Application In Sodium-ion Batteries Research Articles

Diatomite-Templated Synthesis of Single-Atom Cobalt-Doped MoS2 /Carbon Composites to Boost Sodium Storage.

2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs) and single-atom catalysts (SACs) are promising electrodes for energy conversion/storage because of the layered structure and maximum atom utilization efficiency. However, the integration of such two type materials and the relevant sodium storage applications remain daunting challenges. Here, an ingenious diatomite-templated synthetic strategy is designed to fabricate single-atom cobalt-doped MoS2 /carbon (SA Co-MoS2 /C) composites toward the high-performance sodium storage. Benefiting from the unique hierarchical structure, high electron/sodium-ion conductivity, and abundant active sites, the obtained SA Co-MoS2 /C reveals remarkable specific capacity (≈604.0 mAh g-1 at 0.1 A g-1 ), high rate performance, and outstanding long cyclic stability. Particularly, the sodium-ion full cell composed of SA Co-MoS2 /C anode and Na3 V2 (PO4 )3 cathode demonstrates unexpected stability with the cycle number exceeded 1200. The internal sodium storage mechanism is clarified with the aid of density functional theory calculations and in situ experimental characterizations. This work not only represents a substantial leap in terms of synthesizing SACs on 2D TMDCs but also provides a crucial step toward the practical sodium-ion battery applications.

Sustainable and efficient energy storage: A sodium ion battery anode from Aegle marmelos shell biowaste

The utilization of bio-degradable wastes for the synthesis of hard carbon anode materials has gained significant interest for application in rechargeable sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) due to their sustainable, low-cost, eco-friendly, and abundant nature. In this study, we report the successful synthesis of hard carbon anode materials from Aegle marmelos (Bael fruit) shells via a hydrothermal carbonization process followed by calcination at varying temperatures (900 °C and 1000 °C). Structural characterizations using XRD and Raman spectroscopy confirm the formation of hard carbon, while FTIR, XPS, BET, SEM, and TEM characterizations reveal the morphology and surface properties of the synthesized materials. The Aegle marmelos Hard Carbon-900 (AMHC-900) and Aegle marmelos Hard Carbon-1000 (AMHC-1000) cells exhibit high specific discharge capacities of ~223 mAh g−1 and ~212 mAh g−1 at 10 mA g−1, respectively. The cells demonstrate excellent cycling stability, with specific discharge capacities of ~78 mAh g−1 and ~66 mAh g−1 at a high current rate (1000 mA g−1) up to 2500 cycles, respectively, and high coulombic efficiency (~99 %). These findings highlight the potential of utilizing bio-degradable wastes through a hydrothermal carbonization process to produce high-performance hard carbon electrodes for SIBs.

Growth of TiS2 nanoflakes using CVD approach for sodium-ion battery application

Growth of TiS2 nanoflakes using CVD approach for sodium-ion battery application

Optimization of sodium storage performance by structure engineering in nickel-cobalt-sulfide.

The development of high-performance electrode materials is crucial for the advancement of sodium ion batteries (SIBs), and NiCo2S4 has been identified as a promising anode material due to its high theoretical capacity and abundant redox centers. However, its practical application in SIBs is hampered by issues such as severe volume variations and poor cycle stability. Herein, the Mn-doped NiCo2S4@GNs composite electrodes with hollow nanocages were designed using a structure engineering method to relieve the volume expansion and improve the transport kinetics and conductivity of the NiCo2S4 electrode during cycling. Physical characterization and electrochemical tests, combined with Density functional theory (DFT) calculations indicate that the resulting 3% Mn-NCS@GNs electrode demonstrates excellent electrochemical performance (352.9 mA h g-1 (200 mA g-1) after 200 cycles, and 315.3 mA h g-1 (5000 mA g-1)). This work provides a promising strategy for enhancing the sodium storage performance of metal sulfide electrodes.

MoS2 nanosheets anchored on coal tar pitch activated carbon for high rate sodium storage

Applications of sodium ion batteries (SIBs) are inseparable from scalable anode materials with high electrical conductivity and excellent stability. In this work, coal tar pitch activated carbon was functionalized (FAC) and employed as a substrate, followed by a hydrothermal process to fabricate MoS2/FAC nanocomposite with tight bonding. The MoS2 exhibits a homogeneous integrated structure with an enlarged interlayer spacing of 0.65 nm in the obtained MoS2/FAC. When employed as anode material for SIBs, the MoS2/FAC electrode delivers a promising reversible capacity of 174.0 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1, with a decay rate of 0.148%·cycle−1 after 500 cycles. The ultrahigh rate of sodium storage is mainly attributed to uniform MoS2 nanosheets anchored on the FAC through C-O-Mo bonding, and the wide layer spacing of the ultrathin MoS2 nanosheets.

