Applications Of Phosphorene Research Articles

Optical Signatures of Phosphorene Chemical Evolvement in Liquid Environment

Phosphorene possesses a unique combination of physical and chemical properties, including tunable direct bandgap, anisotropic electronic and optical properties. However, application of phosphorene is hampered by its fast degradation under ambient conditions. It is believed that H2O and O2 play key roles in the instability of phosphorene, but their exact contributions have not yet been completely understood in experiment. Herein, a technique of probing the mechanism of phosphorene oxidation through the evolvement of its photoluminescence spectra in a liquid suspension is introduced. With the addition of H2O2, the photoluminescence intensity of the suspension surprisingly increases, indicating a passivation effect due to the formation of phosphorene oxide, which is also verified by Raman spectroscopy. In contrast, direct addition of H2O leads to irreversible and rapid degradation as shown by the quenching of photoluminescence. Furthermore, monolayer phosphorene suspension photoluminescence at 2.17 eV is obtained by completely eliminating effects from contaminations, substrate strain, dielectric substrate, and oxidation of samples. Solvent protection in combination with the optical probing method provides an effective approach in investigating the chemistry of active materials like phosphorene. Phosphorene has great potential in the range of sensing applications including high‐resolution H2O2 and humidity sensors.

Atomically Sharp, Closed Bilayer Phosphorene Edges by Self-Passivation.

Two-dimensional crystals' edge structures not only influence their overall properties but also dictate their formation due to edge-mediated synthesis and etching processes. Edges must be carefully examined because they often display complex, unexpected features at the atomic scale, such as reconstruction, functionalization, and uncontrolled contamination. Here, we examine atomic-scale edge structures and uncover reconstruction behavior in bilayer phosphorene. We use in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of phosphorene/graphene specimens at elevated temperatures to minimize surface contamination and reduce e-beam damage, allowing us to observe intrinsic edge configurations. The bilayer zigzag (ZZ) edge was found to be the most stable edge configuration under e-beam irradiation. Through first-principles calculations and TEM image analysis under various tilting and defocus conditions, we find that bilayer ZZ edges undergo edge reconstruction and so acquire closed, self-passivated edge configurations. The extremely low formation energy of the closed bilayer ZZ edge and its high stability against e-beam irradiation are confirmed by first-principles calculations. Moreover, we fabricate bilayer phosphorene nanoribbons with atomically sharp closed ZZ edges. The identified bilayer ZZ edges will aid in the fundamental understanding of the synthesis, degradation, reconstruction, and applications of phosphorene and related structures.

Highly Efficient Silicon Photonic Microheater Based on Black Arsenic–Phosphorus

AbstractWhile black phosphorus has shown excellent optoelectronic properties in many aspects, the environmental instability ultimately places limits on its practical applications. Black arsenic–phosphorus (b‐AsP), an alloy of black phosphorus with arsenic atoms, has emerged as a new 2D material with better stability. Recently, the heterostructure via integration of 2D material with nanophotonic waveguides is opening an avenue for many on‐chip applications of phosphorene. However, the thermo‐optic (TO) properties, which are widely used for waveguide heaters, are not studied on b‐AsP yet. Herein, the TO effects of a b‐AsP/silicon van der Waals heterostructure are first investigated and its application as a transparent waveguide heater is demonstrated. A high efficiency of 0.74 nm mW−1 is achieved with a nonresonant and broadband heater based on 20 nm thick b‐AsP, which eliminates the need for enhancement by cavity‐assisted light–matter interaction, and thus allows for compact footprint, broadband operation, and low latency.

Crystalline Orientation Identification of Phosphorene Using Polarized Raman Spectroscopy without Analyzer

The unique photoelectric properties of phosphorene typically include anisotropy, hence the nondestructive and rapid identification of its crystal orientation is a key point to the investigation and application of phosphorene. Currently, the orientation identification by analyzing the Ag1 mode based on parallel-polarized Raman has severe requirements for the applicable Raman system. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a more general, convenient, and accurate method for determining the crystal orientation of phosphorene. In this paper, a method of orientation identification was proposed by using a Raman system without an analyzer and quantifying the correlation between the intensities of Ag1 and Ag2 modes with the change of the incident polarization direction. By using mechanically peeled phosphorene as specimens, Raman measurements were carried out under the Raman configurations of both parallel polarization and with no analyzer. The results show that the crystal orientation of phosphorene can be accurately identified by quantifying the Raman intensities of both Ag1 and Ag2 modes using the Raman system without an analyzer.

