Nanosystems For Applications Research Articles

Revisit nonequilibrium thermodynamics based on thermomass theory and its applications in nanosystems

Abstract The development of non-Fourier heat conduction models is encouraged by the invalidity of Fourier’s law to explain heat conduction in ultrafast or ultrasmall systems. The production of negative entropy will result from the combination of traditional nonequlibrium thermodynamics and non-Fourier heat conduction models. To resolve this paradox, extended irreversible thermodynamics (EIT) introduces a new state variable. However, real dynamics variables like force and momentum are still missing from nonequilibrium thermodynamics and EIT’s generalized force and generalized flux. Heat has both mass and energy, according to thermomass theory and Einstein’s mass-energy relation. The generalized heat conduction model containing non-Fourier effects was established by thermomass gas model. The thermomass theory reshapes the concept of the generalized force and flux, temperature, and entropy production in nonequilibrium thermodynamics and revisits the assumption for the linear regression of the fluctuations in Onsager reciprocal relation. The generalized heat conduction model based on thermomass theory has been used to study thermal conductivity, thermoelectric effect, and thermal rectification effect in nanosystems.

Oil recovery enhancement in high and low permeability layers by the application of nanosystems

Oil recovery enhancement in high and low permeability layers by the application of nanosystems

Targeted Strategies Against Coronavirus Using Nanotechnology

Introduction: After the outbreak of the Coronavirus and the epidemic of its attributed disease worldwide, many scientists decided to use new strategies to diagnose, prevent and treat the coronavirus-caused disease. Nanotechnology, with a wide range of applications in various sciences, including medicine, helps to progress and solve many of its problems. Nanosystems with unique features have a special place in drug delivery and biomolecule transport. They can transfer antiviral and other drugs that face the coronavirus through different mechanisms in the blood plasma and between cells. Likewise, viral components and antibodies against them are moved between cellular and subcellular boundaries by some of these systems.
 Conclusion: This study investigated the application of nanosystems in targeted drug delivery, vaccination, and diagnosis of corona disease.

Application of Nanoparticles in Cancer Treatment: A Concise Review.

Timely diagnosis and appropriate antitumoral treatments remain of utmost importance, since cancer remains a leading cause of death worldwide. Within this context, nanotechnology offers specific benefits in terms of cancer therapy by reducing its adverse effects and guiding drugs to selectively target cancer cells. In this comprehensive review, we have summarized the most relevant novel outcomes in the range of 2010-2023, covering the design and application of nanosystems for cancer therapy. We have established the general requirements for nanoparticles to be used in drug delivery and strategies for their uptake in tumor microenvironment and vasculature, including the reticuloendothelial system uptake and surface functionalization with protein corona. After a brief review of the classes of nanovectors, we have covered different classes of nanoparticles used in cancer therapies. First, the advances in the encapsulation of drugs (such as paclitaxel and fisetin) into nanoliposomes and nanoemulsions are described, as well as their relevance in current clinical trials. Then, polymeric nanoparticles are presented, namely the ones comprising poly lactic-co-glycolic acid, polyethylene glycol (and PEG dilemma) and dendrimers. The relevance of quantum dots in bioimaging is also covered, namely the systems with zinc sulfide and indium phosphide. Afterwards, we have reviewed gold nanoparticles (spheres and anisotropic) and their application in plasmon-induced photothermal therapy. The clinical relevance of iron oxide nanoparticles, such as magnetite and maghemite, has been analyzed in different fields, namely for magnetic resonance imaging, immunotherapy, hyperthermia, and drug delivery. Lastly, we have covered the recent advances in the systems using carbon nanomaterials, namely graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, fullerenes, and carbon dots. Finally, we have compared the strategies of passive and active targeting of nanoparticles and their relevance in cancer theranostics. This review aims to be a (nano)mark on the ongoing journey towards realizing the remarkable potential of different nanoparticles in the realm of cancer therapeutics.

