Application In Biodiesel Production Research Articles

Carbon nanotube filled with magnetic iron oxide and modified with polyamidoamine dendrimers for immobilizing lipase toward application in biodiesel production.

Superparamagnetic multi-walled carbon nanotubes (mMWCNTs) were prepared by filling multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) with iron oxide, and further modified by linking polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers (mMWCNTs-PAMAM) on the surface. Then, mMWCNTs-PAMAM was employed as the carrier and successfully immobilized Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) via a covalent method (BCL-mMWCNTs-G3). The maximum activity recovery of the immobilized lipase was 1,716% and the specific activity increased to 77,460 U/g-protein, 17-fold higher than that of the free enzyme. The immobilized lipase displayed significantly enhanced thermostability and pH-resistance, and could efficiently catalyze transesterification to produce biodiesel at a conversion rate of 92.8%. Moreover, it possessed better recycling performance. After 20 cycles of repeated used, it still retained ca. 90% of its original activity, since the carbon nanotube−enzyme conjugates could be easily separated from the reaction mixture by using a magnet. This study provides a new perspective for biotechnological applications by adding a magnetic property to the unique intrinsic properties of nanotubes.

Functionalization of biochar derived from lignocellulosic biomass using microwave technology for catalytic application in biodiesel production

A studyto produce an efficient catalyst to be used for biodiesel production was carried out introducingsulfonic groups in biochar using a microwave reactor.The transesterification reaction of waste cooking oils using the catalyst was also evaluated in a microwave reactor. The results showed that an increase in the temperature up to 140°C during biochar sulfonation enhanced the SO3H content on the catalyst surface. These results were confirmed through FT-IR and XPS analyses. A reduction in the surface area of the biochar was observed during the sulfonation. An increase of SO3H groups on the biochar surface was responsible for a higher FAME yield close to 90%. The catalyst could be re-used for up to six cycles by washing with hexane.

Characterization and robust nature of newly isolated oleaginous marine yeast Rhodosporidium spp. from coastal water of Northern China

A total of ten marine yeast strains isolated from Bohai Sea, Northern China were identified to be members of three genera Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, and Cryptococcus. Two representative strains Rhodosporidium TJUWZ4 and Cryptococcus TJUWZA11 with high lipid content based on Nile red staining method were further characterized. A wide range of culture conditions (C and N sources, pH, temperature, salinity and C/N ratio) were tested to characterize the biomass and lipid production (yield and productivity) of these strains. Results indicated that Rhodosporidium TJUWZ4 was capable of achieving lipid yield up to 44% and 0.09 g/l–h productivity on glucose and peptone medium at pH 4, 20 °C, 30% salinity, and C/N 80. Three fatty acids, namely oleic acid (18:1), palmitic acid (C16:0) and linoleic acid (18:2) were the major intracellular fatty acids, which accounted for 90% of total lipids. With promising features for intracellular lipid accumulation, Rhodosporidium TJUWZ4 is a robust strain with great potentials for application in biodiesel production from renewable feedstocks.

Cucurbituril-protected Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 for optimized biodiesel production from waste cooking oil

In this research, transesterification of waste cooking oil has been studied. The cucurbit[7]uril-protected Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 (CsPW-CB[7]) is prepared as a highly efficient catalyst for the direct biodiesel production via the transesterification of waste cooking oil. The CsPW-CB[7] is characterized by X-ray diffraction, FT-IR. Besides, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the operating parameters on the conversion rate of waste cooking oil. In addition, the maximum conversion rate could reach 95.1% under the optimum experimental conditions that are catalyst of 2 wt%, methanol/oil molar ratio of 11: 1, reaction time of 150 min and temperature of 70 °C. According to the assumption of pseudo-first order reaction, the activation energy of the reaction was calculated as 36.0 kJ mol−1, indicating the reaction is easy to react. The physicochemical properties of biodiesel product could reach the ASTM D6751 standard. The results indicated that the CsPW-CB[7] catalyst showed good catalytic performance and its excellent potential application in biodiesel production. Also, based on the coded parameters, the quadratic regression model with determined coefficients was presented. In addition, the model is significant according to the ANOVA analysis and residual plots.

