Application Of Mycorrhiza Research Articles

Kadmiyum Bulaştırılmış Yetiştirme Ortamda Mısır Fidesinin (Zea mays L.) Gelişimine, Kadmiyum İçeriğine ve Alımına Mikoriza ve Salisilik Asit Uygulamalarının Etkisi

Cadmium (Cd) pollution is an important problem today. In this study, the effects of mycorrhiza (M) and salicylic acid (SA) applications on plant height, fresh weight, dry weight, number of leaves, and Cd content and uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings grown in Cd treated environments were determined. For this purpose, 3 kg pots with and without mycorrhizae were used with two doses of salicylic acid (SA1: 1.0 mM and SA2: 2.0 mM). The study was carried out in three replications. As a result of the measurements, mycorrhiza and Salicylic acid applications significantly increased plant height, fresh and dry weight of corn seedlings. On the other hand, mycorrhiza and Salicylic acid applications decreased Cd content and uptake. The lowest plant height was 26.63 cm, the number of leaves was 5.6, the fresh weight was 3.74 g and the dry weight was 1.63 g in the control group, which was not treated with mycorrhiza and SA. The highest plant height was 56.17 cm, the number of leaves was 7.50, and the fresh weight was 21.46 g, with 2.0 mM SA application without mycorrhiza treatment. The highest dry weight was determined with 5.70 g in mycorrhiza and 2.0 mM SA application. While the highest Cd content of corn seedlings was 3.37 mg kg-1 and its uptake was 5.95 mg kg-1 in the control application, the lowest Cd content was 0.307 mg kg-1 and uptake were 1.48 mg kg-1 with mycorrhiza with 2.0 mM SA and 1.0 mM SA. detected in applications. When the results of our study were examined, mycorrhiza and SA applications had positive effects on corn seedlings grown in Cd-contaminated environments. The combined application of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza will contribute significantly to yield and nutrient content in agricultural production against heavy metal pollution.

Does nutrient and irrigation managements alter the quality and yield of saffron (Crocus sativus L.)?

Increasing the saffron quantity and quality is essential and should be considered to achieve the desired performance. In this regard, to study the effect of nutrient and irrigation management on the quality and yield of saffron, an experiment was carried out at the research station, the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in 2013–2015. The study was performed as a split-split plot based on a Randomized Complete Block Design with 18 treatments. Experimental factors were: 1- superabsorbent (S.A.) [application and non-application (non-S.A.)], 2- irrigation intervals [every two, three, and four weeks], and 3- nutrient management [humic acid, mycorrhiza (Glomus intraradices) and control]. Among all treatments, the application of S.A. increased on average 61% fresh saffron flower and dry stigma yields in both growing seasons. S.A. + four weeks irrigation intervals + humic acid were increased number of flower, dry stigma yields (175.33 per m2 and 7.472 kg.ha-1, respectively), and water productivity of irrigation of saffron stigma (2.138 g.ha-1) in 2015. The use of S.A. and humic acid compensated for water shortage and increased stigmas' yield. Furthermore, the maximum L observed in S.A. + three weeks irrigation intervals + humic acid (32.44). Among all treatments, the lowest amount of b value and Hue was observed in shorter irrigation intervals; so, application of S.A. + two weeks irrigation intervals + humic acid resulted in the minimum amount of Hue (−0.1783) that was a desirable trait. The maximum crocin and picrocrocin obtained in S.A. + three weeks irrigation intervals + mycorrhiza (225.9 A4401% and 86.58 A2541%, respectively) and the highest safranal content observed in S.A. + four weeks irrigation intervals + humic acid (47.03 A3301%). In general, it seems that the application of humic acid, mycorrhiza, S.A., and longer irrigation intervals can significantly increase the quality and yield of saffron.

