Application Of Salt Research Articles

Short-term impact of different doses of spent coffee grounds, salt, and sand on soil chemical and hydrological properties in an urban soil

Natural and human activities have deteriorated urban soil’s health and ecological functions as compared to forest soils. Therefore, we hypothesized that any intervention in poor quality soil in urban area will change their chemical and water retention properties. The experiment was conducted in Krakow (Poland) in completely randomized design (CRD). The soil amendments used in this experiment consisted of control, spent coffee grounds (SCGs), salt, and sand (1 and 2 t ha−1) in order to evaluate the impact of these soil amendments on the urban soil chemical and hydrological properties. Soil samples were collected after 3 months of soil application. The soil pH, soil acidity (me/100 g), electrical conductivity (mS/cm), total carbon (%), CO2 emission (g m−2 day−1), and total nitrogen (%) were measured in laboratory condition. The soil hydrological properties like volumetric water content (VWC), water drop penetration time (WDPT), current water storage capacity (Sa), water storage capacity after 4 and 24 h (S4 and S24), and capillary water Pk (mm) were also determined. We noted variations in soil chemical and water retention properties in urban soil after the application of SCGs, sand, and salt. It was observed that SCGs (2 t ha−1) has reduced soil pH and nitrogen (%) by 14 and 9%, while the incorporation of salt resulted in maximum soil EC, total acidity, and soil pH. The soil carbon (%) and CO2 emission (g m−2 day−1) were enhanced and declined by SCGs amendment. Furthermore, the soil hydrological properties were significantly influenced by the soil amendment (spent coffee grounds, salt, and sand) application. Our results showed that spent coffee grounds mixing in urban soil has considerably enhanced the soil VWC, Sa, S4, S24, and Pk, whereas it decreased the water drop penetration time. The analysis showed that the single dose of soil amendments had not improved soil chemical properties very well. Therefore, it is suggested that SCGs should be applied more than single dose. This is a good direction to look for ways to improve the retention properties of urban soil and you can consider combining SCGs with other organic materials like compost, farmyard manure, or biochar.

Synthesis and Resolution of an Axially Chiral Spirocyclic Quaternary Ammonium Ion‐Based Phase‐Transfer Catalyst

AbstractWe report the synthesis of a novel spirocyclic quaternary ammonium salt that possesses axial chirality. Enantiopure material was obtained by fractional crystallization of the corresponding (R,R)‐tartrate salt. Application of this chiral quaternary ammonium salt in phase‐transfer catalytic asymmetric alkylation of glycinate Schiff base was examined.

Multi-dimensional application of quaternary phosphonium salt functionalized fiber with high polarization performance: Efficient adsorption of SDBS and green conversion of CO2

A novel mono-quaternary phosphorus salt functionalized fiber (PANQPSF) was developed as the multifunctional material to simultaneously realize selective removal of sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (SDBS) from water and green conversion of CO2. Compared with other adsorption materials and functionalized fibers, PANQPSF exhibits the eminent adsorption performance for SDBS due to its high polarization and hydrophobicity, and the adsorption capacity can reach 5.1 mol mol−1, equivalenting to 1066 mg g−1. And the synergistic adsorption mechanism of electrostatic interaction and lipophilic interaction between PANQPSF and SDBS is proposed. Furthermore, the PANQPSF still keeps excellent adsorption capacity even after 10 cycles. More satisfactorily, PANQPSF is used to catalyze the cycloaddition reaction of CO2 and epoxy compounds. The catalytic mechanism based on the nucleophilicity of Br− and the stabilizing effect of electrostatic interaction is promoted. In summary, the adsorption and catalytic performance prove that PANQPSF is an outstanding material with multi-dimensional applications.

Optimizing efficacy of turnip growth through foliar application of glutamic acid under saline conditions

Salinity is assumed to be a distressing abiotic factor that mainly disrupts crop quality and yield by impairing plant cell mechanisms. Due to ion accumulation, salinity stress results in lowering growth rate and water uptake. This issue is being solved by the use of several plant growth regulators. Plant growth regulators have been proven to increase plants' ability to withstand against stress. In this study, turnip (purple top cultivar) was subjected to four distinct levels of salt (0, 4, 8, and 12 dS/m), as well as one level of gibberellic acid, in order to assess the function of exogenously applied plant growth regulator glutamic acid (GA) (10 mM). Results revealed that salt stress slowed plant growth and decreased the amount of chlorophyll in turnip leaves. Application of salt alone resulted in a considerable decline in biochemical characteristics. However, in salt-stressed conditions, exogenous application of GA improved the antioxidant activity, chlorophyll contents and plant growth in the turnip leaves. Moreover, results depict that under salt stress vitamin C decreased; however, exogenous application of GA enhanced the Vit. C in turnip plants. Further, the uptake of salt content in turnip roots and leaves was significantly lowered by the application of GA. Additionally, under salt stress; GA dramatically controlled the quantity of phenolic compounds in turnip.
 Keywords: Brassica rapa, Salinity, Glutamic acid, Morphological and biochemical assay, Reducing and non-reducing sugar