Microalgae and cyanobacteria as sources of bioactive compounds for cosmetic applications: A systematic review

Microalgae and cyanobacteria are rich in compounds with a wide diversity of biological activities that can be used to create new products with promising applications by the cosmetic industry. Many studies evaluating the bioactivities of microalgae and cyanobacteria extracts have been published, however perception of their potential use in cosmetic applications is still limited. The objective of this study was to systematically review the recent literature to assess the potential applications of microalgae and cyanobacteria in cosmetics. A total of 8498 articles mentioning antioxidant or anti-inflammatory properties, or cosmetic or nanosystem applications of microalgae and cyanobacteria extracts or biomass in the past 5 years were retrieved from different databases and the eligibility process was conducted applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. After that, 151 papers were selected of which 61 % cited antioxidant properties, 19 % cosmetic applications, 14 % anti-inflammatory potential, and 6 % nanosystem applications. The most reported genera were Chlorella (7 %), Arthrospira (7 %), Tetraselmis and Scenedesmus (6 % each). Crude extracts or biomass (56 %), pigments (14 %) and polysaccharides (9 %) were the type of microalgae- and cyanobacteria-based products most reported, Ninety-six percent of articles used in vitro methods with in vitro non-cellular assays being most cited (79 %) when compared with cellular assays (21 %), and only 4 % used in vivo approaches. Considering cosmetic applications, photoprotection (43 %), anti-cancer (melanoma) (19 %), and wound healing (16 %) were the most reported. A limited number of studies reported nanosystem applications, with metal nanoparticles and nanoemulsions as the most common nanosystem. The evidence found in the literature suggest that microalgae and cyanobacteria extracts are rich sources of bioactive products and compounds for cosmetic industry, which potential is far from being fully explored.

Nanothermometry with Enhanced Sensitivity and Enlarged Working Range Using Diamond Sensors

Nanothermometry is increasingly demanded in frontier research in physics, chemistry, materials science and engineering, and biomedicine. An ideal thermometer should have features of reliable temperature interpretation, high sensitivity, fast response, minimum disturbance of the target's temperature, applicability in a variety of environments, and a large working temperature range. For applications in nanosystems, high spatial resolution is also desirable. Such requirements impose great challenges in nanothermometry since the shrinking of the sensor volume usually leads to a reduction in sensitivity.Diamond with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers provides opportunities for nanothermometry. NV center spins have sharp resonances due to their superb coherence. NV centers are multimodal sensors. They can directly sense magnetic fields, electric fields, temperature, pressure, and nuclear spins and, through proper transduction, measure other quantities such as the pH and deformation. In particular, their spin resonance frequencies vary with temperature, making them a promising thermometer. The high thermal conductivity, high hardness, chemical stability, and biocompatibility of diamond enable reliable and fast temperature sensing in complex environments ranging from erosive liquids to live systems. Chemical processing of diamond surfaces allows various functionalities such as targeting. The small size and the targeting capability of nanodiamonds then enable site-specific temperature sensing with nanoscale spatial resolution. However, the sensitivity of NV-based nanothermometry is yet to meet the requirement of practical systems with a large gap of a few orders of magnitude. On the other hand, although NV-based quantum sensing works well from 0.3 to 600 K, extending the sensing scheme to high temperature remains challenging due to uncertainty in identifying the exact physical limits and possible solution at elevated temperatures.This Account focuses on our efforts to enhance the temperature sensitivity and widen the working temperature range of diamond-based nanothermometry. We start with explaining the working principle and features of NV-based thermometry with examples of applications. Then a transducer-based concept is introduced with practical schemes to improve the sensitivity of the nanodiamond thermometer. Specifically, we show that the temperature signal can be transduced and amplified by adopting hybrid structures of nanodiamond and magnetic nanoparticles, which results in a record temperature sensitivity of 76 μK/√Hz. We also demonstrate quantum sensing with NV at high temperatures of up to 1000 K by adopting a pulsed heating-cooling scheme to carry out the spin polarization and readout at room temperature and the spin manipulation (sensing) at high temperatures. Finally, unsolved problems and future endeavors of diamond nanothermometry are discussed.