Application of Cow Manure and Mycorrhiza on the Growth of Biduri (Calotropis Gigantea)

Abstract Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) was a herbaceous plant that had a lot of potentials yet farmers did not cultivate it properly. For instance, many farmers apply inorganic fertilizers excessively which could damage the environment, so that they did not embody environmentally-friendly agriculture. One of the efforts to achieved sustainable agriculture was the use of organic fertilizer. This research was conducted from March 2021 to October 2021 at the screen house, Jumantono Field Laboratory, Chemistry and Soil Fertility Laboratory, and Plant Physiology and Biotechnology Laboratory at Faculty of Agriculture, UNS. This research used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 2 elements and 3 replications. The first factor was cow dung which consists of three stages: K0 = control treatment, K1 = 10 tons/ha, K2 = 20 tons/ha. The second factor was mycorrhiza which consists of four stages: M0 = control treatment, M1 = 5 gram/plant, M2 = 10 gram/plant, M3 = 15 gram/plant. Data obtained were analysed by ANOVA and DMRT. The results showed that the interaction between cow dung and mycorrhiza did not increase the growth of biduri; administration of 20 tons/ha gives best result in terms of the heigh of the plant, diameter stem, number of leaves, and number of branches; Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi was not increase the growth of biduri.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species improve the fatty acids profile and nutrients status of soybean cultivars grown under drought stress.

To investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) species on the absorption and distribution of mineral nutrients in soybean cultivars under drought stress, an experiment was carried out through a factorial method in the form of randomized complete blocks with six replicates in 2020. Experimental factors include: drought stress at three irrigation levels (well-watered [WW], medium stress [MS] and severe stress [SS], i.e., 100%, 70% and 40% FC), soybean cultivars at two levels (Sepideh and Williams), and mycorrhizae application at four levels (nonapplication, Funneliformis mosseae, Glomus hoi, Rhizophagus intraradices). The results indicated that drought stress increased the concentration of grain potassium (K) and sodium (Na), leaf K, stem and leaf Na, and decreased the concentrations of grain phosphorus (P), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), leaf P, stem and leaf Cu, and manganese (Mn). In addition, there was no significant difference in terms of concentrations of grain K. The highest reduction was observed under SS conditions (40% FC). G. hoi colonization increased the concentrations of grain P and Zn, leaf K and Cu and stem Mn under SS conditions (40% FC). In addition, compared to Sepideh cv., Williams cv. showed higher stress resistance. Seed oil content decreased in the plants exposed to drought stress. Severe drought treatments have a deleterious effect on seed fatty acid composition, resulting in enhanced linoleic, oleic and linolenic acids. AMF colonization is a useful tool for improving the plant nutrient uptake, fatty acid profile, efficiency of resource utilization and stabilizing yield, hence reducing the production risks of crops grown under drought stress conditions. It was concluded that AMF colonization should be employed to help alleviate the adverse effects of drought stress. AMF colonization is an effective biotechnological strategy that can alter nutrient uptake and fatty acid composition and enhance oil quality in soybean cultivars under drought conditions.

The Native Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Vermicompost-Based Organic Amendments Enhance Soil Fertility, Growth Performance, and the Drought Stress Tolerance of Quinoa.

The present study aimed to determine the effects of biostimulants on the physicochemical parameters of the agricultural soil of quinoa under two water regimes and to understand the mode of action of the biostimulants on quinoa for drought adaptation. We investigated the impact of two doses of vermicompost (5 and 10 t/ha) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi applied individually, or in joint application, on attenuating the negative impacts of water shortage and improving the agro-physiological and biochemical traits of quinoa, as well as soil fertility, under two water regimes (well-watered and drought stress) in open field conditions. Exposure to drought decreased biomass, leaf water potential, and stomatal conductance, and increased malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide content. Mycorrhiza and/or vermicompost promoted plant growth by activating photosynthesis machinery and nutrient assimilation, leading to increased total soluble sugars, proteins, and antioxidant enzyme activities in the leaf and root. After the experiment, the soil’s total organic matter, phosphorus, nitrogen, calcium, and soil glomalin content improved by the single or combined application of mycorrhiza and vermicompost. This knowledge suggests that the combination of mycorrhiza and vermicompost regulates the physiological and biochemical processes employed by quinoa in coping with drought and improves the understanding of soil–plant interaction.

Response of sow thistle to the level of shading and mycorrhiza

Perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) is one of the Indonesian medicinal plants that contain flavonoid compounds. The research aimed to examine the effects of shading and mycorrhiza application toward the growth, fresh and dry weight of shoot, chlorophyll, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and quercetin content of S. arvensis. The research was conducted in the greenhouse of the Soil Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta. The experimental design used was a split-plot design, with shading level as the main plot and mycorrhiza application as the subplot. Shading treatment comprised four levels: 0%, 25%, 40%, and 75%, whether subplot comprised two levels: control and with mycorrhizal inoculation. The result showed that shading significantly affected plant growth, fresh and dry weight of shoot, and chlorophyll content. Without shading levels (level 0%) resulted in the highest plant growth, nutrient uptake and yield. The shading level of 0% with AMF application resulted in the highest yield of quercetin. The chlorophyll a, b, and total chlorophyll content was not significantly different at 0%, 25%, and 40% shading levels but decreased significantly at 75% shade levels.