Effect of combined application of carbonate salts and hot water treatment for the management of postharvest anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) of papaya.

Postharvest anthracnose (Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.Sacc) is the most economically important biological constraint to papaya production and consumption, which causes substantial yield loss worldwide. The effect of combined application of carbonate salts and hot water treatments on the development of postharvest anthracnose and maintenances of postharvest quality of papaya fruit was studied in completely randomized design (CRD) under laboratory condition. The results revealed that combined application of hot water treatment and carbonate salts significantly (p < .05) reduced the incidence and severity of postharvest papaya anthracnose disease. The disease incidence reached 100% 21 days after inoculation in the control treatment; this level was significantly reduced to 26.70% by dipping the fruits in NH4CO3 at 50°C and NH4CO3 at 54°C. Similarly, treatments significantly (p < .05) reduced the disease severity in different degrees from the first day of disease appearance to the date of 100% unmarketability of control fruits. Furthermore, the combined application of carbonate salt and hot water treatments significantly improves fruit marketability by 93.33%. Moreover, the treatments showed significant (p < .05) effect on maintaining pH, TSS, TA, and reducing postharvest weight loss of papaya fruit. In conclusion, postharvest treatment of papaya fruit with NH4CO3 at 54°C, NH4CO3 at 52°C, and NaCO3 at 54°C can significantly reduce anthracnose development and improve marketability of the fruits without pronounced effect on their edible qualities.

Algae Pyrolysis in Molten NaOH-Na2CO3 for Hydrogen Production.

Biomass pyrolysis within the alkaline molten salt is attractive due to its ability to achieve high hydrogen yield under relatively mild conditions. However, poor contact between biomass, especially the biomass pellet, and hydroxide during the slow heating process, as well as low reaction temperatures, become key factors limiting the hydrogen production. To address these challenges, fast pyrolysis of the algae pellet in molten NaOH-Na2CO3 was conducted at 550, 650, and 750 °C. Algae were chosen as feedstock for their high photosynthetic efficiency and growth rate, and the concept of coupling molten salt with concentrated solar energy was proposed to address the issue of high energy consumption at high temperatures. At 750 °C, the pollutant gases containing Cl and S were completely removed, and the HCN removal rate reached 44.92%. During the continuous pyrolysis process, after a slight increase, the hydrogen yield remained stable at 71.48 mmol/g-algae and constituted 86.10% of the gas products, and a minimum theoretical hydrogen production efficiency of algae can reach 84.86%. Most importantly, the evolution of physicochemical properties of molten NaOH-Na2CO3 was revealed for the first time. Combined with the conversion characteristics of feedstock and gas products, this study provides practical guidance for large-scale application of molten salt including feedstock, operation parameters, and post-treatment process.

Analysis on the Efficiency and Application of Glauber's Salt Based on the Clinical Case

Analysis on the Efficiency and Application of Glauber's Salt Based on the Clinical Case

Synthesis and Application of an Aromatic Sulfonate Sodium Salt for Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Battery Electrolytes

Synthesis and Application of an Aromatic Sulfonate Sodium Salt for Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Battery Electrolytes

Fluorine-containing amphiphilic quaternary ammonium salts for the suppression of Banana fusarium wilt

As the pathogen of banana Fusarium wilt, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense race 4 (Foc4) has the strongest toxicity and pathogenicity due to its long-term viability in soil, but there is still no effective way to control it at present. Based on the activity parameters of polymeric quaternary ammonium salt in our previous work, this paper hopes to enhance the amphiphilicity of polymeric quaternary ammonium salt by introducing a fluoroalkyl group to improve the antifungal property of polymeric quaternary ammonium salt and achieve stable adsorption and long-term inhibition of saprophytic Foc4 conidia in soil. Here, we prepared a series of fluorine-containing ammonium salts with random and block structures by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), and we systematically studied the effects of the introduction of fluoroalkyl groups, the proportion of hydrophobic segments and polymer structure on micelle properties, antifungal properties, adsorption, migration and long-term antifungal properties against Foc4 in soil. Finally, the preferred polymeric quaternary ammonium salts were selected for pot experiments in the prevention and control of banana Fusarium wilt caused by Foc4, and positive experimental results were achieved. In conclusion, we made an exploratory attempt at the practical application of polymeric amphiphilic quaternary ammonium salt in plant disease control.