Electronic and magnetic properties of phosphorene tuned by Cl and metallic atom co-doping.

Using first-principles calculations based on density functional theory, we studied the electronic and magnetic properties of phosphorene co-doped with Cl and a metal atom (including Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni). It is found that Cl atom doping makes it much easier for metallic atoms to dope into phosphorene. Phosphorene co-doped with Cl and V, Cr, Mn, or Fe is magnetic, which is determined by the number of valence electrons. Taking V-Cl and Co-Cl co-doped phosphorene as an example, analyses are carried out on the reasonable selection of the doping sites, which distinctly affect the stability, band gap and magnetic moment. The stability is closely relevant to the electronegativity of impurity atoms. With the biaxial strain ranging from -4% to 4%, the magnetic moment of V-Cl co-doped phosphorene and the band gap of Co-Cl co-doped phosphorene are greatly tunable between 1.757-0.951 μB and 0.687-0.496 eV, which come from the electron transfer from V to the surrounding P atoms and the weakened bond between Co and Cl, respectively. These investigations provide a reference for regulating the electronic structure and magnetic properties of diluted magnetic semiconductors and promote the applications of phosphorene in spintronics and nanodevices.

A Novel Application of Phosphorene as a Flame Retardant.

Black phosphorene-waterborne polyurethane (BPWPU) composite polymer with 0.2 wt % of black phosphorene was synthesized. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to observe the morphology of phosphorene in polyurethane matrix, which indicated that the phosphorene distributes uniformly in the PU matrix. The flammability measurements were carried out to investigate the flame-resistant performances of phosphorene, which indicated that phosphorene could effectively restrict the degradation of the PU membrane. Compared by the pure WPU, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of BPWPU increased by 2.6%, the heat flow determined by thermal analysis significantly decreased by 34.7% moreover, the peak heat release rate (PHRR) decreased by 10.3%.

Research progress of the preparation, properties and application of phosphorene

Research progress of the preparation, properties and application of phosphorene

Applications of Phosphorene and Black Phosphorus in Energy Conversion and Storage Devices

AbstractThe successful isolation of phosphorene (atomic layer thick black phosphorus) in 2014 has currently aroused the interest of 2D material researchers. In this review, first, the fundamentals of phosphorus allotropes, phosphorene, and black phosphorus, are briefly introduced, along with their structures, properties, and synthesis methods. Second, the readers are presented with an overview of their energy applications. Particularly in electrochemical energy storage, the large interlayer spacing (0.53 nm) in phosphorene allows the intercalation/deintercalation of larger ions as compared to its graphene counterpart. Therefore, phosphorene may possess greater potential for high electrochemical performance. In addition, the status of lithium ion batteries as well as secondary sodium ion batteries is reviewed. Next, each application for energy generation, conversion, and storage is described in detail with milestones as well as the challenges. These emerging applications include supercapacitors, photovoltaic devices, water splitting, photocatalytic hydrogenation, oxygen evolution, and thermoelectric generators. Finally the fast‐growing dynamic field of phosphorene research is summarized and perspectives on future possibilities are presented calling on the efforts of chemists, physicists, and material scientists

Recent advances in synthesis, properties, and applications of phosphorene

Since its first fabrication by exfoliation in 2014, phosphorene has been the focus of rapidly expanding research activities. The number of phosphorene publications has been increasing at a rate exceeding that of other two-dimensional materials. This tremendous level of excitement arises from the unique properties of phosphorene, including its puckered layer structure. With its widely tunable band gap, strong in-plane anisotropy, and high carrier mobility, phosphorene is at the center of numerous fundamental studies and applications spanning from electronic, optoelectronic, and spintronic devices to sensors, actuators, and thermoelectrics to energy conversion, and storage devices. Here, we review the most significant recent studies in the field of phosphorene research and technology. Our focus is on the synthesis and layer number determination, anisotropic properties, tuning of the band gap and related properties, strain engineering, and applications in electronics, thermoelectrics, and energy storage. The current needs and likely future research directions for phosphorene are also discussed.