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.) VARIETAS RUBARU TERHADAP BIOCHAR SEKAM PADI DAN MIKORIZA DI VERTISOL

Cultivating red onion on a Vertisol during rainny season could face to physical and chemical problems from the soil. Application of biochar and mycorrhiza can improve soil quality both physical and chemical properties of Vertisol. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of rice husk biochar and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) on growth and yield of red onion grown on a vertisol. The research was carried out at the Agrotechnology Research Station, University of Trunojoyo Madura from December 2018 to February 2019. The experiments were arranged on Split Plot Design (SPD) with the main plots were the biochar treatments and the sub plots were AMF applications. Two rates of biochar applications namely B0 (no biochar) and B1 (10 ton/ha), and four rates of AMF applications involving M0 (no mycorrhiza), M1 (2.5 g/plant), M2 (5 g/plant) and M3 (10 g/plant), were employed. No P fertilizer was applied on three AMF treatments (M1, M2, and M3). There were 8 combination treatments, and each treatment was replicated four times to end up in 32 experimental units. The results showed that there was no interaction between biochar and AMF treatments on all observed parameters. Biochar increased the number of leaves at 4 and 6 WAP (week after planting), the number of roots, and the weight of fresh tubers, and dry tubers that were suitable for storage. Mycorrhizal (AMF) application significantly influenced the number of leaves at 2 and 6 WAP, number of roots, wet weight of tubers, dry weight of tubers, and percentage of AMF root colonization. The application of rice husk biochar and AMF increased tuber yields respectively up to 17.21% and 19.58% compared to that of control.

Effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and organic fertiliser on bioremediation of spent engine oil contaminated soil

Abstract Hydrocarbon-related environmental pollution is a major environmental hazard due to its toxicity and widespread presence in the environment, resulting in stunted growth of soil microorganisms, plants, and animals. This study was therefore conducted to evaluate the effect of mycorrhizal inoculation and compost made from Cocoa Pod Husk (CPH) and cattle dung in the bioremediation of Spent Engine Oil (SEO)-contaminated soil. About 2.5 kg of sterilised soil was contaminated with SEO at different concentrations: 0, 100, and 150 mL / pot. Compost was then added after two weeks of contamination at the rate of 10 g / pot. Inoculation for treatments containing Glomus mossaea (consisting of 20 g of root soil-fungal mixture) was blended into the soil samples as well. It was a 2 × 2 × 3 factorial experiment that was laid out in a completely randomised design and replicated three times. The incubation was allowed to last for twelve (12) weeks before the termination of the experiment. Data were collected on the Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH), bacterial and fungal biomass of the SEO-contaminated soil. Results obtained indicate that combined application of mycorrhiza with 100 mL / pot SEO resulted in significantly (p < 0.05) lower residual TPH content (54.50% degradation) of the contaminated soil compared to the other treatment combinations whereas significantly higher residual TPH content (20.43% degradation) of the contaminated soil was obtained from the interaction between 150 mL / pot SEO and without mycorrhizal inoculation. Interaction between mycorrhiza and 10 g / pot compost had a significantly higher bacterial colony (6.58 CFU / g) compared to other treatment combinations. Mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in a significantly higher fungal colony (5.844 CFU / g) compared with non-mycorrhizal inoculation (3.222 CFU / g). Therefore, it can be concluded that mycorrhizal inoculation and compost were effective in the bioremediation of SEO-impacted soil.

Inokulasi Mikoriza pada Media Tanam Campuran Kompos Kotoran Kambing Terhadap Pertumbuhan Bibit Kakao