Waste to Energy from Flue Gas of Industrial Plants to Biodiesel: Effect of CO2 on Microalgae Growth

Microalgae are a good source of lipid and other valuable chemicals which have applications in biodiesel production and food industry. Waste management using microalgae has recently gained attention since microalgae can grow by utilizing nutrient from waste resources. Carbon is quantitatively most important nutrient for cultivation of microalgae and can be supplied from flue gas of industrial plants. In this regard, selection of a suitable species of microalgae which has capability to grow using concentrated CO2 from flue gas is an important consideration. In this study, the effect supplying two concentrations of CO2 (5% and 15% (v/v)) during cultivation of two microalgae strains were investigated (Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliqus). The results showed maximum biomass concentration of 2.59 g/L under 5.0% and 1.41 g/L under 15.0% CO2 concentration for Chlorella vulgaris. However, the maximum biomass concentrations for Scenedesmus obliqus turned to be 30-60% lower. Also, the results indicated 40% and 130% higher maximum biomass productivity for Chlorella vulgaris under 5% and 15% CO2 relative to Scenedesmus obliqus. Similarly, the maximum carbon dioxide fixation was shown to be significantly higher for Chlorella vulgaris relative to Scenedesmus obliqus. Overall our results indicated that Chlorella vulgaris is the more appropriate species to be used for cultivation using flue gas of industrial plants.

Nonaqueous synthesis of SrO nanopowder and SrO/SiO2 composite and their application for biodiesel production via microwave irradiation

SrO/SiO2 composite was synthesized in a few minutes by reacting Strontium acetylacetonate in benzyl alcohol with mm size SiO2 beads using microwave radiation under argon atmosphere. The current work illustrates the optimization of a one-stage method whereby Nannochloropsis microalgae is converted to biodiesel using direct transesterification by microwave irradiation, the SrO/SiO2 serving as a base catalyst. Microwave radiation accelerates the disruption of the microalgae cells, and eases the release of oil. The SrO/SiO2 has been characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron micrograph (SEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The activity of the catalyst particles in the transesterification reaction was studied using 1H NMR spectroscopy. The catalyst was reused for six cycles without appreciable loss in catalytic activity and the biodiesel yield of the Nannochloropsis microalgae was measured.

Super-microporous solid base MgO-ZrO2 composite and their application in biodiesel production

The super-microporous microcrystalline MgO-ZrO2 nanomaterials (pore size 1–2nm) was prepared successfully via a facile one-pot evaporation-induced self-assembly (EISA) method and employed in the transesterification of soybean oil and methanol. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscope, temperature programmed desorption of CO2, and N2 adsorption porosimetry were employed to characterize the nanocomposites. Nitrogen sorption isotherms revealed that these materials had large surface areas of more than 200m2/g. Moreover, the sample with a Mg/Zr molar ratio of 0.5 and calcined at 400°C showed high biodiesel yield (around 99% at 150°C).

Phytochemicals of Moringa oleifera: a review of their nutritional, therapeutic and industrial significance.

Moringa oleifera Lam., also known as the ‘drumstick tree,’ is recognized as a vibrant and affordable source of phytochemicals, having potential applications in medicines, functional food preparations, water purification, and biodiesel production. The multiple biological activities including antiproliferation, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antiatherosclerotic, oxidative DNA damage protective, antiperoxidative, cardioprotective, as well as folk medicinal uses of M. oleifera (MO) are attributed to the presence of functional bioactive compounds, such as phenolic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, phytosterols, natural sugars, vitamins, minerals, and organic acids. The low molecular weight of M. oleifera cationic proteins (MOCP) extracted from the seeds is very useful and is used in water purification, because of its potent antimicrobial and coagulant properties. Also, the M. oleifera methyl esters (MOME) produced from the oil of the seeds meet the major specifications of the biodiesel standard of Germany, Europe, and United States (US). Thus, MO is emerging as one of the prominent industrial crops for sustainable biodiesel production in tropical and subtropical countries. In view of the high nutritional, nutraceutical, and industrial values, it is important to compile an updated comprehensive review on the related aspects of this multipurpose and miracle tree. Hence, the present study is focused on the nutritionally significant bioactives and medicinal and biological properties, to explore the potential applications of MO in nutritionally rich food preparations. Furthermore, water coagulation, proteins, and fatty acid methyl esters from the MO seeds are reviewed, to explore their possible industrial applications in biodiesel production and water purification. In addition, the future perspectives in these areas are suggested.

