Application Of Ultrasound-assisted Extraction Research Articles

Elemental Analysis of Dietary Supplements by Microwave-Induced Plasma–Optical Emission Spectrometry (MIP-OES) With Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)

The purpose of this study was to demonstrate the feasibility of determining metals (Cr, Mn, Zn, Fe, and Cu) in commercial dietary supplements using microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES) after fast ultrasound-assisted extraction. Various parameters affecting the extraction process, such as the nature and concentration of the extractant solution, sonication time, and sample mass, were evaluated. Under the optimal conditions, it was possible to quantitatively extract metals from the samples by sonicating 1.0 g of the supplement dispersed throughout 25 mL of a 1.0 mol L−1 HNO3 for only 5 min. The developed method was applied to determine the analytes in four dietary supplements available in the Brazilian market. The results obtained with the extraction method were compared with the values obtained when the samples were completely mineralized with concentrated HNO3 in a microwave oven. There were no statistical differences between the developed and reference methods when the paired Student’s t-test was applied with a 95% confidence level. The application of ultrasound-assisted extraction was demonstrated to be advantageous compared to total sample digestion. This approach allowed the use of a higher mass of the sample, thereby enhancing the analytical capability of the method. Furthermore, employing less severe conditions, such as lower energy and a diluted acid solution, simplified and reduced the cost of the procedure compared to mineralization.

Antioxidant Capacity and Potential as an Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitor in Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl Fruit Peel Ultrasonic Extract

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl is native to the tropical region of Papua Island, Indonesia, and has traditionally been used as a herbal drink, either alone or in combination with other medicinal plants, to treat diseases such as cancer, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. This study aimed to obtain the fruit peel extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The potential of the extract as an antioxidant using the cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) methods, and its potential as an antidiabetic through alpha glucosidase inhibition. The optimum extract selected was extract C (extraction time was 45 minutes and amplitude 60%) with IC50 values for antioxidant activity in the CUPRAC method of 39.63 ± 0.009 mg/L and the FRAP method of 77.37 ± 0.8 mg/L, while the inhibition of alpha glucosidase was 0.45 ± 0.007 mg/L. It can be concluded that the ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-diabetic.

Optimization of the Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. Fruit Peel and its Antioxidant and Anti-Gout Potential

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the skin extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl. through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract's potential as an antioxidant with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical inhibition parameters, and its potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl rind obtained from the UAE process ranged from 18 to 21%. The phytochemical test results of Phaleria macrocarpa fruit peel extract contain phenolic compounds, tannins, saponins, and alkaloids. Extract B was treated for 35 minutes and had an amplitude of 65% with an antioxidant activity IC50 of 52.01 ± 0.06 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 90.49 ± 0.08. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the fruit peel of Phaleria macrocarpa from the UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and anti-gout.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Tinospora crispa Stem, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti Gout Potential Activity

Aims: This study aimed to obtain the stem extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f & Thomson through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. The extract's potential as an anti-gout. Results: The yield of crude ethanol extract of Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f & Thomson obtained from the UAE process ranged from 4.49% to 10.60%. The phytochemical test results of Tinospora crispa stem extract contain saponins, tannins and alkaloids. Extract C was treated for 45 minutes and had an amplitude of 60% with a total phenolic content of 981.37 ± 0.7 mg/L and a reduction of uric acid level of 53.22 ± 0.1%. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the Tinospora crispa stem from the UAE has the potential as a source of anti-gout.

Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Andrographis paniculata Nees Leaves, Phytochemical Screening, Total Phenolic Content and Anti-Gout Potential Activity

Gout is a type of arthritis that causes painful inflammation in one or more joints. In gout, an increase in uric acid in the blood triggers the formation of crystals, causing joint pain. Indonesia is a country rich in the biodiversity of medicinal plant species. Therefore, its flora offers promising therapy for gout, one of which is Andrographis paniculata Nees. This study aims to obtain the leaf extract of A. paniculata through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with variations in time and amplitude to produce optimal extraction conditions. Then the extract obtained was subjected to phytochemical screening, a total phenolic content test and uric acid test. The results of phytochemical screening of A. paniculata leaf extract using UAE contained saponins, phenols, tannins and alkaloids. The high total phenolic content has an effect on the high potential for reducing uric acid levels. Sample B with a time variation of 35 minutes and an amplitude of 65% showed the highest total phenolic content and potential for reducing uric acid levels compared to the other samples, which were 1104.53 ± 0.5 mg GAE/g extract and 72.81±0.2 %, respectively. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the UAE extract from the leaves of A. paniculata has good potential as an anti-gout agent.

Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Non-Thermal Plasma for Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata Polysaccharides Pre-Treatment and Extraction

Brown algae Fucus virsoides and Cystoseira barbata are an abundant source of sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan, which has shown a wide range of biological activities. These activities are significantly dependent on the fucoidan chemical composition, which is closely linked with the applied extraction technique and process parameters. In order to overcome the drawbacks of lengthy conventional extraction (CE), advanced extraction techniques, such as ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and non-thermal plasma (NTP), were applied. Furthermore, this study also investigated the efficiency of different solvents as well as UAE and NTP as 5 min pre-treatments prior to CE as a more effective course of cell wall breakage and, consequently, a higher polysaccharide yield (%PS). Apart from %PS, the effect of this procedure on the chemical composition and antioxidant capacity of the extracted polysaccharides was also monitored. When comparing the extraction solvent, the application of 0.1 M H2SO4, instead of H2O, resulted in a three-fold higher %PS, a higher sulfate group, and a lower fucose content. Application of CE resulted in higher %PS, uronic acids, and fucose content as well as oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) and DPPH values, while the average molecular weight (Mw), sulfate group, and glucose content were lower during CE when compared to 30 min of UAE and NTP treatment. Application of UAE and NTP as 5 min pre-treatments decreased fucose content, while %PS and sulfate content were similar to values obtained when using CE.

Valorization of Winery Waste: Prokupac Grape Seed as a Source of Nutritionally Valuable Oil

Valorization of winery waste is a promising solution for waste management with additional benefit of bioactive compounds isolation. The aim of this study was to analyze the nutritional and bioactive potential of oil derived from Serbian autochthonous grape seed variety Prokupac and to compare it with known international grape varieties. Additionally, two extraction methods (ultrasound assisted extraction and cold pressing) were used in order to determine their influence on physico-chemical and nutritive characteristics of grape seed oil. Different methods, including determination of physicochemical properties, content of bioactive compounds, oxidative stability and antioxidative capacity were used for the characterization of grape seed oils. Results indicated that the higher yield was obtained by ultrasound assisted extraction compared to cold pressing. The application of ultrasound assisted extraction resulted in increased α-tocopherol content and better antioxidant capacity and oxidative stability of oil. Significant differences in bioactive composition were observed for Prokupac seed oil compared to the other grape varieties. Oil extracted from Prokupac grape seed had the lowest content of polyunsaturated and the highest content of saturated fatty acids, the highest content of α-tocopherol and consequently, the best antioxidative capacity. Prokupac grape seed has a great potential for isolation of nutritive and bioactive valuable oil.

Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction on the Stem Bark of Rhinachantus Nasutus (L.) Kurz, Total Phenolic, and Its Potential as Antioxidant and Inhibitor of Alpha-Glucosidase Enzyme Activity

Aims: This study aims to obtain a stem bark extract of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz through the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and reveal: the total phenolic content in the extract; The extract's potential as an antioxidant with copper-reducing strength parameters, and its potential as an antidiabetic by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity. Results: The crude ethanol extract of R. nasutus stem bark obtained from the UAE process was 7.4896 g with a yield of 4.99%. The high total phenolic content, namely 677.3343±0.0007 mg GAE / g sample, the antioxidant activity test using the CUPRAC method gave an IC50 value of 18.43±0.20 mg / L. In addition, the ethanol extract of stem bark has a high ability to inhibit the activity of the alpha-glucosidase enzyme with an IC50 value of 10.95±0.28 mg / L. Conclusion: The ethanol extract of the stem bark of R. nasutus from UAE has the potential as a source of antioxidants and antidiabetic.