Polyvinylpyrrolidone K-30-Based Crosslinked Fast Swelling Nanogels: An Impeccable Approach for Drug's Solubility Improvement.

Poor solubility is a global issue of copious pharmaceutical industries as large number of drugs in development stage as well as already marketed products are poorly soluble which results in low dissolution and ultimately dosage increase. Current study is aimed at developing a polyvinylpyrrolidone- (PVP-K30-) based nanogel delivery system for solubility enhancement of poorly soluble drug olanzapine (OLP), as solubilization enhancement is the most noteworthy application of nanosystems. Crosslinking polymerization with subsequent condensation technique was used for the synthesis of nanogels, a highly responsive polymeric networks in drug's solubility. Developed nanogels were characterized by percent entrapment efficiency, sol-gel, percent swelling, percent drug loaded content (%DLC), percent porosity, stability, solubility, in vitro dissolution studies, FTIR, XRD, and SEM analysis. Furthermore, cytotoxicity study was conducted on rabbits to check the biocompatibility of the system. Particle size of nanogels was found with 178.99 ± 15.32 nm, and in vitro dissolution study exhibited that drug release properties were considerably enhanced as compared to the marketed formulation OLANZIA. The solubility studies indicated that solubility of OLP was noticeably improved up to 36.7-fold in phosphate buffer of pH 6.8. In vivo cytotoxicity study indicated that prepared PVP-K30-based formulation was biocompatible. On the basis of results obtained, the developed PVP-K30-co-poly (AMPS) nanogel delivery system is expected to be safe, effective, and cost-effective for solubility improvement of poorly soluble drugs.

Recent Developments and Applications of Nanosystems in the Preservation of Meat and Meat Products

Due to their high water, lipid, and protein content, meat and meat products are highly perishable. The principal spoilage mechanisms involved are protein and lipid oxidation and deterioration caused by microbial growth. Therefore, efforts are ongoing to ensure food safety and increase shelf life. The development of low-cost, innovative, eco-friendly approaches, such as nanotechnology, using non-toxic, inexpensive, FDA-approved ingredients is reducing the incorporation of chemical additives while enhancing effectiveness and functionality. This review focuses on advances in the incorporation of natural additives that increase the shelf life of meat and meat products through the application of nanosystems. The main solvent-free preparation methods are reviewed, including those that involve mixing organic–inorganic or organic–organic compounds with such natural substances as essential oils and plant extracts. The performance of these additives is analyzed in terms of their antioxidant effect when applied directly to meat as edible coatings or marinades, and during manufacturing processes. The review concludes that nanotechnology represents an excellent option for the efficient design of new meat products with enhanced characteristics.

POROUS SILICON NANOSYSTEMS FOR ETHANOL SENSOR

Sensory elements based on hybrid films containing porous silicon and reduced graphene oxide nanostructures have been created. A decrease in electrical resistance and an increase in the capacitance of sensor elements in the AC mode due to the adsorption of ethanol molecules have been registered. To assess the sensory properties of hybrid films, the concentration dependences of the adsorption ability in the 0–4.5% range were determined and the dynamic characteristics of ethanol sensors based on them were studied. It was found that sensor films with different ratios of porous silicon and reduced graphene oxide nanoparticles have the maximum sensitivity to ethanol in different concentration ranges. The functional properties of hybrid films can be controlled by changing the proportions of their components. The reaction time of sensory elements to changes in the concentration of ethanol molecules is 40–50 s. The obtained results expand the perspective of the application of nanosystems based on porous silicon in sensor devices.

Bone-Targeted Nanoparticle Drug Delivery System: An Emerging Strategy for Bone-Related Disease.