One dimensional pea-shaped NiSe2 nanoparticles encapsulated in N-doped graphitic carbon fibers to boost redox reversibility in sodium-ion batteries

In recent years, sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have emerged as a promising technology for energy storage systems (ESSs) because of the abundance and affordability of sodium. Recently, metal selenides have been studied as promising high-performance conversion-type anode materials in SIBs. Among them, nickel selenide (NiSe2) has received considerable attention due to its high theoretical capacity of 495 mAh g–1 and conductivity. However, it still suffers from poor cycling stability because of the low electrochemical reactivity, large volume expansion, and structural instability during cycles. To address these challenges, NiSe2 nanoparticles encapsulated in N-doped graphitic carbon fibers (NiSe2@NGCF) were synthesized by using ZIF-8 as a template. NiSe2@NGCF showed a high discharge capacity of 558.3 mAh g–1 with a fading rate of 0.14% per cycle after 200 cycles at 0.5 A g–1 in 0.01–3.0 V. At a very high current density of 5 A g–1, the capacity still displayed excellent long-term cycle life with a discharge capacity of 406.1 mAh g–1 with a fading rate of 0.016% per cycle after 3000 cycles. The mechanism of the excellent electrochemical performance of NiSe2@NGCF was thoroughly investigated by ex-situ XRD, TEM, and SEM analyses. Furthermore, NiSe2@NGCF//Na3V2(PO4)3 full-cell also delivered an excellent reversible capacity of 378.7 mAh g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 after 50 cycles, demonstrating its potential for practical application in SIBs.

NaNbV(PO4)3: Multielectron NASICON-Type Anode Material for Na-Ion Batteries with Excellent Rate Capability.

NASICON-type NaNbV(PO4)3 electrode material synthesized by the Pechini sol-gel technique undergoes a reversible three-electron reaction in a Na-ion cell which corresponds to the Nb5+/Nb4+, Nb4+/Nb3+, and V3+/V2+ redox processes and provides a reversible capacity of 180 mAh·g-1. The sodium insertion/extraction takes place in a narrow potential range at an average potential of 1.55 V versus Na+/Na. Structural characterization by operando and ex situ X-ray diffraction disclosed the reversible evolution of the NaNbV(PO4)3 polyhedron framework during cycling, while XANES measurements in the operando regime confirmed the multielectron transfer upon sodium intercalation/extraction into NaNbV(PO4)3. This electrode material demonstrates extended cycling stability and excellent rate capability maintaining the capacity value of 144 mAh·g-1 at 10 C current rates. It can be regarded as a superior anode material suitable for application in high-power and long-life sodium-ion batteries.

Nitrogen‐Rich WN Clusters with Atomic Disorders and Non‐Grain Boundaries Confined in Carbon Nanosheets Boosting Sodium‐Ion Storage (Small 24/2023)

Atomic Disorders The specific transport routes and rigid structures of crystalline metal compounds can limit their application in sodium ion batteries. The atomically dispersed amorphous W-N clusters confined in carbon nanosheets (W-N/CNSs) can provide abundant storage sites and isotropic transport paths for sodium ions, and the highly conductive CNSs can facilitate electron transfer and buffer structural deformations. More details can be found in article number 2300619 by Fanyan Zeng, Shenglian Luo, and co-workers.

Boosting the Development of Hard Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Batteries: Strategies to Optimize the Initial Coulombic Efficiency

AbstractGiven the merits of affordable cost, superior low‐temperature performance, and advanced safe properties, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have exhibited great development potential in large scale energy storage applications. Among various emerging carbonaceous anode materials applied for SIBs, hard carbon (HC) has recently gained significant attention regarding their relatively low cost, wide availability, and optimal overall performance. However, the insufficient initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of HC is the main bottlenecks, which is inevitably hindering their further commercial applications. Herein, an in‐depth holistic exposition about the reasons causing the unsatisfied ICE and the recent advances on effective improvement strategies are comprehensively summarized in this review, which have been divided into two aspects including the intrinsic property (degree of graphitization, pore structure, defect, et al.) and the extrinsic factor (electrolyte, electrode materials, et al.). In addition, future prospects and perspectives on HC to enable practical application in SIBs are also briefly outlined.