<p>Improvements in cocoa cultivation techniques need to be done by adding goat manure as a mixture of planting media to improve the physical properties of the soil in order to make it easier for roots to develop. This objective of this study was to determine concentration of mycorrhizae, the best growing media for cocoa seedlings, and interaction on the growth of cocoa seedlings. The method used was randomized block design with two factor. The first factor was the inoculation of mycorrhizae consisting of four levels: without inoculation of mycorrhizae 10 g/plant, 20 g/plant, and 30 g/plant. The second factor was the growing media with three levels of growing media: top soil, top soil + goat manure compost (1:1), and top soil + goat manure compost (1:2). The results showed that the growing media had a significant effect on the height and volume of plant roots. Growing media of top soil produced the best average seedling by 38.06 cm and root volume by 4.39 cm3. The interaction of giving mycorrhizae with growing media had a significant effect on root volume with the best treatment 10 g/plant mycorrhizae and top soil by 5.67 cm3. The results analysis of root infection by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi showed the highest infection in the 20 g/plant mycorrhizae and top soil by 80%. Application of mycorrhizae with growing media can increase cocoa yield and growth. Planting media mycorrhizae infected to soil can affect cocoa seedling.</p>

Response of Biochemical Characteristics and Grain Yield Of Canola (Brassica Napus L.) To Biofertilizers

Effects of Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter biofertilizers on the biochemical properties and grain yield of rapeseed cultivars were investigated in a randomized complete block design with four replications in two years 2016 and 2017 in Khorramabad, Lorestan province, Iran. Biofertilizer factors included application of Mycorrhiza, Azotobacter, Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter combination and non-application of biofertilizer (control) and cultivar factors included Gabriella, Neptune, Expower and Okapi. According to interaction effect of biofertilizers × cultivar, results showed that the highest seed and oil yields were obtained with the application of Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter combination in case of Gabriella (4918.6 and 1165.2 kg/ha, respectively) and the least was found with non-application of biofertilizers in case of Expower (3350.4 and 731.3 kg/ha, respectively). Biochemical parameters like shoot proline, protein, peroxidase, catalase, Chlorophyll a and b content of canola were also significantly affected by biofertilizer, cultivar and due to interaction of biofertilizer and cultivar. Therefore, application of Mycorrhiza and Azotobacter combination in case of Gabriella is recommended for Khorramabad and similar regions. Bangladesh J. Bot. 50(3): 585-593, 2021 (September)

بررسی پاسخ گیاه ارزن (Panicum miliaceum) به کاربرد اسید هیومیک، سیلیسیم و میکوریزا در شرایط تنش شور سدیمی آب آبیاری

IntroductionSalinity and sodicity stresses are the major problems in the production of crops under arid and semi-arid regions. Sustainable management by using water and soil resources, under conditions of salinity and sodicity, is considered as a management strategies, also application of mycorrhizal fungi along/or organic matter such as humic acid addition are the major causes in reclamation of the environment and also increases the stability of agro-systems by reducing the use of chemical fertilizers. Among other ways to overcome the negative effects of salinity on the growth and yield of the plant, application of ordinary silicon and silicon nanoparticles have prior importance. This research was conducted to evaluate the effect of humic acid, mycorrhiza and silicon (ordinary and nano) on yield and nutrient content of millet under saline-sodic irrigation water. Materials and methodsA field experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in a randomized complete block design with three replications in summer 2015. The study area is located in Tabas city, South Khorasan province (Iran) with longitude 56o 53' and latitude 33o 34'. The main plots consisted of saline-sodic irrigation water (S) at two levels (S1= EC: 2.1 dSm-1, SAR:11.5 and S2= EC: 5.04 dSm-1, SAR: 20.8) and a combination of sub factors including three treatments of silicon salts (SI): (control (Si0), silicon nanoparticles, 10KgSiha-1 (NSi) and ordinary silicon (by using sodium silicate salt) 10KgSiha-1 (Si)) and three levels of mycorrhiza and Humic acid (MH): (control (MH0), inoculation with Glomus mosseae mycorrhizal fungi (M) and humic acid 10Kgha-1 (H)) as The factorial was placed in the main plots. Results and discussion The results showed that increasing salinity-sodicity of irrigation water decreased grain yield, straw yield, number of panicles per square meter and plant height and its effect on 1000 seed weight and grain number per spike were not significant. Increasing salinity-sodicity of irrigation water decreased the grain yield by reducing the number of panicles per square meter, reduction of the straw yield due to its negative impact in plant height. The application of silicon nanoparticles treatment increased the grain yield compared to non-silicon treatment, but ordinary silicon (sodium silicate) had no effect. Mycorrhizal inoculation increased grain yield, straw yield and panicle per square meter and application of humic acid also increased grain yield, number of panicles per square meter. Mean grain yield at S1 level increased with the use of humic acid and mycorrhiza and in S2 level, mean grain yield increased only with the use of humic acid. Saline-Sodic irrigation water reduced the concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and K/Na ratio, and increased sodium concentration in millet. Application of silicon had no significant effect on nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sodium and K/Na ratio in the plant, but mycorrhiza and humic acid increased plant phosphorus and K/Na ratio and decreased sodium content of the plant. ConclusionsAccording to our results, it can be concluded that the use of silicon nanoparticles in comparison with ordinary silicon (sodium silicate) could increase the yield of millet. Also the application of humic acid or mycorrhiza can be improved the yield of millet by increasing the amount of phosphorus and K/Na ratio and decreasing sodium content in millet and thus the enhancement of resistance of the plant and the reduction of the effects of salinity-sodicity of water irrigation, and in this regard, the effect of humic acid was much superior to mycorrhiza impact.