Targeted delivery by either systemic or local targeting of therapeutics to the bone is an attractive treatment for various bone metabolism diseases such as osteoporosis, osteoarthritis, osteosarcoma, osteomyelitis, etc. To overcome the limitations of direct drug delivery, the combination of bone-targeted agents with nanotechnology has the opportunity to provide a more effective therapeutic approach, where engineered nanoparticles cause the drug to accumulate in the bone, thereby improving efficacy and minimizing side effects. Here, we summarize the current advances in systemic or local bone-targeting approaches and nanosystem applications in bone diseases, which may provide new insights into nanocarrier-delivered drugs for the targeted treatment of bone diseases. We envision that novel drug delivery carriers developed based on nanotechnology will be a potential vehicle for the treatment of currently incurable bone diseases and are expected to be translated into clinical applications.

Compliance modeling of a full 6-DOF series–parallel flexure-based Stewart platform-like micromanipulator

AbstractWith many micromanipulator designs emerging in micro and nanosystem applications, the element of compliance in the mechanisms is gaining attention. Several designs consider motions limited in a plane for high accuracy and repeatability as needed in micro/nano manipulation applications. Extending this to a full spatial configuration with coupled motions of series and parallel linkages with flexure joints of 1-degree-of-freedom (DOF) and 3-DOF needs a systematic analytical approach. One such approach for compliance analysis is presented in this article for a mechanism designed at Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur. To validate the analytical models, finite element analysis simulations are performed with the help of the Abaqus-6.14 software package. Following the successful validation, the effect of structural parameters on the performance is presented with the help of the analytical expressions. We explore the performance of the mechanism with different dimensions of flexures of a particular type. Results indicate that the design with dissimilar dimensional parameters can give superior performance.

Nanosystems and exosomes as future approaches in treating multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an immune-mediated demyelinating disease of the central nervous system which leads to neurological dysfunctions and severe disabilities. MS pathology is characterised by damage of the blood-brain barrier and infiltration of autoreactive T cells that overactivate glial cells, thereby initiating neuroinflammation accompanied by the formation of demyelinating plaques and neurodegeneration. Clinical deficits in this multifactorial disease depend on the progression of myelin loss, the stage of inflammation, the status of axons and the activity of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs). Despite significant progress in the treatment of MS, current therapies remain limited and new approaches are highly desirable. Nanosystems based on liposomes and nanoparticles are among some of the more noteworthy therapeutic strategies being investigated. Applications of nanosystems alone or as drug carriers in animal models of MS have been found to successfully alleviate the symptoms of the disease and exert anti-inflammatory potential. Exosomes are a specific type of nanosystem based on nanometre-sized extracellular vesicles released by different cells which exhibit important healing features. Exosomes contain an array of anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective agents which may contribute to modulation of the immune system as well as promoting remyelination and tissue repair. In this review, opportunities to use nanosystems against progression of MS will be discussed in context of cell-specific pathologies associated with MS.

Synthesis of PEG-4000-co-poly (AMPS) nanogels by cross-linking polymerization as highly responsive networks for enhancement in meloxicam solubility

Poor solubility is an ongoing issue and the graph of poorly soluble drugs has increased markedly which critically affect their dissolution, bioavailability, and clinical effects. This common issue needs to be addressed, for this purpose a series of polyethylene glycol (PEG-4000) based nanogels were developed by free radical polymerization technique to enhance the solubility, dissolution, and bioavailability of poorly soluble drug meloxicam (MLX), as improved solubility is the significant application of nanosystems. Developed nanogels formulations were characterized by FTIR, XRD, SEM, zeta sizer, percent equilibrium swelling, drug loaded content (DLC), drug entrapment efficiency (DEE), solubility studies, and in vitro dissolution studies. Furthermore, cytotoxicity studies were conducted in order to determine the bio-compatibility of the nanogels drug delivery system to biological environment. Nanogels particle size was found to be 156.19 ± 09.33 d.nm. Solubility study confirmed that the solubility of poorly soluble drug MLX was significantly enhanced up to 36 folds as compared to reference product (Mobic®). The toxicity study conducted on rabbits and MTT assay endorsed the safety of the developed nanogels formulations to the biological system.