Determination of diterpene esters in green and roasted coffees using direct ultrasound assisted extraction and HPLC–DAD combined with spectral deconvolution

In recent decades, attraction towards the green extraction techniques has persuaded researchers to find an alternative for traditional extraction techniques. Here, the application of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) followed by chromatographic analysis using high performance liquid chromatography combined with diode array detection and spectral deconvolution (HPLC–DAD/SD) were investigated to quantify the main eight diterpene esters (cafestol and kahweol linoleates, oleates, palmitates and stearates) in green and roasted coffees. Factors employed were time of ultrasonication (0, 10, 20 and 30 min) and extraction solvent volume (10, 15 and 20 mL). The UAE was successfully optimized (20 min and three times extraction with diethyl ether equivalent to 15 mL) and resulted in the extraction of the considerable portion of the diterpene esters from ground coffee, representing cafestol palmitate in larger amount in green (201–739 mg/100 g) and the respective roasted ones (154–670 mg/100 g). Whereas, kahweol linoleate presented slightly higher content than kahweol palmitate either in green or roasted samples. In general, the diterpene esters content slightly decreased from green to roasted coffees, although it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Likewise, the profile of diterpene esters was not affected by the roasting process. The analytical method was also validated as good intra- and inter-day precisions ( 0.98) was acquired. We concluded that as a rapid and accurate approach, the UAE combined with HPLC–DAD/SD is an economic approach that can be used for monitoring of diterpene esters in either green or roasted coffee.

Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Followed by Solid-Phase Extraction Followed by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction for the Determination of Chloramphenicol in Chicken Meat

In the present study, a simple and efficient preconcentration method was developed using ultrasound-assisted extraction followed by solid-phase extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction for the extraction and determination of trace amount of chloramphenicol in chicken meat. The sample was extracted with acetonitrile and EDTA-McIlvaine buffer under ultrasonication, followed by solid-phase extraction and dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction. In order to obtain high extraction efficiency, the parameters affecting the proposed method were evaluated and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the calibration curve was linear in the range of 0.3–200 μg kg−1 with good linearity (r 2 > 0.995). Finally, applicability of the proposed method was successfully confirmed by extraction and determination of the chloramphenicol in chicken meat samples. Comparing to the traditional methods, the proposed method exhibits high sensitivity and high preconcentration as well as good precision.

Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Bitter Gourd Fruit (Momordica charantia) and Vacuum Evaporation to Concentrate the Extract

Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia) is a medicinal plant widely cultivated in Indonesia. The aim of this present study was to investigate application of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) and vacuum evaporation (VE) to process the fruit into a concentrate with focus on increasing extract's total phenolic content (TPC), antioxidant activity (AA) and storage stability. UAE was done under various level of time and temperature with the best combination found was 5 minutes and 25oC respectively. VE of the extract at 125 mmHg and water bath temperature set at 65oC showed that concentrate concentration factor (CF) was linearly correlated to its TPC and AA. Stability study of the concentrate under different storage temperature (4oC and 25oC) without preservative was done for 14 days. Higher CF enhanced shelf life and AA stability in both storage temperatures. This study concluded that UAE may reduce the required extraction temperature and time used for yielding extract with higher TPC and AA. Also, VE may concentrate the extract without damaging its TPC and AA. Lastly, VE may provide higher TPC, AA, and increasing storage stability while reducing extract volume compared to non-concentrated extract.

