Application Of Renewable Energy Sources Research Articles

REGULATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ENERGY SECURITY SYSTEM IN THE INDUSTRY OF RENEWABLE ENERGY

This article outlines that for most countries of the world, the practical application of renewable energy sources is one of the most priority directions for developing the national energy industry. The annual increase in the volume of energy resources from various renewable energy sources was also noted. The forthcoming book on the growth of the specified indicator was also noted. The countries of the world that currently occupy leading positions in the practical implementation of renewable energy sources on national markets are outlined, including the European Union, the United States of America, China, and India. The fact that energy policy formation is implemented based on the complete domination of non-traditional energy sources over the usual and established fossil and destructive forms for humanity is noted. The strengths of renewable energy sources that should be taken into account are outlined, among them: internal energy characteristics of the potential, which by their content are necessary to satisfy the needs of humanity. Experience convincingly proves that the most significant development of alternative and renewable energy sources should be expected in those countries that today are energy-dependent on fossil and traditional fuels, supplying them to other countries while having a significant external debt burden. It is this circumstance that stimulates own extraction of energy resources through the use of RES; renewable energy sources are available and have an unlimited term and reserves of their use; the economic and ecological component of replacing fossil and dangerous, high-cost energy resources with more accessible, safe resources of non-traditional origin; optimization of price policy by limiting the cost of hydrocarbon resources and minimizing unforeseen losses; complete greening of the environment through the use of environmentally friendly technologies and the use of innovative technological means of work. It has been proven that to achieve maximum efficiency from the functioning of the energy security system in the field of renewable energy sources; it is expedient to observe the following four criteria, which necessarily include: decarbonization as one of the ways to get Ukraine out of the energy crisis; development of a new Strategy for the energy sector of Ukraine in the conditions of post-war recovery; the availability of systematic energy security through the introduction of renewable energy sources are programs and sources of financing; the availability of the routine scope of the application of renewable energy sources with the use of state-market instruments for the regulation of renewable energy in Ukraine. The author's model of regulation of compliance with the efficiency of the energy security system in the practical application of renewable energy sources is proposed.

THE REGULATORY MODEL OF COMPLIANCE WITH THE EFFICIENCY OF THE ENERGY SECURITY SYSTEM IN THE SPHERE OF APPLICATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES IN UKRAINE

This article outlines that for most countries of the world, the practical application of renewable energy sources is one of the most priority directions for developing the national energy industry. The annual increase in the volume of energy resources from various renewable energy sources was also noted. The forthcoming book on the growth of the specified indicator was also noted. The countries of the world that currently occupy leading positions in the practical implementation of renewable energy sources on national markets are outlined, including the European Union, the United States of America, China, and India. The fact that energy policy formation is implemented based on the complete domination of non-traditional energy sources over the usual and established fossil and destructive forms for humanity is noted. The strengths of renewable energy sources that should be taken into account are outlined, among them: internal energy characteristics of the potential, which by their content are necessary to satisfy the needs of humanity. Experience convincingly proves that the most significant development of alternative and renewable energy sources should be expected in those countries that today are energy-dependent on fossil and traditional fuels, supplying them to other countries while having a significant external debt burden. It is this circumstance that stimulates own extraction of energy resources through the use of RES; renewable energy sources are available and have an unlimited term and reserves of their use; the economic and ecological component of replacing fossil and dangerous, high-cost energy resources with more accessible, safe resources of non-traditional origin; optimization of price policy by limiting the cost of hydrocarbon resources and minimizing unforeseen losses; complete greening of the environment through the use of environmentally friendly technologies and the use of innovative technological means of work. It has been proven that to achieve maximum efficiency from the functioning of the energy security system in the field of renewable energy sources; it is expedient to observe the following four criteria, which necessarily include: decarbonization as one of the ways to get Ukraine out of the energy crisis; development of a new Strategy for the energy sector of Ukraine in the conditions of post-war recovery; the availability of systematic energy security through the introduction of renewable energy sources are programs and sources of financing; the availability of the routine scope of the application of renewable energy sources with the use of state-market instruments for the regulation of renewable energy in Ukraine. The author’s model of regulation of compliance with the efficiency of the energy security system in the practical application of renewable energy sources is proposed.