Mixed-dimensional InAs nanowire on layered molybdenum disulfide heterostructures via selective-area van der Waals epitaxy.

Self-assembly of vertically aligned III–V semiconductor nanowires (NWs) on two-dimensional (2D) van der Waals (vdW) nanomaterials allows for integration of novel mixed-dimensional nanosystems with unique properties for optoelectronic and nanoelectronic device applications. Here, selective-area vdW epitaxy (SA-vdWE) of InAs NWs on isolated 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) domains is reported for the first time. The MOCVD growth parameter space (i.e., V/III ratio, growth temperature, and total molar flow rates of metalorganic and hydride precursors) is explored to achieve pattern-free positioning of single NWs on isolated multi-layer MoS2 micro-plates with one-to-one NW-to-MoS2 domain placement. The introduction of a pre-growth poly-l-lysine surface treatment is highlighted as a necessary step for mitigation of InAs nucleation along the edges of triangular MoS2 domains and for NW growth along the interior region of 2D micro-plates. Analysis of NW crystal structures formed under the optimal SA-vdWE condition revealed a disordered combination of wurtzite and zinc-blend phases. A transformation of the NW sidewall faceting structure is observed, resulting from simultaneous radial overgrowth during axial NW synthesis. A common lattice arrangement between axially-grown InAs NW core segments and MoS2 domains is described as the epitaxial basis for vertical NW growth. A model is proposed for a common InAs/MoS2 sub-lattice structure, consisting of three multiples of the cubic InAs unit cell along the [21̄1̄] direction, commensurately aligned with a 14-fold multiple of the Mo–Mo (or S–S) spacing along the [101̄0] direction of MoS2 hexagonal lattice. The SA-vdWE growth mode described here enables controlled hybrid integration of mixed-dimensional III–V-on-2D heterostructures as novel nanosystems for applications in optoelectronics, nanoelectronics, and quantum enabling technologies.

Nanotechnology as a tool for treating cancerous tumors

This paper overviews the application of Nano systems in the diagnosis of cancer. The biophysics and the biochemical reactions in the process of detecting the cancer is discussed here. The various methods in the detection of cancer cells is summarized. Before the anatomic abnormality is detected, the cancer detection is very important. The methods of detection which consumes less time and which are cost effective are discussed in this review. In the last two decades, information technology has led to the economic growth. This technology has developed a lot of sensors which are self-powered and help in the early detection of cancer cells. The objective of this work is to bring out the difficulties in the drug targeting and the challenges that are faced in the nano systems growth.

Application of Nanosystems Synergized by Optics and Chemotherapy in the Treatment of Sports Rehabilitation Diseases

With the rapid development of sports in my country, many athletes will have mild or severe diseases. Physical rehabilitation can improve their physical pain, and some more serious diseases require optical and chemotherapy treatments. This article mainly studies the application of nanosystems that cooperate with optical and chemotherapy in the treatment of sports rehabilitation diseases. In the experiment, the bacteria-infected mice in the wound were divided into 5 groups (n = 4), and the mouse wound model was made. After that, the number of bacteria remaining in the wound was determined by the plate count method. At the same time, a cytotoxicity test was performed, and a control experiment was performed on the cell culture of the polymer at a concentration below the VCR and CMC values. The final sections were used for tissue analysis of serine and epoxy staining. It was found from the experimental data that the cumulative release of free CLB molecules within 3 hours almost reached 100%, and its rapid release was attributed to its small molecular size. In contrast, the release of CLB-HDH micelles in 3 h is 62%, which has a certain relaxation effect. The results showed that CLB-HDH micelles significantly inhibited tumor growth, had good safety in vivo, and had low systemic toxicity. CLB-HDH micelles provide new ideas for efficient CLB tumor treatment.

Nitric Oxide Nano-Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapeutics: Advances and Challenges.