Effect of silica coating on Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles for lipase immobilization and their application for biodiesel production

The scope of this study was to prepare different organosilane-modified Fe3O4@SiO2 core magnetic nanocomposites with immobilized lipase and explore their potential application in biodiesel field. Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles prepared by co-precipitation method were coated with various ratios of SiO2 as per Stöber method and further functionalized by different organosilane compounds APTES (3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane) and MPTMS (3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane). Functionalized Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles were immobilized with free lipase NS81006 by glutaraldehyde cross-linking reagent. The functional groups, structure, morphology and magnetic susceptibility of synthesized and modified Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, and VSM techniques. The immobilization efficiency and activity recovery were reduced by increasing the ratio of silica coating on Fe3O4. Maximum activity recovery (84% by APTES, 83% by MPTMS) and biodiesel yield (>90%) were obtained by lipase immobilized on Fe3O4@SiO2 support when the Fe3O4 and SiO2 (TEOS) ratio was low (1:0.25).

Synthesis of Ti(SO4)O solid acid nano-catalyst and its application for biodiesel production from used cooking oil

A novel solid acid nano-catalyst [Ti(SO4)O] was synthesised and used for the simultaneous esterification and transesterification of free fatty acids in used cooking oil (UCO) to produce biodiesel. The synthesised nano-catalyst was fully characterized by different analytical techniques. The XPS results clearly confirmed that the bidentate sulphate coordinated to the Ti4+ metal in the nano-catalyst product. Obtained d-spacing values from the experimental data of XRD peaks and the SAED pattern of produced nano-catalyst agreed well with the d-spacing values from the JCPDS-ICDD card numbers 04-011-4951 for titanium sulphate oxide or titanium oxysulfate crystal structures.This confirms the sulphate groups were within the crystalline structure rather than on the surface of titania nanoparticles, which has not been previously reported. It has been demonstrated 97.1% yield for the fatty acid methyl ester can be achieved usign the synthetised catalyst under a reaction time of 3h, catalyst to UCO ration of 1.5wt% and methanol to UCO ratio of 9:1 at 75°C reaction temperature. The nano-catalyst showed a good catalytic activity for the feedstock containing ≤6wt% free fatty acid. Furthermore, the catalytic activity and re-usability of the Ti(SO4)O for the esterification/transesterification of UCO were investigated. XRD results confirmed that the amount of SO42− species in the solid acid nano-catalyst slowly decreased with re-use after 8 cycles under optimised conditions, which is higher than the reusability of other functionalised titania reported in the literature. Finally, the biodiesel prodcued from this process satisfied the ASTM and European Norm standards.

RADIATION GRAFTED NATURAL FIBRES FUNCTIONALIZED WITH ALKALISED AMINE FOR TRANSESTERIFICATION OF COTTONSEED OIL TO BIODIESEL

Poly(glycidyl methacrylate) grafted Linum usitatissimum (flax) fibers functionalized with diethylamine (DEA) groups followed by alkalisation were prepared and used as a heterogeneous catalyst for production of biodiesel. Particularly, the new basic catalyst was used for transesterification of cottonseed oil using different molar ratios with methanol and various reaction temperatures. The gas chromatography analysis was used to confirm the conversion of the cottonseed oil to biodiesel. The transesterification reaction temperature affected the conversion percentage significantly. The highest conversion was obtained at 60 °C. In addition, the oil/methanol ratio in the reaction mixture of 1:33 resulted in the highest conversion ratio reaching about 97 %. These results suggest that the alkaline organic catalyst prepared in this study has a potential for application in biodiesel production.