Improved efficiency of brewer’s spent grain arabinoxylans by ultrasound-assisted extraction

Arabinoxylan (AX) rich extracts from brewer’s spent grain (BSG) were produced by the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) and conventional alkaline extraction (AKE). UAE and AKE were optimised for the production of the highest yield of ethanol insoluble material using response surface methodology (RSM). The efficiency of UAE was established by the significant reduction of time (7h to 25min) and energy when compared to AKE, to recover similar amounts of AX (60%) from BSG, leading to the production of starch-free AX-rich extracts.

Physico-chemical Assessment and Rebauidioside A. Productively of Natural Sweeteners (<i>Stevia Rebaudiana</i> Bertoni)

Stevia rebaudian Bertoni, belonging to the Compositae family, is a sweet herb contains diterpene glycosides, namely, stevioside, rebaudiosides A–F, steviolbioside, and dulcoside A, which are responsible for the typical sweet taste. Stevia (Stevia rebaudian Bertoni) leaves were analyzed for their physiochemical properties, chemical composition and microbiological contamination in addition to rebauidioside A productively. The carbohydrates content was 63.10%, while the moisture, fiber, protein, ash, fat and reducing sugar contents were 10.73%, 5.03%,13.68%,12.06%,6.13% and 4.50%, respectively. Anti-nutritional value (tannin) was 5.43 %. The total soluble substance was 17.03%. The Stevia leaves showed a good antimicrobial agent for all tested bacterial groups including Coliforms, Staphylococcus. Rebauidioside A was extracted and purified from the dried Stevia leaves by ultrasonic-assisted extraction method. The optimum extraction time was 6 min in which the maximum rebauidioside A content was obtained (32.79 g/100 g). Results show that particle size of sample treated for 6 min is bigger than those for 12, 18 and 24 min. Application of ultrasound-assisted extraction on the Stevia plant substantially affects the Color, and particle size of the stevia leaf extract and rebauidioside A yield.

지실의 Poncirin, Naringin의 동시분석법 확립과 초음파 추출법 최적화

The Ponciri fructus immaturus (Poncirus trifoliata Rafinesque) has been used in oriental medicine for uterinecontraction, stomachache, abdominal distension and cardiovascular diseases. Two main compounds, poncirin and naringinwere successfully analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and carried out method validation accordingto ICH guideline. A successful resolution and retention times were obtained with a C18 reversed phase column, at an 1 ㎖min?1 flow rate, with a gradient elution of a mixture of methanol, water and acetonitrile. Poncirin and naringin showed goodlinearity (Rsup2/sup 0.999) in relatively wide concentration ranged. The recovery of each compound was 95.81 ~ 101.48% withR.S.D. values less than 1.0%. The application of ultrasound-assisted extraction was shown to be more efficient in extractingponcirin and naringin from Ponciri fructus immaturus. The predicted optimal poncirin and naringin yield were poncirin2.15%, naringin 1.65% under an extraction temperature of 40℃, an extraction time of 10 min in a solvent of 70% methanol

Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Heating Combined With ICP-OES for Coal Sample Analysis

Application of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Heating Combined With ICP-OES for Coal Sample Analysis

Ultrasound assisted extraction of lycopene from tomato processing wastes.

Tomato paste processing wastes, an important by-product of the paste industry, is rich in potentially health-promoting compounds such as lycopene. In this study, extraction yield of lycopene from tomato paste processing wastes by application of ultrasound assisted extraction (UAE) was compared with conventional organic solvent extraction (COSE) method. BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) 0.05% (w/v) added hexane:acetone:ethanol (2:1:1) mixture was used as solvent. Three different solvent solid ratios; 50:1, 35:1 and 20:1, (v/w) were used in both COSE and UAE. COSE experiments were performed at 20°C, 40°C and 60°C for 10, 20, 30 and 40min. 50, 65 and 90W of ultrasonic power were applied in UAE for 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30min. Lycopene contents of the samples were determined by spectrophotometric method. The effects of different factors, including the temperature, solvent solid ratio and ultrasonic power on lycopene yield were investigated. It was determined that the most efficient application for COSE was extracting samples by 50:1 solvent solid ratio at 60°C for 40min run, for UAE, 35:1 (v/w) solvent solid ratio, 90W ultrasonic power for 30min run. It was showed that UAE of lycopene requires less time, lower temperature and lower solvent than COSE.