Mathematical analysis of an electric car in the aspect of the application of renewable energy sources

This paper presents a model of an electric car based on the BMW i3 whose low-voltage electrical system and traction battery were supported by a photovoltaic system installed on the body of the vehicle. The photovoltaic system was installed on the roof, side doors and bonnet. The 350 Wp (Watts peak) system was made of semiflex panels. The input parameters for the model were the measurements taken during the simulated annual operation of the vehicle as driving time, weather conditions and their switching times. During stationary tests, the power of individual electrical consumers was measured and its maximum was 1.1 kW. The model included data on the electricity consumption for driving a given distance. The amount of electricity generated by the photovoltaic system was related to a stationary system of 4 kWp. The degree of shading and curtailment of energy generated by the photovoltaic system was measured during testing on a vehicle driving in urban conditions. In the vehicle under analysis, an additional energy stream supplied the 12 V electrical consumers and recharged the battery. The traction battery used to drive the vehicle during such a power supply scenario may increase the vehicle range by about 16% on average.

Survey on microgrids frequency regulation: Modeling and control systems

• A comprehensive review of load frequency control in microgrids. • Classification of various microgrid components, models, and benchmarks. • Survey on the merits and drawbacks of model-based and model-free control strategies. • Highlight of future trends for frequency deviation in the presence of renewable energy resources. The traditional power system structure is constantly changing due to the application of renewable energy sources (RESs) and microgrids (MGs) into the power system network. Due to the variations in demand and renewable generation profiles, load frequency control (LFC) is one of the most important issues in MGs. As a consequence of the relatively low inertia of these systems, LFC is more challenging compared to absence of DERs and MGs. A comprehensive review of the LFC problem in MGs is the primary objective of this paper. The review process for this paper is undertaken from two perspectives. As a first step, different models for MG components and benchmarks for LFC studies have been described, which can ease the researchers' task of finding suitable models. The second step of this review is a discussion of various control strategies, considering the merits and limitations of each. It is helpful to researchers that this comprehensive literature review gives them an overview of previous well-researched papers in this respect and enables them to connect the dots between recent developments, challenges, and future trends in load frequency strategies for MGs.

Application of Blockchain for Secure Data Transmission in Distributed State Estimation

The application of renewable energy sources in the power grid increases the necessity of tracking the system state, especially in smart grids, where there is a bidirectional transfer of data and power. The complexity of coupling between communication and the electrical infrastructure in a smart grid increases the risk of security breaches. Increasing the state estimation accuracy helps the smart grid operator efficiently manage the system. This article proposes an integration of distributed state estimation with a blockchain-designed communication platform. Additionally, the asynchronous data transmission, which is more likely to happen in the real world, is considered as the second task of this research. Finally, a detailed analysis of the blockchain-based application in distributed state estimation is provided. The numerical analysis shows that the proposed method meets real-world performance requirements and brings high security and reliability to the distributed state estimation process.

Prospective carbon nanofibers based on polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1): Pore structure regulation for higher carbon sequestration and renewable energy source applications

Polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) is characterized by a developed microporous structure. Needle-free Nanospider™ electrospinning of the PIM-1 solution with subsequent pyrolysis either under vacuum or in argon-hydrogen medium (7 vol% H2) at 900–1200 °C results in PIM-1 based carbon nanofibers (CNF) self-supporting mats. The samples were thoroughly characterized by N2 and CO2 adsorption using the BET, BJH, Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR), NLDFT and GCMC methods, CO2 uptake, and by Raman spectroscopy, elemental analysis, electrical conductivity, SEM. Since the N2 adsorption is found to be inapplicable, the presence of microporosity in the CNF is confirmed by CO2 adsorption (273 K) by the DR, NLDFT and GCMC methods. The CNF reach micropore specific surface area of 919 m2 g−1, micropore volume of 0.257 cm3 g−1 and CO2 uptake of 4.01 mmol g−1, which is higher than for initial PIM-1. Pt/PIM-1 CNF self-supporting mat, was successfully tested as anode for HT-PEM fuel cell.

Resilience enhancement of renewable cyber–physical power system against malware attacks

The widespread application of cyber technologies and Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) has gradually transformed traditional power systems into renewable Cyber–Physical Power Systems (CPPSs), which are increasingly threatened by malware attacks. In this paper, we develop an original and novel simulation framework with consideration of both malware attack process and the uncertainty of RESs to quantitatively analyze the resilience of renewable CPPS. Based on the framework, we consider different stages of the resilience process and propose corresponding prevention and restoration methods to enhance the resilience of the system. The efficacy and applicability of our proposed methods are demonstrated in a test renewable CPPS formed by coupling the IEEE 39 Bus System with a scale-free communication network. Experimental results reveal that accurate RES output forecast and a disassortative communication network can improve the resilience of renewable CPPS against malware attacks.