A new extracellular thermo-solvent-stable lipase from Burkholderia ubonensis SL-4: Identification, characterization and application for biodiesel production

In the present study, a new lipase SL-4 from Burkholderia ubonensis SL-4, was purified by 80% ammonium sulphate precipitation, Q Sepharose FF anion exchange and Superdex 75 gel filtration chromatography finally leading to 68.5-fold purification and 13.34% recovery. It had a molecular mass of ca. 33kDa and the whole gene (1095-bp) was cloned by using degenerate primers. Amino acid sequence analysis revealed that lipase SL-4 is a new member of subfamily I.2 lipases. Lipase SL-4 exhibited optimum activity toward p-NP myristate (C14) at pH 8.5 and 65°C with a Km of 0.72mM, a kcat of 391.63s−1 and a kcat/Km of 543.93s−1mM−1. It had good thermostability at 50°C and pH 8.5, and could be activated strongly by Ca2+ and Mn2+, but inhibited by some transition metal ions and EDTA, PMSF, DTT and β-ME. Additionally, lipase SL-4 possessed non-ionic detergent stability and organic solvent stability. When preliminarily employed to catalyze soybean oil for biodiesel production, the liquid lipase SL-4 could attain a conversion ratio of 92.24% in a solvent-free system. These results demonstrate that the new thermo-solvent-stable lipase possesses an attractive potential for biotechnological applications as biocatalyst, especially for biodiesel production.

Biodiesel production from palm oil using hydrated lime-derived CaO as a low-cost basic heterogeneous catalyst

In this study, hydrated lime-derived calcium oxide (CaO) was used as a catalyst for the transesterification of palm oil. The catalysts were characterized by TG-DTA, XRD, XRF, FT-IR, SEM, Hammett indicator method, TPD-CO2 and BET by N2 adsorption. Under the optimal conditions at catalyst loading of 6wt.%, methanol/oil molar ratio of 15:1, reaction temperature 65°C, and stirring rate of 200rpm; 97% yield of biodiesel could be achieved in 2h. Effects of water amount were investigated and the catalyst could tolerate high water content of 5wt.%. The kinetic of the reaction followed pseudo-first order with the activation energy (Ea) of 121.12kJ/mol and frequency factor (A) of 1.203×1017min−1. After treatments, high quality biodiesel was obtained which indicated that the very cheap hydrated lime-derived CaO showed excellent catalytic activity and high potential for applications in biodiesel production.

Valorization of Palm Oil Mill Effluent into Lipid and Cell-Bound Lipase by Marine Yeast Yarrowia lipolytica and Their Application in Biodiesel Production

Purpose This study aimed to valorize palm oil mill effluent (POME) into lipid and lipase by marine yeast Yarrowia lipolytica and to evaluate their application in biodiesel production.

Extraction of Nickel Nanoparticles from Electroplating Waste and Their Application in Production of Bio-diesel from Biowaste

concentrations of Cr +6 , Ni +2 , Cu +2 and Zn +2 ions were much more than the permissible norms of discharge which causes serious damage to the environment. To cater this issue, these heavy metal ions were extracted from the sample and then converted to their respective oxide nanoparticles by chemical precipitation and sol-gel methods respectively. And then, these nanoparticles were characterized by FTIR and XRD techniques. Also one of the major wastes produced in India is the butchery waste which causes severe health problems and is aesthetically unpleasant. This paper mainly focuses on the production of biodiesel from butchery waste by a new pathway utilizing heterogeneous nano-catalysts of Nickel(Ni +2 ) (extracted from electroplating waste) for the process of trans-esterification, which produces biodiesel which are mono-alkyl esters of long chain fatty acids (FAME-Fatty Acid Methyl Esters).

A thermo‐alkaline lipase from a new thermophile Geobacillus thermodenitrificans AV‐5 with potential application in biodiesel production

AbstractBACKGROUNDA thermophilic lipase‐producing Geobacillus thermodenitrificans strain AV‐5 was isolated from the Mushroom Spring of Yellowstone National Park in WY, USA and studied as a source of lipase for transesterification of vegetable oils to biodiesel.RESULTSA maximum activity of 330 U mL−1 was produced on 2% (v/v) waste cooking oil at 50 °C, pH 8, aeration rate of 1 vvm and agitation speed of 400 rpm. However, the higher lipase productivity (14.04 U mL−1 h−1) was found at a volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (kLa) value of 18.48 h−1. The partially purified lipase had a molecular weight, temperature and pH optimum of 50 kDa, 65 °C and pH 9, respectively, and was thermo‐alkali stable: at 70 °C, it retained 81% activity and 45% stability; at pH 10 it lost only 15% and 2.6% of its maximum activity and stability, respectively. Enzyme kinetic studies with p‐nitrophenyl laurate as substrate revealed high substrate specificity (km of 0.440 mmol L−1) and kinetic activity (vmax of 556 nmol mL min−1) of lipase.CONCLUSIONSThe kLa was found to be highly dependent on aeration and agitation rates. Following optimization of fermentation medium and parameters, a 7.5‐fold increase in lipase production by G. thermodenitrificans was attained. The lipase activity and substrate specificity (as km) are among the highest reported in the literature for bacterial lipases. It was demonstrated that the enzyme can produce biodiesel from waste cooking oil with a conversion yields of 76%. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