Preparation of Cu7.2S4@N, S co-doped carbon honeycomb-like composite structure for high-rate and high-stability sodium-ion storage

Sodium ion batteries (SIBs) attract most of the attention as alterative secondary battery systems for future large-scale energy storage and power batteries due to abundance resource and low cost. However, the lack of anode materials with high-rate performance and high cycling-stability has limited the commercial application of SIBs. In this paper, Cu7.2S4@N, S co-doped carbon (Cu7.2S4@NSC) honeycomb-like composite structure was designed and prepared by a one-step high-temperature chemical blowing process. As an anode material for SIBs, Cu7.2S4@NSC electrode exhibited an ultra-high initial Coulomb efficiency (94.9%) and an excellent electrochemical property including a high reversible capacity of 441.3 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 A g−1, an excellent rate performance of 380.4 mAh g−1 even at 5 A g−1, and a superior long-cycle stability with a capacity retention rate of approximately 100% after 700 cycles at 1A g−1.

Construction of Cu-Zn Co-doped layered materials for sodium-ion batteries with high cycle stability

Due to its high operational voltage and energy density, P2-type Na0.67Ni0.3Mn0.7O2 has become a leading cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), which is an ideal option for large-scale energy storage. However, the practical application of P2-type Na0.67Ni0.3Mn0.7O2 is limited by the capacity constraints and unwanted phase transitions, presenting significant challenges to the widespread application of SIBs. To address these challenges and optimize the electrochemical properties of the P2 phase cathode material, this study proposes a Cu and Zn co-doped strategy to improve the electrochemical performance. The incorporation of Cu/Zn can stabilize the P2-phase structure against P2-O2 phase transitions, thus enhancing its electrochemical properties. The as-obtained P2-type Na0.67[Ni0.3Mn0.58Cu0.09Zn0.03]O2 cathode material shows an impressive cycling stability, maintaining 80% capacity retention after 1000 cycles at 2 C. The cyclic voltammetry (CV) tests show that the Cu2+/Cu3+ redox reaction is also involved in charge compensation during the charge/discharge process.

Recent Progress in the Emerging Modification Strategies for Layered Oxide Cathodes toward Practicable Sodium Ion Batteries

AbstractLow‐cost sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) have been extensively considered as a supplement or even a replacement for successful lithium‐ion batteries. However, the practical application of SIBs is limited by their energy density and cyclic performance, which are mainly constrained by the cathode side. Therefore, the development of advanced cathode materials is essential for the practical application of SIBs. Among the various cathode materials, layered transition metal oxides (LTMOs) are highly promising candidates due to their compact crystal structure, low‐cost, ease of preparation, and similarities to successful Li‐based LTMOs. Unfortunately, the bottleneck issues faced by Na‐based LTMOs, such as severe phase transitions, sluggish diffusion kinetics, and interface deterioration, pose significant challenges in achieving high‐performance cathodes. In this review, a comprehensive overview and summary of recently reported modification strategies for layered oxides are provided and the structure–function–performance relationship is refined. A perspective on the outlook and development direction for Na‐based LTMOs cathodes is also provided. This review comprehensively explores the modification strategies of Na‐based LTMOs, providing a new horizon for future research on Na‐based LTMOs.

Rationally designed NASICON-type Na3.75V1.25Mn0.75(PO4)3 cathode towards long life-span sodium ion batteries

Owning to non-toxic and high working potential, Mn-substituted NASICON-type Na3+xMnxV2-x(PO4)3 cathodes have promising application in sodium ion batteries (SIBs). However, the poor cycling stability limits their further practical applications. Herein, a succession of carbon coated Na3.75Mn0.75V1.25(PO4)3 cathodes are constructed via a sol–gel combining with heating treatment. The effects of carbon content on the structure, electrochemical properties and sodium ion diffusion kinetics are investigated. The optimal composition, Na3.75Mn0.75V1.25(PO4)3/2VitC, displays an outstanding specific capacity and long-cycling stability. It releases a discharge capacity of 105.6 mAh g-1 with a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 97.5% at 0.2C. It can also deliver a high capacity of 92.6 mAh g-1 with a capacity retention of 88.3% at 5C over 2000 cycling, and the reversible capacity can achieve to 79.1 mAh g-1 with 78% capacity retention after 4000 cycles at high rate of 10C. Ex-situ X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal a biphasic reaction process and high structural reversibility during sodium ion insertion/extraction. The good multiplicity performances, excellent long cycle stability and low cost of the optimized Na3.75Mn0.75V1.25(PO4)3 composite indicate that it is a promising cathode material for SIBs.