ANALYSIS OF CAPSAICIN AND DIHYDROCAPSAICIN IN HOT PEPPERS BY ULTRASOUND ASSISTED EXTRACTION FOLLOWED BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY–MASS SPECTROMETRY

A simple method for the analysis of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin in peppers by ultrasound assisted extraction (USAE) followed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) has been developed. USAE conditions were optimized by experimental design in order to maximize analyte extraction. A full factorial design involving extraction variables such as solvent (ethanol and water), extraction time (5–25 min), extraction temperature (25–50 °C), sample amount (0.25–0.5 g), and ultrasound amplitude (40–80%) was applied. The most significant conditions for capsaicinoid extraction by USAE were solvent type, extraction time, and sample amount. The obtained results were compared with other extraction methods: the official Soxhlet method and a previously reported solid phase microextraction method. Results showed that the extraction efficiency with the application of USAE (98%) was as good as that obtained with Soxhlet and the precision of recovery was less than 5%; in addition, the extraction time was decreased from 5 h to 25 min. The GC-MS analytical method was linear in the range 10–100 μg/mL for capsaicin and dihydrocpsaicin with correlation coefficient r = 0.998 and peak area variability of ∼1% for both capsaicinoids. The method was applied to the analysis of 11 varieties of hot peppers cultivated in México. A large concentration range for capsaicin (101–6800 μg/g) and dihydrocapsaicin (110–2736 μg/g) was found in these pepper samples.

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of three bufadienolides from Chinese medicine ChanSu

In this study, the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method was shown to be more efficient in extracting anti-tumor bufadienolides (bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin) from important animal medicine of ChanSu than the maceration extraction (ME) and soxhlet extraction (SE) method. The effects of ultrasonic variables including extraction solvent, solvent concentration, solvent to solid ratio, ultrasound power, temperature, extraction time and particle size on the yields of three bufadienolides were investigated. The optimum extraction conditions found were: 70% (v/v) methanol solution, solvent to solid ratio of 10ml/g, ultrasound power of 125W, temperature of 20°C, extraction time of 20min and particle size of 60–80 mesh. The extraction yields of bufalin, cinobufagin and resibufogenin were 43.17±0.85, 52.58±1.12, 137.70±2.65mg/g, respectively. In order to achieve a similar yield as UAE, soxhlet extraction required 6h and maceration extraction required much longer time of 18h. The results indicated that UAE is an alternative method for extracting bufadienolides from ChanSu.

Ultrasound‐assisted extraction of phenolic antioxidants from Acacia confusa flowers and buds

Acacia confusa Merr. (Leguminosae), a species native to Taiwan, is widely distributed on the hills and lowlands of Taiwan, and has been used in traditional medicines. In this study, the application of ultrasound-assisted extraction was used to extract the phenolic compounds from A. confusa flowers and buds for the first time. Among the extraction methods, it can significantly enhance the contents of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities in A. confusa flower and bud extracts using ultrasound-assisted extraction (10 min×12 times). Considering both the solvent consumption and the time needed for extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction was found to be the most practical approach for the rapid and efficient extraction of bioactive phenolic constituents. In addition, gallic acid, myricitrin-3-rhamnoside, quercitrin-3-rhamnoside, europetin-3-rhamnoside, kaempferol-3-rhamnoside, rhamnetin-3-glucoside, and rhamnetin-3-rhamnoside were also quantified in different extracts by RP-HPLC. It is clear that ultrasound-assisted extraction is an efficient method for extracting phenolic compounds from A. confusa flowers and buds.