct combustion power generation (6.09 million yuan), and the net present value of mixed-combustion power generation and gasification power generation is relatively low. Compared with coal-fired power generation, direct combustion power generation and biogas power generation present significant economic benefits.