Design and Implementation of a Dual DC Source-based Quasi-Switched Boost Inverter for Renewable Energy Applications

ABSTRACT Recently, single-stage boost inverter topologies like Z-Source Inverter (ZSI), Switched Boost Inverter (SBI) and quasi-Switched Boost Inverter (qSBI) are gaining more attention in Renewable Energy Source (RES) applications. This paper proposes a dual dc source-based qSBI (DqSBI) topology which can be used as a micro-inverter for integrating various RES like solar photovoltaic, fuel cell etc. This study explains the principle of operation, design and steady-state analysis of the DqSBI topology. It also presents a performance comparison with conventional dc-dc boosted inverter and SBI topologies. The proposed inverter topology can achieve high voltage gain with low voltage stress across the switch, capacitor and diode. By using shoot through duty ratio, this topology provides a 110 V (rms) ac from a 324 V dc link voltage. The dc link voltage is obtained from a dc source of 36 V. The THD in the output voltage is 4.13%. Due to the reduced THD, the filter size and cost of the entire system are reduced. A 200-W laboratory prototype is developed to verify the theoretical concepts with an output voltage of 110 V (rms)/50 Hz. The Simple Boost Control (SBC) modulation strategy is used to generate shoot through and non-shoot through pulses. The modulation control algorithm is implemented using Spartan −3E Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) processor.

Improved auxiliary inductive coil connectors in DC boost converters with high voltage gain for renewable energy source applications

<span lang="EN-US">This study investigates an auxiliary technique for the integration of inductive coil connectors (AIIC) within a single switched DC converter with high voltage gain for renewable energy source applications. The aim is to develop and improve the rate of voltage gain for both coils by using inductive coil connectors (coupling inductance) on the input side that goes through the ratio operator of both inductive coils of the high frequency transformer by having the prototype power circuit operate at a switching frequency 80 kHz. Experimental results show that the output power is at 125 W, output voltage is at 325 V, and input voltage is at 36 V. Furthermore, the duration of change of critical waves of the duty condition was analyzed to confirm that the results were consistent with the proposed technique.</span>

Highly efficient unitized regenerative hydrogen peroxide cycle cell with ultralow overpotential for renewable energy storage

The potential large-scale applications of intermittent renewable energy sources require inexpensive, efficient, and less-resource-demanding energy storage systems to achieve grid balancing. Conventional unitized regenerative fuel cells (URFCs) based on the H2–H2O cycle are promising but suffer from high overpotential and low energy efficiency. Here we demonstrate a highly efficient unitized regenerative hydrogen peroxide cycle cell (UR-HPCC) for the renewable energy storage. The prototype utilizes a carbon-based platinum group metal-free catalyst containing atomically dispersed Co and N dopants (Co–N–C) as the bifunctional oxygen electrode catalyst for the hydrogen peroxide oxidation reaction (HPOR) and two-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e-ORR) in H2O2 electrolyzer and fuel cell modes, respectively. Further, this prototype exhibits a close-to-zero overpotential with remarkably high round-trip efficiency of over 90%, which is attributed to the ideal catalytic properties of Co–N–C toward HPOR and 2e-ORR. The thermodynamic analysis of these single-intermediate reactions indicates the intrinsic superiority of UR-HPCC in energy efficiency and reversibility over conventional URFCs, thus facilitating the development of future sustainable distributed generation and energy storage systems.

Diminution of Smart Grid with Renewable Sources Using Support Vector Machines for Identification of Regression Losses in Large-Scale Systems

This article examines the effect of smart grid systems by implementing artificial intelligence (AI) technique with application of renewable energy sources (RES). The current state generation smart grid system follows a high demand on supply of equal energy load to all grid states. However, in conventional techniques, high demand is observed as manual operation is preformed and load problems are not solved within the stipulated time period due to lack of technological advancements. However, applications of AI in smart grid process reduces risk of operation as manual adjustments are converted to highly automated procedures. This type of automatic process identifies the fault location at stage 1 and diagnosis of identified faults will be processed at stage 2. The abovementioned two stage processes will be incorporated with two constant parameters as dummy load is produced to overcome high- to low-power flows. Additionally, a scrap model has been designed to reduce the wastage of power as 100 percent effective progress can be achieved for low- to high-power supplies. To detect the corresponding regression losses in the grid systems, support vector machine (SVM) which completely identifies the previous state loss in the system is integrated. Hence, to analyze the effectiveness of the SVM model, four different scenarios are evaluated and compared with heuristic algorithms, long short-term memory (LSTM), autoregressive indicated moving average (ARIMA), adaptive ARIMA, and linear regression models with distinct performance analysis that includes error in percentage values where a total efficiency of 81% is achieved for projected SVM in all power lines including large-scale systems as compared to existing approaches.