Effects of Severe Drought Stress on Some Physiological and Biochemical Parameters of AMF Inoculated C. arietinum

In this study, physiological and biochemical changes caused by mycorrhizal symbiosis in chickpea plants under drought conditions were investigated in both root and leaf. Drought stress reduced leaf water potential, but mycorrhizal symbiosis caused a significant increase in leaf water potential. However, the application of mycorrhiza under drought stress caused an increase in the amount of elements that are very important for the development of the plant in the root and leaf. In our study, drought increased the proline concentration and MDA content, while mycorrhiza application decreased them in both leaf and root. In addition, while mycorrhizal application increased the activity of catalase, it decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase. In general, enzyme activities were found to be higher in the leaf, but no distinct pattern was obtained between root and leaf in other analyzes. The study shows that the responses of mycorrhizal symbiosis in chickpea plants may change depending on the severity of the drought. Especially antioxidant enzyme activities and proline content patterns reveal that more comprehensive studies should be conducted on these issues. However, continuing studies until determining the effects of AMF symbiosis on grain yield under drought may provide more comprehensive results.

Interactive Effects of Potassium and Mycorrhizal Fungi on Glomalin and Biochemical Responses of Sunflower Grown in a Pb and Zn Contaminated Soil

ABSTRACT It is well documented that sole application of potassium (K) or mycorrhizal fungi can alleviate heavy metal stress in plants. As an indicator of the efficient defense in the mycorrhizal fungi-plant system, glomalin synthesis in the rhizosphere can be determined. In this study, interactive effects of mycorrhizal fungi (MY) and K on glomalin content, heavy metal uptake and mycorrhizal properties of sunflower plants were examined with three soil K levels (0, 100, and 200 mg K kg−1 using K2SO4). The three levels of mycorrhization are: i) no mycorrhizal inoculation, ii) Rhizophagus irregularis inoculation, and iii) mixed mycorrhizal inoculum application. Joint application of potassium and mycorrhiza significantly increased the percentage of root colonization and easily extractable glomalin (EEG), showing 56% root colonization in the treatment of K100 + mixed mycorrhiza and 178 µg EEG g−1 in the treatment of K200 + mixed mycorrhiza. Joint application of MY and K significantly reduced the translocation of heavy metals to the shoot of the plants. The highest total uptake of Zn by plants per pot (2.01 mg pot −1) and Pb (0.78 mg pot −1) were found in non-mycorrhizal plants. The MY and K treatments also increased the chlorophyll content and leaf area index by 57%. This study concluded that application of potassium and mycorrhizal fungi enhanced glomalin production and increased plant resistance to heavy metal stress.

Coinoculation of rhizobia and mycorrhiza in cowpea beans (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) in Calixto Garca Municipality, Cuba

The research goal is to evaluate the rhizobia and mycorrhiza application on Cowpea bean (Vigna unguiculata L) cv. Carita Blanco growth. The experiments were developed at Calixto Garcia municipality, Cuba. It was conducted from April to June 2020, on brown Sialitic soil without carbonate. This design was a random block with three treatments (Control, Rhizobium and Rhizobium + Mycorrhizas). It entailed indicators measurement during ten days and after seeds plantation. The indicators measured were plant length (cm), number of trifoliate leaves, the diameter of the stem base (mm), number of nodules per plant, as well as yield and its components, at the moment of harvest. Statistic helped to analyze data by one-way analysis of variance, followed by Duncan's multiple range test. Hence, the statistic professional program SPSS, version 20 for Windows was implemented. The Rhizobium and Mycorrhiza co-inoculation showed the best results for growth and yield indicators. Key words: Biofertilizers, rhizobia, mycorrhizas, cowpea beans, inoculation, brown sialitic soils.