Foliar Application of Potassium Salt of Active Phosphorus (PSAP) Mitigates Insect Pests and Improves Yield Along With Sugarcane Quality in Response to Agroclimatic Conditions of Punjab

Foliar Application of Potassium Salt of Active Phosphorus (PSAP) Mitigates Insect Pests and Improves Yield Along With Sugarcane Quality in Response to Agroclimatic Conditions of Punjab

Synthesis and Application of an Aromatic Sulfonate Sodium Salt for Aqueous Sodium‐Ion Battery Electrolytes

The two‐step synthesis of sodium (2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorophenoxy) diethane sulfonate (Na‐TFP) is reported, starting from 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluorohydroquinone as the precursor. Compared with conventional aqueous electrolytes such as 0.5 m NaClO4 and Na2SO4, the 0.5 m aqueous solution of Na‐TFP provides higher ionic conductivity over a wide range of temperature (e.g., &gt;60 mS cm−1 at 20 °C and &gt;70 mS cm−1 at 30 °C) and a wider electrochemical stability window. Electrochemical cells with Na2VTi(PO4)3 as the positive electrode active material and a carbon‐based negative electrode provide a stable capacity for more than 450 cycles in 0.5 m Na‐TFP. Additionally, symmetric cells with Na2VTi(PO4)3 as the active material for the negative and positive electrode are studied. The cells employing 0.5 m Na‐TFP exhibit a good cycling stability at a high dis‐/charge rate of 5C for more than 50 cycles, which is superior to the performance of the cells employing 0.5 m aqueous solutions of NaClO4 and Na2SO4 as the electrolyte. The design of this bifunctional salt may trigger new ideas for the development of water‐based sodium‐ion battery electrolytes.

Effect of dry salt versus brine injection plus dry salt on the physicochemical characteristics of smoked salmon after filleting

Smoked fish fillets are pre-salted as a food conservation and quality preservation measure. Here we investigated biochemical and sensory aspects of smoked salmon fillets. Left-side salmon fillets were dry-salted while the right-side fillets underwent a mixed salting method consisting of an injection of saturated brine followed by surface application of dry salt. After 6 h of salting, all the fillets were smoked. At each step of the process, quality was evaluated using instrumental measurements (pH, color, texture, water content, salt content, aw), and lipid distribution was visualized by MRI. Mixed-salted fillets had a higher salt content than dry-salted fillets and variability in salt distribution was dependent on the salting process. However, these variations had no effect on pH, color or texture, which showed similar values regardless of salting method. Fatty areas had a lower salt content due to slower diffusion of aqueous salt solutions through them. Mixed salting speeds up the salting of the muscle without significantly affecting the quality traits of the salmon fillet.

Endoscopic application of incomplete silver salt of poly (acrylic acid) in patients with pulmonary hemorrhage

Pulmonary hemorrhage is a severe complication associated with high lethality. One of the main methods of diagnosis and treatment is the endoscopic one. This paper describes the experience of treating 100 patients with pulmonary hemorrhage. Incomplete silver salt of poly (acrylic acid) (ISPA), a new generation biologically active hemostatic with silver nanoparticles, was used as a hemostatic agent, which was injected into the tracheobronchial tree during bronchoscopy in the amount of 3.0 to 10.0 mL depending on the degree of pulmonary hemorrhage. In all patients, hemostasis was achieved within a time interval of 30 seconds to 1 minute with a single injection of the ISPA solution. No complications or bleeding recurrence were registered.