Output power smoothing of wind power plants using unified inter-phase power controller equipped with super-capacitor

Due to the growing concerns regarding environmental and economic issues in power systems, nowadays the application of renewable energy sources (RES), especially wind energy has been increased. However, the increasing penetration of wind power plants (WPPs) into the grid has raised numerous challenges including output power fluctuations as well as the significant role these sources play in low-voltage ride-through (LVRT) in case of short circuit fault conditions. Energy storage systems (ESSs) are commonly employed to enhance WPP output power smoothing. On the other side, flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) can be utilized to enhance dynamic transients of the WPPs under short circuit contingencies. This paper presents the utilization of unified inter-phase power controller (UIPC) and the super-capacitor to fulfill the aforementioned challenges in connection of WPPs to the grid. To achieve this, a novel power control scheme is proposed to compensate for output power variations. The WPP model studied here is of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) type wind turbine. Simulations and comparisons are performed in the MATLAB/Simulink® environment to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme in smoothening WPP output power as well as enhancing their LVRT capability.

Optimal spatial resource allocation in networks: Application to district heating and cooling

District heating and cooling networks connect and distribute thermal energy resources within a network of sources and demands. While individual networks have been extensively studied, the scaling up of this technology requires the interconnection of larger sets of networks. This poses the problem of the optimal allocation of thermal resources across a spatially distributed network. Addressing this problem guarantees the efficient utilization of thermal resources and assists achieving carbon–neutral energy systems; however, previous studies have not addressed this issue. This work contributes to filling this gap by presenting an optimal spatial allocation method combining an existing spatial clustering method, transportation theory, and linear programming to maximize the allocable resources under spatial constraints. A case study shows that the proposed method is effective at handling large-scale problems. The method enables large-scale analysis of a broad range of geospatially bounded resources, especially in the application of mapping renewable energy sources to supply district heating and cooling.

A Co-Axial Microtubular Flow Battery with Ultra-High Volumetric Power

The increasing application of renewable energy sources has created the need for efficient electric energystorage. Redox flow batteries offer a viable alternative for these applications, having the advantages of long-life cycles and decoupling the power output and the storage capacity. Current RFBs use a planarconfiguration for the reactor. This configuration has been thoroughly studied and it has probably reached itsupper limit with respect to power density. This work presents a scalable hollow-fiber based co-axialmicrotubular flow battery design which proves to be a major leap forward in the power density of RFBs. Thisengineering solution provides significantly higher packing efficiency and membrane surface-to-area-ratio,lowering the capital cost and improving the volumetric power density. The performance of the new device isassessed by measuring the peak charge and discharge power densities, as well as the cycling performancefor both organic and inorganic redox couples.

Bioethanol production from seaweed solid waste biomass of agar processing

This paper describes about the potential application of renewable energy sources from biomass (seaweed waste) to replace fossil fuels combustion which produced CO2 emission and heavy metal pollution. The objective of the research is to utilize the seaweed solid waste from agar production industry for bioethanol feedstock. The enzymatic method was carried out for glucose production with the addition 1% of surfactant Tween 20 during the saccharification process of three kinds of substrate concentration (20, 25, 30% dw) and 10 FPU/g substrate for the cellulose concentration and used S. cerevisae as yeast in the fermentation process for bioethanol production. The result showed that the highest reducing sugar value (122.4 mg/mL) and 2.86% for the bioethanol content were from 30% dw treatment of substrate concentration of solid agar waste. Therefore, the waste from agar industry is a potential raw material to be used as biofuel and could reduce the heavy metal problems.