Novel porous CoS1.097@carbon nanofibers as flexible and binder-free anode material for sodium-ion batteries

Transition metal sulfides (TMSs) have received numerous attention as anode materials for sodium-ion batteries because of the high theoretical capacity. So far, the Na-storage performance of TMSs is still unsatisfactory due to the structural degeneration that induced by the volume change upon redox process. Herein, a novel flexible and binder-free anode material of porous CoS1.097@carbon nanofibers was facilely constructed by means of the electrospinning, carbonization and sulfidation processes. The porous CoS1.097@carbon nanofibers display unique structure with CoS1.097 nanoparticles confined into porous N-doped carbon nanofibers, and can provide sufficient active sites, high electrical conductivity, reduced ion diffusion distance, abundant ion migration pathways, desirable voids for alleviating the volume variation, and rigid structural stability for efficient Na-storage. In consequence, the flexible and binder-free electrode material delivers high initial discharge capacity, enhanced rate capability and long-term cycling life. Besides, intrinsic diffusion and electrochemical storage behavior of Na+ ions were emphatically disclosed. This work paves a facile route for the synthesis of flexible and binder-free TMSs-based anode materials, promoting the practical application of wearable sodium-ion batteries.

Exploiting the Coordination Effect in Fe-Phenanthroline Complex for the Catalytic Carbonization of Phenanthroline toward the High Capacity Anode Grade Carbon

Aromatic organic molecules (AOMs) present an appealing precursor option for anode-grade hard carbon for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of their prevalence, diverse chemical functionalities, and huge scope for nanostructure engineering at the molecular level. However, most small organic molecules decompose before actual carbonization is initiated unless reactions are carried out under high pressures or in the presence of catalysts. Herein, we report a facile carbonization of aromatic monomeric phenanthroline (phen) by exploiting the strong molecule-level coordination effect of the Fe-phen complex and in situ catalysis affected by Fe. With this carbonization strategy, we achieve better scalability with appreciable carbon yield, while carbonization of simple phen molecule returns zero carbon yields. The as-prepared N-doped microporous carbon (NMC) possesses desirable microstructural features with optimum nitrogen content to be employed as an anode for SIB. As an anode, the NMC delivers a high reversible capacity of 271 mAh g–1 at 100 mA g–1, an ultrahigh rate capability of 101 mAh g–1 at 1 A g–1, and a stable cycle life. The galvanostatic intermittent titration technique (GITT) depicts sodium ion diffusion coefficients of the order of ∼10–13 (cm2 s–1) in the intercalation region, which implies a faster sodium ion diffusion rate compared to most of the reported hard carbons. Given the vast diversity of AOMs, this work encourages new research interests to produce advanced carbon materials with nanostructure engineering at the molecular level for sodium-ion battery applications.

CuMn2O4 anchored on graphene sheets as a high-performance electrodes for sodium-ion batteries

A novel class of CuMn2O4 (CMO) nanoparticles were synthesized by the reflux route method and explored as an anode in sodium-ion batteries. This work deals with the homogenous distribution of CuMn2O4 (CMO) nanoparticles interconnected within the graphene sheet. HR-TEM deceptively evidences the homogeneous distribution and well-defined CuMn2O4 nanoparticles over graphene sheets (CMO/G). This appropriately designed architecture of CMO/G allows adequate void space to assimilate the substantial volume fluctuation during cycling, improve reaction sites, and enhance electron transport, resulting in significant electrochemical performance as an anode in sodium-ion batteries. The CMO/G anode showed a high capacity of 313 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 with 70 % capacity retention after 50 cycles, and under the high current of 2 A g−1, it exhibits as high as 145 mAh g−1. Moreover, the title anode is capable of delivering stable appreciable capacity of 164 mAh g−1 for extended 300 cycles at 1 A g−1. CMO/G composite anode has been validated as a high-efficient anode for sodium-ion battery applications in this study.