Structural, gelatinization, and rheological properties of heat-moisture treated potato starch with added salt and its application in potato starch noodles

Gluten-free noodles, e.g. potato starch noodles, are getting popular due to the increasing population with gluten sensitivity and celiac disease. However, due to the lack of gluten network, the solid loss of potato starch noodles during cooking leads to lower textural and sensory attributes. The starch modification provides the opportunity to address these shortcomings. Here, we report the application of heat-moisture treated (HMT) potato starch with added salt as a binder to improve the cooking and textural properties of potato starch noodles. In the presence of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and sodium chloride (SC), starch granules exhibited irregular shapes and deformed crystalline growth rings, agglomerated due to partial gelatinization, and lost double-helical structures and the perfection of crystallites after being subjected to HMT. As affected by the starch-ions interactions and changed water structure, HMT-modified starch with added SC and STPP had higher pasting temperatures, less amylose leaching, and lower gelatinization enthalpies and pasting viscosities than HMT starch without salts. Meanwhile, higher cross-over temperatures and lower G’ values were found in HMT starch with added STPP and SC compared to HMT starch. Iodine-staining micrographs also confirmed the delay in the disintegrating process of starch granules in HMT-modified starch with added SC and STPP. Furthermore, when HMT-modified starch with added SC was applied as binder paste, starch dough owned higher hardness and starch noodles exhibited less solid loss and broken noodles, firmer texture, and better elasticity. The results thus provide the opportunity to improve the textural attributes of potato starch noodles with the application of HMT potato starch and salt as the binder. • Structural changes of starch before and after HMT as affected by salts are studied. • Adding sodium chloride induces the losses of ordered structure of starch during HMT. • Adding salts delays the disintegrating of starch granules during gelatinization. • HMT starch with added sodium chloride (HPS-SC) has better heat and shear stability. • HPS-SC as a binder improves cooking performance and texture of starch noodles.

Altered anatomical appraisal of mung bean (Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek) under salinity stress

Mung bean, an important pulse crop, its growth, and development are affected by various abiotic stresses where salinity hampers yield seriously. An experiment was conducted under the hydroponic condition to observe the effect of salinity on the anatomical attributes of mung bean genotypes. The design of the experiment was randomized complete with factorial having five levels of salinities i.e. 0 (control), 6, 8, 10, 12 dSm-1. The results indicated that anatomical features of mung bean plants were affected by the application of salt. The cortex and stele radius and vascular bundle strands were reduced due to salt application. The vascular bundle size especially the length was decreased with the increased levels of salinity. Similarly, the radius of cortex was also decreased with the increased levels of salinity. The results concluded that the application of salts altered the plant's internal structures, especially the vascular bundles and leaf spongy parenchyma tissue.&#x0D; Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 57(3), 139-148, 2022

Polyhydroxy cationic viscoelastic surfactant for clean fracturing fluids: Study on the salt tolerance and the effect of salt on the high temperature stability of wormlike micelles

In this study, we designed and synthesized a polyhydroxy cationic viscoelastic surfactant (SY-TO). Though the FT-IR, 1H NMR and surface tension methods characterize and determine the structures and critical micelle concentration. Through the test of apparent viscosity, viscoelastic, and microstructure observation, we study the salt tolerance of SY-TO. And for the salt tolerance mechanism, we explain it from the molecular structure and hydrophilic headgroup. Additionally, through the high temperature rheological tests, we studied the effects of salt and its concentration on the behavior of wormlike micelles (WLMs) at high temperatures. In particular, the effects of salt and its concentration on temperature-response are analyzed. More importantly, the effects of salt and its concentration on the high temperature stability of WLMs were analyzed from the perspective of molecular thermal motion. Through the research on the salt tolerance mechanism of hydrophilic headgroup and the analysis of the effect of salt on the high temperature stability of WLMs, we hope it will be conducive to promote the preparation and wide application of salt and temperature resistant clean fracturing fluids.

Vertical porous MoS2/hectorite double-layered aerogel as superior salt resistant and highly efficient solar steam generators

Solar desalination which can produce freshwater by using green and renewable solar energy is considered as a promising strategy to mitigate water scarcity. However, in practical application, the crystallization and accumulation of salt will cause adverse impact on the water transportation, vapor generation efficiency, and long-term sustainable use of evaporator. Herein, we proposed a vertical porous MoS2/hectorite bi-layered aerogel for efficient solar steam generation with superior salt redissolution performances, excellent light absorption and outstanding local thermal effect. The top MoS2 layer functioned as efficient solar absorbers with excellent light absorption and photo-thermal conversion performances. For the bottom layer, the vertical water transport path and natural strong hydrophilicity of hectorite aerogel ensure stable water supply to the evaporation layer and prevent the accumulation of salt at the evaporation interface. The results show that the constructed superhydrophilic MoS2/hectorite bilayer aerogel has excellent self-driven salt removal performance, and can achieve self-cleaning within 30 min under extreme conditions simulating salt crystallization. In addition, the aerogels exhibited a steam generation rate of 1.32 kg m−2 h−1 and an evaporation efficiency of 85.99% under a light intensity of only 1 kW m−2. The superior performances of MoS2/hectorite double-layer aerogel, such as low cost, simple preparation, high strength and good salt resistance, make it suitable as portable evaporator for efficient solar interface desalination.