Extaction of Maximum Power from PV and Wind Energy Sources Using Predictive Control System in Microgrids

The impact of global warming and changing climatic conditions due to over exploitation of fossil fuels, emission of high carbon levels, and increased demand for energy have necessitated the application of renewable energy sources. Load demand is addressed by the default design of microgrids, with minimal changes in their architecture to adhere the introduction of electricity generated from different renewable sources. Renewable energy sources are generated from photovoltaic cells (solar), wind, and ocean tides, and India has been extending the deployment of solar and wind energy generation centers. The proposed system concentrates over the algorithms for Maximum Power Point tracking schemes to analyze how the renewable sources of energy are used to yield the maximum power. The same energy is stored in a battery storage and hence used whenever necessary. A definite set of control measures are defined within the Model Predictive Controlling mechanism, enabled to control the inverters, further defined to address the requirements of consistent AC load voltages. The inverters are controlled through a novel design of DC-DC Buck Boost Converter of battery and Model Predictive Controller is facilitated with DC-AC inverters. The controllers are modelled with MATLAB/SIMULINK with power droop controllers within the microgrid system. Proposed system was evaluated through simulations and from the investigative results, predictive controlling scheme has outperformed the other control strategies, while handling the fluctuating PV and wind energy sources.

Application of Artificial Intelligence in the Unit Commitment System in the Application of Energy Sustainability

This article approaches the optimal solution of energy sustainability based on the use of artificial intelligence (AI). The application of renewable energy sources (RES) and unit commitment (UC) is the basic idea of this concept. Therefore, a new approach to solving the UC problem is introduced. The proposed method has a simple procedure to obtain the popular solutions in an acceptable time interval, by creating a basic model of the schedule of the state of energy units RES. It is obvious that individual consumer units, of an operational nature, take hourly performance values by performing economic evaluations on them in the sense of cost optimization. This is conducted through an artificial intelligence (AI) algorithm by optimizing the dedicated cost function, simulated by annealing. Despite the acceptable solution obtained from these two steps, another shift is proposed, called the TDD process in a given consumer area. This process in the application of AI in the system of selection of universal load TDD from hundreds of possible ones is based on the use of artificial neural networks and cluster analysis, which is represented by the application of the Kohonen map. This logical process to achieve a modified solution is a self-organizing map (SOM). It is a software tool for visualizing high-dimensional data. Converts complex, nonlinear statistical relationships (functions) between high-dimensional data to simple geometric relationships, low-dimensional representation. The output of SOM is an optimized load TDD on the basis of which the process of automatic control of UC in the local urban area is built. The results of the AI application in the case of sustainable energy solutions confirm that this UC method provides a robust solution to an almost optimal solution.

Compact Thirteen-Level Inverter for PV Applications

In renewable energy source applications, multilevel inverters with lower power components have become more popular in recent decades. This work exhibits a novel topology for high-quality output in PV applications, along with low-power switches and isolated dc sources. The core module of the suggested design may create a 13-level output waveform with two unequal voltage source values. The cascaded structure is intended to boost the voltage levels, and the related parameters are obtained analytically. The even and odd levels of voltage can be created natively without the usage of an additional H bridge circuit. Furthermore, the switches, gate driver circuits, dc sources, and standing voltage are fewer in number when compared to other recent topologies. Power losses and cost comparisons are calculated and given in monetary terms. This new research supports the idea that nearest level control (NLC) is used as a modulation scheme in the simulation modeling and experimental validation of the proposed topology.

Clean energy solution for remote islands. The case of Nisyros island

ABSTRACT The extended fossil fuel reserves’ depletion and the pertinent environmental issues are considered as the principal traits of the contemporary power generation schemes. The Aegean Archipelagos comprises of numerous dispersed islands, with most of them using autonomous oil-based power stations in order to satisfy their energy requirements. To cope with the aforementioned problems in a sustainable way, a substantial shift to Renewable Energy Sources (RES) applications is examined. The present work investigates the sustainable solutions that can be implemented in Nisyros island to enhance its energy autonomy. To this end, RES-based configurations have been introduced for both the power generation and the transportation sectors. The feasibility of these clean energy solutions renders possible their implementation in relevant remote regions.

Renewable energy sources planning considering approximate dynamic network reconfiguration and nonlinear correlations of uncertainties in distribution network

With the development and application of renewable energy sources (RESs) into distribution networks, how to handle the correlations of uncertainties and the network reconfiguration in the RESs planning procedure is a significant challenge. Different from the conventional methods which assume that the uncertainties are linear correlation, the nonlinear correlations of uncertainties are modeled by applying copula theory. The joint probability density functions (PDFs) of wind speed-load and irradiance-load are developed. Based on the scenarios generated by Monte Carlo sampling (MCS), a chance constrained RESs planning model is established. The approximate dynamic network reconfiguration (ADNR) instead of static network reconfiguration is incorporated in the particle swarm optimization (PSO)-based solution algorithm process, which can get a better solution. Numerical simulations on an actual distribution network show the superiority of the proposed algorithm over the existing methods.