Enhanced Catalytic Activity for Biodiesel Synthesis using an Acid‐Tolerant Calcium/Magnesium/Aluminum‐Oxide Hybrid with Improved Hydrophobicity and Dispersibility

AbstractTo increase the activity of the CaO catalyst for biodiesel synthesis, CaO–MgO–Al2O3 was prepared by coprecipitation. CaO, CaO–MgO, and CaO–MgO–Al2O3 were investigated with regard to their dispersibility, hydrophobicity, and thermal stability. The additions of MgO and Al2O3 had a beneficial effect on the activity of the resulting CaO–MgO–Al2O3 catalyst, showing a biodiesel yield of 97.7 % because of the improvements in dispersibility and hydrophobicity. CaO–MgO–Al2O3 gave better acid resistance and better reusability, which is important for potential application in biodiesel production.

Rapid and high-density covalent immobilization of Rhizomucor miehei lipase using a multi component reaction: application in biodiesel production

Rapid and high capacity immobilization ofRhizomucor mieheilipase on aldehyde-functionalized supports was performed under mild conditionviaa multi component reaction. The mechanism of immobilization reaction was determined as the Ugi reaction.

Lipase biofilm deposited by Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation technique

Lipase is an enzyme that finds application in biodiesel production and for detection of esters and triglycerides in biosensors. Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE), a technique derived from Pulsed Laser Deposition (PLD) for deposition of undamaged biomolecules or polymers, is characterized by the use of a frozen target obtained from a solution/suspension of the guest material (to be deposited) in a volatile matrix (solvent). The presence of the solvent avoids or at least reduces the potential damage of guest molecules by laser radiation but only the guest material reaches the substrate in an essentially solvent-free deposition. MAPLE can be used for enzymes immobilization, essential for industrial application, allowing the development of continuous processes, an easier separation of products, the reuse of the catalyst and, in some cases, enhancing enzyme properties (pH, temperature stability, etc.) and catalytic activity in non-aqueous media. Here we show that MAPLE technique can be used to deposit undamaged lipase and that the complex structure (due to droplets generated during extraction from target) of the deposited material can be controlled by changing the laser beam fluence.

Functional expression of a novel alkaline-adapted lipase of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens from stinky tofu brine and development of immobilized enzyme for biodiesel production.

Using enrichment procedures, a lipolytic strain was isolated from a stinky tofu brine and was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (named B. amyloliquefaciens Nsic-8) by morphological, physiological, biochemical tests and 16S rDNA sequence analysis. Meanwhile, the key enzyme gene (named lip BA) involved in ester metabolism was obtained from Nsic-8 with the assistance of homology analysis. The novel gene has an open reading frame of 645bp, and encodes a 214-amino-acid lipase (LipBA). The deduced amino acid sequence shows the highest identity with the lipase from B. amyloliquefaciens IT-45 (NCBI database) and belongs to the family of triacylglycerol lipase (EC 3.1.1.3). The lipase gene was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) using plasmid pET-28a. The enzyme activity and specific activity were 250±16U/ml and 1750±153U/mg, respectively. The optimum pH and temperature of the recombinant enzyme were 9.0 and 40°C respectively. LipBA showed much higher stability under alkaline conditions and was stable at pH 7.0-11.0. The Km and Vmax values of purified LipBA using 4-nitrophenyl palmitate as the substrate were 1.04±0.06mM and 119.05±7.16μmol/(mlmin), respectively. After purification, recombinant lipase was immobilized with the optimal conditions (immobilization time 3h at 30°C, with 92% enzyme recovery) and the immobilized enzyme was applied in biodiesel production. This is the first report of the lipase activity and lipase gene obtained from B. amyloliquefaciens (including wild strain and recombinant strain) and the recombinant LipBA with the detailed enzymatic properties. Also the preliminary study of the transesterification shows the potential value in biodiesel production applications.