Effect of intra-nasal nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt in lowering elevated calcium cations and improving olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19 patients

PurposeAn association between COVID-19 and olfactory dysfunction has been noted in many patients worldwide. The olfactory adaptation process leads to an increase in intracellular calcium cation levels. Nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt has high selective chelation for calcium cations from olfactory mucus. The aim of this work is to test the effect of an intranasal nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt to lower the elevated calcium cations in COVID-19 patients with relevant symptoms of olfactory dysfunction.MethodsFifty-eight COVID-19 adult patients with relevant symptoms of olfactory dysfunction were enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled trial. They received a nasal spray containing either 0.9% sodium chloride or 2% nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt. Olfactory function was assessed before and after treatment using the Sniffin’ Sticks test. Quantitative analysis of calcium cation concentration in nasal secretions was performed using a carbon paste ion-selective electrode.ResultsAfter the application of nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt compared to sodium chloride, a significant improvement from functional anosmia to healthy normosmia with significant decrease in calcium cation concentration was observed.ConclusionsFurther collaborative research is needed to fully investigate the effect of an intranasal nitrilotriacetic acid trisodium salt in the treatment of olfactory disorders.

Plasma concentrations of diclazuril following oral administration of diclazuril and diclazuril sodium salt to cattle.

Diclazuril is a triazine-based antiprotozoal agent widely used in veterinary practice that may have clinical application in the treatment of bovine protozoal diseases. The present study reports on the bioavailability, pharmacokinetics, and metabolism of diclazuril and diclazuril sodium salt in cattle following administration of diclazuril suspended in water and by direct application of diclazuril sodium salt to the oral mucosa. Compared with diclazuril itself, the sodium salt formulation of diclazuril applied to the oral mucosa was rapidly and reliably absorbed. Plasma concentrations of diclazuril peaked at around 8 h after oral-mucosal administration of diclazuril sodium salt. On the contrary, application of diclazuril itself orally resulted in delayed and variable absorption. The mean bioavailability of diclazuril as pure powder was 42.5% relative to diclazuril sodium salt indicating approximately 2.5-fold increase in bioavailability of diclazuril as a sodium salt relative to diclazuril as a pure compound in cattle. The present study also reports finding of a previously unreported diclazuril metabolite at high concentrations in plasma especially after oral administration of diclazuril. Further studies, including synthesis and characterization of the novel described metabolite, are required to accurately determine aspects of the metabolism of diclazuril in cattle.

Caustic potash assisted roasting of the Nigerian ferro-columbite concentrate and guanidine carbonate-induced precipitation: A novel technique for extraction of Nb–Ta mixed-oxides

The current study focuses on alkali-assisted roasting, dissolution, and recovery of mixed oxides of niobium (Nb) and tantalum (Ta) from a ferro-columbite concentrate collected from Jos Plateau in Nigeria. Alkali-assisted roasting and water-based leaching to extract Nb and Ta using guanidine carbonate salt were adopted for sustainable extraction. The concentrate was roasted with caustic potash (KOH) as flux at optimized conditions (250 °C, 100% mass flux-to-concentrate ratio, 1 h) and leached with water. This resulted in dissolution of 97-96% Nb, 80-96% Ta, 92-91% W and 64-65% Mn for −250 and + 250 μm size fractions respectively while leaving behind in the residue most of Sn (94-83%) and Fe (79-81%). The amount of Nb and Ta dissolved were selectively recovered with novel application of guanidine carbonate salt as precipitating agent. High extraction yield (∼100%) was achieved. The final recovery of approximately 96% Nb and 85% Ta contained in the +250 μm concentrate feed sample was obtained under optimum conditions of 50 mg/mL guanidine. The (Nb,Ta)-guanidine precipitate obtained was then calcined at 900 °C for 1 h and converted into mixed (Nb,Ta)2O5 (97%) and removed the guanidine. Based on material balance, it was found that approximately 734.5 kg of (Nb,Ta)-guanidine precipitate with purity higher than 84% could be obtained from one tonne of ferro-columbite feed concentrate. The current technique of alkali-assisted roasting, dissolution, and recovery of mixed oxides of Nb and Ta is a novel process and presents an environmentally benign, and it is an efficient technique to replace the traditional method which uses an environmentally harmful hydrofluoric acid to extract Nb and Ta.