T3C2Tx boost SnSbS composited carbon fibers achieved fast and stable free-standing quasi-solid sodium full-battery

Low energy density remains a major obstacle limiting the development and application of flexible sodium-ion batteries (SIB). Thus, this study aimed to eliminate non-active materials in electrodes, which can be a feasible way to increase the energy density of SIBs. An anode made up of flexible, free-standing SnS2/Sb2S3/Ti3C2Tx composite carbon nanofibers (SnSbS/T-M@CNF), a Na3V2(PO4)3 composite carbon nanofibers cathode (NVP@CNF), and composite gel polymer fiber electrolytes (CGPFE) were successfully synthesized through electrospinning. MXene nanosheets improved the electrical conductivity of the SnSbS/T-M@CNF electrode and absorbed sodium sulfide, inhibiting the loss of S during the reaction. Consequently, the SnSbS/T-M@CNF free-standing electrode could be stably cycled for 1000 cycles at a current density of 1 A g−1 and maintained a reversible capacity of 397.6 mAh g−1. Further, the NVP@CNF cathode and CGPFE quasi-solid electrolyte half-cells had an excellent cycle stability and rate performance. The flexible, free-standing SnSbS/T-M@CNF anode and NVP@CNF cathode were assembled into quasi-solid-state full cells to test their application value. The SnSbS/T-M@CNF||CGPFE||NVP@CNF full cell had a very low resistance and could easily power a 3 V LED chest lamp. After 500 cycles, it maintained a discharge capacity of 153 mAh g−1 under a current density of 0.5 A g−1.

Electrochemical exfoliation and deposition of sodium-graphene oxide composite for high specific capacity cathode/anode for dual-carbon sodium ion battery application

We provide information on a straightforward process for creating sodium-carbon-based material for Na-ion batteries. The electric-controlled exfoliation method produced sodium intercalated graphene oxide (Na-GO). Na-GO has a crystalline structure with a few-layered scattered sheet shape, 87.9 percent crystallinity, a computed density of 2.26 g/cm3, and a cell volume of 35.29x106pm3. The Coulombic efficiency of the Na-GO material increased from 98.8% in the first electrochemical cycle to 100.5 percent in the 60th, and the specific capacity (S.C.) of the Na-GO electrode at a current density of 100 mA/g is about 368 mAh/g. Galvanostatic charge–discharge cycles against sodium metal were carried out as a reference electrode. This is a brand-new method for creating high-performing materials that do not require purifying or cleaning procedures.

Design of double-shelled NiS-FeS@NC hollow nanocubes for high-performance sodium-ion batteries

Mixed metal sulfides (MMSs) are highly noticeable as prospective materials for sodium storage due to their prominent electrochemical reversibility and excellent redox activity. Nevertheless, the fast capacity decay and poor rate capability hinder their application in sodium-ion batteries (SIBs). In this work, a facile template method, using Prussian blue analogue as the precursor, was employed to fabricate the double-shelled hollow structure with nitrogen (N)-doped carbon layer coated on the outer shell of NiS-FeS hollow nanocubes (NiS-FeS@NC). Specifically, the NiS-FeS@NC composite provides a glorious reversible capacity (395.8 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1.0 A g−1) and superior rate capability (322.2 mAh g−1 at 5.0 A g−1) when employed as electrode material for SIBs. In addition, the designed NiS-FeS@NC= |Na3V2(PO4)2 @C full battery can maintain an excellent reversible capacity (68.7 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles at 1.0 A g−1) as well as robust cycling stability. The improvement of the sodium storage performance can be mainly attributed to the synergistic coupling of the N-doped carbon coating layer and the hollow nanostructure, which can effectively maintain the integrity of the nanocube structure and accelerate the transportation of electrons/ions, thus contributing to improving the electrochemical sodium storage performance. Importantly, the unique modification strategy reported in this paper, combining with the mechanism and kinetics revealing, is expected to provide insights for facilitating high-performance electrodes for SIBs.

New insights on the reaction mechanism and charge contribution of NaNiF3 perovskite as an anode for sodium-ion batteries

Sodium-ion battery is a growing technology that has become a major focus of attention for energy storage of smart electric grids and renewable energy because of the enormous availability of sodium and its low cost of production. Particularly, the perovskite structure is an attractive material due to its novel properties in energy applications, such as good ionic mobility, low cost, facile route of synthesis, and fabrication. In the present work, an electrode based on NaNiF3 nanostructured perovskite active materials was explored as an anode for sodium-ion battery application. The morphology and microstructure of NaNiF3 perovskite were optimized using trisodium citrate dehydrated and microwave heating. Here a remarkable first capacity of c.a. 376 mA h g−1 of the optimized electrode was obtained in the first discharge. The ex-situ XRD and electrochemical characterization of the active material allow proposing a reaction mechanism by conversion processes during the discharge and identifying a capacitive contribution of around 25% to the total current at 20 mV s−1.