Improved Salt Tolerance of Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala) through the Application of Indigenous Mycorrhiza

Salt stress is one of the serious abiotic stressors which limit the growth and development of important crops in agricultural lands. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been implemented as a strategy to mitigate the adverse effects due to an impact of salt stress through the structural and physiological adjustment. This study aimed to determine a relationship between salinity levels (0, 150, 300, and 450 mM NaCl) and AMF treatments (Glomus manihotis, Glomus etunicatum, and G. manihotis + G. etunicatum) to the salt tolerance of Leucaena leucocephala seedlings in a greenhouse. Salinity reduced the plant height, biomass, and root colonization by AMF. However, the inoculation of AMF, especially the consortium, ameliorated the negative effects by stabilizing the growth performance and supporting the photosynthetic outputs through optimum nutrient and mineral absorptions. These results were indicative through a significant interaction between salinity levels and the types of AMF treatment in all parameters except in the total leaf protein and proline contents from the two-way ANOVA results. Root colonization was highly correlated with the plant height, biomass, and total carbohydrate content with a maximum contribution conferred by the AMF consortium, based on Pearson’s correlation coefficient test and PCA analysis. Our study then showed the positive impact of AMF toward salt tolerance by L. leucocephala with potential application and cultivation in salt-stressed ecosystems.

Karakter Fisiologi dan Hasil dari Tanaman Ciplukan (Physalis angulata) Pada Perlakuan Pemupukan Fosfat dan Mikoriza

This study aimed to determine phosphate fertilizer and mycorrhiza dosages as well as the interaction of both treatments to the physiological character and the yield of ciplukan plants. The experiment was carried out from February to July 2020 on an experimental farm. The study used a Randomized Completely Block Design, consisted of two factors. The first factor was the dose of SP-36 fertilizer, containing 36% phosphate (P2O5), and the levels were P0 = 0% dose (0 kg/ha), P1 = 25% dose (75 kg/ha), P2 = 50% dose (150 kg/ha), and P3 = 100% dose (300 kg/ha). The second factor was the mycorrhizal dose, namely M0 = 0 g, M1 = 3 g, M2 = 6 g, and M3 = 9 g (containing 10 spores per 3 g). Each treatment combination was in triplicates. The measurement and observation data were analyzed using the analysis of variance (F-test), followed by Duncan's multiple range test with P-value = 0.05 and regression. The results showed that application of 75 kg/ha dose was equivalent to the application of 300 kg/ha. P uptakes at 75 kg/ha and 300 kg/ha dose of fertilizer were 22,03 ppm and 23,18 ppm, respectively. The plant growth rate was 12,39 g/cm2/week on the application of 75 kg/ha fertilizer and resulted in 14,24 g/cm2/week on 300 kg/ha dose. The mycorrhiza application was significantly different from the root infection at a dose of 6 g, namely 49.177%. There was an interaction between the dose of SP-36 fertilizer and the mycorrhiza on leaf chlorophyll content at a dose of 0% and 3 g mycorrhiza.
 
 Keywords: Physalis angulata, mychorrhiza, phospate fertilizer, physiological character and yield

Coinoculaton of endophytic diazotroph with PGPR and AM fungi for enhancing sugarcane production

The field experiment was conducted at Sugarcane Research Station, Cuddalore during 2010 – 2012, to evaluate the response of sugarcane variety CoC 24 to the application of bioinoculants viz., Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus, AM fungi and Azophos (Azospirillum and phosphobacteria), under different levels of N, P2O5 and K2O inorganic fertilizer in plant and ratoon crop. The results revealed that the application of mycorrhizae, G. diazotrophicus, Azospirillum and phosphobacteria significantly produced higher cane yield in plant crop. The application of Gluconoacetobacter diazotrophicus @10 kg + AM fungi + Azophos @10 kg + 75 % NPK recorded the maximum germination and tiller population and also maximum mean millable cane population of 1.32 lakhs /ha, cane yield (137.45 t/ha) and sugar yield (16.96 t/ha). Similar results were recorded with the ratoon crop. The population of Azospirillum and Pseudomonas are higher compared to that of Glucanoacetobacter diazotrophicus and phosphobacteria. The application of bioinoculants improves soil microbial biomass and their by enhancing soil organic matter content. The applied bacterial sources helps in nitrogen fixation and also in continuous mobilizing and solubilisation of nutrients and their persistence and colonization in soil is an added advantage and also enhances the soil fertility. The usage of these bioinoculants inturn reduces the inorganic fertilizer input and thereby reduces the cost of cultivation.