Nitric oxide (NO) plays important roles in various physiological and pathological functions and processes in the human body. Therapeutic application of NO molecules has been investigated in various diseases, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, and infections. However, the extremely short half-life of NO, which limits its clinical use considerably, along with non-specific distribution, has resulted in a low therapeutic index and undesired adverse effects. To overcome the drawbacks of using this gaseous signaling molecule, researchers in the last several decades have focused on innovative medical technologies, specifically nanoparticle-based drug delivery systems (DDSs), because these systems alter the biodistribution of the therapeutic agent through controlled release at the target tissues, resulting in a significant therapeutic drug effect. Thus, the application of nano-systems for NO delivery in the field of biomedicine, particularly in the development of new drugs for cancer treatment, has been increasing worldwide. In this review, we discuss NO delivery nanoparticle systems, with the aim of improving drug delivery development for conventional chemotherapies and controlling multidrug resistance in cancer treatments.

Poloxamer-407-Co-Poly (2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid) Cross-linked Nanogels for Solubility Enhancement of Olanzapine: Synthesis, Characterization, and Toxicity Evaluation.

Current study is focused to enhance the solubility of poorly soluble drug olanzapine (OLZ) by nanogels drug delivery system, as improved solubility is one of the most important applications of nanosystems. Poor solubility is a major issue, and 40% of marketed and about 75% of new active pharmaceutical ingredients are poorly water soluble which significantly affect the bioavailability and therapeutic effects of these drugs. In this study, nanogels, a promising system for solubility enhancement, were developed by free-radical polymerization technique. Different formulations were synthesized in which poloxamer-407 was cross-linked with 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid (AMPS) with the help of cross-linker methylene bisacrylamide (MBA). The chemically cross-linked nanogels were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermos gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), zeta size, swelling, sol-gel analysis, drug loading, solubility, and in vitro drug release studies. In order to determine the biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of nanogels to biological system, toxicity study on rabbits was also carried out. It was confirmed that the developed nanogels was thermally stable, safe, effective, and compatible to biological system, and the solubility of olanzapine (OLZ) was enhanced up to 38 folds as compared with reference product.

Development and Analytical Application of Nanosystems for Photoenergy Storage and Localization

Development and Analytical Application of Nanosystems for Photoenergy Storage and Localization

In Situ Formation of Homogeneous Tellurium Nanodots in Paclitaxel-Loaded MgAl Layered Double Hydroxide Gated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Synergistic Chemo/PDT/PTT Trimode Combinatorial Therapy.

A folic acid (FA) functional drug delivery system (MT@L-PTX@FA) based on in situ formation of tellurium nanodots (Te NDs) in paclitaxel (PTX)-loaded MgAl layered double hydroxide (LDHs) gated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) has been designed and fabricated for targeted chemo/PDT/PTT trimode combinatorial therapy. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), N2 adsorption-desorption, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, and UV-vis spectra were used to demonstrate the successful fabrication of MT@L-PTX@FA. In particular, the in situ generated Te NDs showed a homogeneous ultrasmall size. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, photothermal effects, and photostability evaluations indicated that the in situ generated homogeneous Te NDs could serve as the phototherapeutic agent, converting the photon energy to ROS and heat under near-infrared (NIR) irradiation efficiently. The drug-release test revealed that MT@L-PTX@FA showed an apparent sustained release character in a pH-sensitive manner. In addition, cell imaging experiments demonstrated that MT@L-PTX@FA could selectively enter into cancer cells owing to the function of FA and release of PTX efficiently for chemotherapy for the reason that the low intracellular pH would dissolve MgAl LDHs to Mg2+ and Al3+. Cytotoxicity tests also indicated that MT@L-PTX@FA exhibited enhanced therapeutic effect in cancer cells under NIR irradiation, benefiting from the synergy based on targeted chemo/PDT/PTT trimode combinatorial therapy. The preliminary results reported here will shed new light on the future design and applications of nanosystems for synergistic combinatorial therapy.