Mycorrhizae and a soil ameliorant on improving the characteristics of sandy soil

<p>Agricultural constraints on sandy soil are poor chemical characteristics and low biological activity resulting in the soil becoming less productive to be planted. One of the efforts to improve the quality of sandy soil are application of mycorrhizae and a soil ameliorant. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of mycorrhizae and a soil ameliorant on soil chemical characteristics and soil biological activity. The experiment was arranged using a Complete Randomized Design that had two factors. The first factor (1) was mycorrhizae dose, without mycorrhizae (M0) and six spores of mycorrhizae/plant (M1), and the second factor (2) was types of soil ameliorant, without ameliorant (S0), cow dung (S1), rock phosphate (S2), biochar (S3), cow dung–rock phosphate (S4), cow dung–biochar (S5), and rock phosphate–biochar (S6). The results indicated that combination of six spores mycorrhizae/plant–cow dung 60 tons ha<sup>−1</sup>–biochar 25 tons ha<sup>−1</sup> (M1S5) increased soil organic carbon (SOC) (235%), available P (675%), cation exchange capacity (CEC) (216%), total glomalin (101%), and easily extracted glomalin (69%), decreased exchangeable sodium percentage (66%), and increased absolutely for root infection and spore density than without mycorrhizae and a soil ameliorant (control). The lowest of SOC in non-mycorrhizae and rock phosphate, available P, CEC, root infection, spore density were found on the control, but the lowest of total glomalin and easily extracted glomalin were found on non-mycorrhizae–rock phosphate. The application of mycorrhizae, cow dung, and biochar improved the sandy soil characteristics.</p>

Biocompost and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Chemical Properties of Inceptisols and Root Infection in Purple Corn Plants

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the application of biocompost and mycorrhizae fungi on chemical properties of inceptisol soil and root infection on purple corn plants. This research was conducted in October-December 2020 at Experimental Garden, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Malikussaleh in Reuleut Village, Muara Batu District, Aceh Utara, employing Randomized Block Design (RBD) Factorial with 2 factors observed. The first factor observed was different doses of biocompost: B0 (0 ton/ha, 0 g/plot), B1 (5 tons/ha, 1500 g/plot), B2 (10 tons/ha, 3000 gr/plot) and B3 (15 tons/ha, 4500 gr/plot). The second factor was M0 (0 ton/ha, 0 gr/plot, 0 g/plant), M1 (0.25 tons/ha, 75 g/plot, 5 g/plant) dan M2 (0,5 ton/ha, 150 g/plot, 10 g/plant). The results indicated that the application of biocompost together with mycorrhizae has increased soil pH from 5.0 to 5.5 and the application of biocompost alone has improved the organic C (1.58% to 2.98%) and the application of mycorrhizae improved the root infection by 90%. The application of 5 ton/ha biocompost and 0.5 ton/ha mycorrhizae were to be found to be the best doses to improve the chemical properties of inceptisol soil and mycorrhizal infection.Keywords: biocompost, inceptisols, purple corn, mycorrhizal fungi

Mitigation of saline conditions in watermelon with mycorrhiza and silicon application.

Citrullus lanatus L. is critical vegetable for salinity stress. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and silicon treatments are known to help as bio-ameliorator of saline soils that can improve salinity tolerance in plants. But their combined effect has never been examined on watermelon therefore, present study investigated the effect of inoculation with the Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) along with silicon on the growth and yield parameters, antioxidant enzyme activities, pigment and mineral content of Citrullus lanatus L. plants grown during salt stress conditions. Outcomes from the study point out that salt stressed watermelon plants showed the best morphological and biochemical values when inoculated with Silicon (4mM)+Glomus mosseae+Gigaspora gigantean. In addition, the plants inoculated by similar treatment demonstrated less osmotic activity, electrolyte leakage, as well as peroxide content. Treatments comprising Silicon (4mM) with either Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora gigantean also performed significantly similar for most of the traits studied in the present investigation and better than the treatment only with either one of Glomus mosseae and Gigaspora gigantean. Antioxidant efficiency of melon was certainly appreciably enhanced after incubation with AMF and Si combination in salinity stress. Overall, the application of mycorrhiza and silicon can be considered to overcome the salinity stress in watermelon.