Application Of Mycorrhiza Research Articles

Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and mycorrhiza on quantitative and qualitative traits of maize.

An experiment was performed to investigate the effect of mycorrhizal symbiosis and foliar application of salicylic acid on quantitative and qualitative traits of maize during 2018 and 2019 in the research farm of Islamic Azad University, Chalous Branch. Split plot in a randomized complete block design with three replications was used. Experimental factors included mycorrhiza species of (G. mosseae), (G. geosporum) and (G. intraradices) at two levels (no consumption and consumption of mycorrhiza) and salicylic acid at two levels (no consumption and consumption of 1 mμ of salicylic acid). Results of interaction effects of mycorrhiza and salicylic acid on the measured traits revealed that the maximum 1000-grain weight, grain yield, biological yield, phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen percentage and yield of maize grain protein were observed in G. mosseae treatment under foliar application of salicylic acid. Foliar application of salicylic acid increases the root length and provides the necessary conditions for increasing water and nutrient uptake alongwith increase in photosynthesis and thus allocates more photosynthetic substance for development of reproductive organs. Hence, it increases maize grain weight and accordingly grain yield. In general, the results revealed that mycorrhiza and foliar application of salicylic acid increase growth indicators, yield and yield components. It also improved the quality traits of the maize plant. Based on results, the interaction effect of G. mosseae treatment and foliar application of salicylic acid yielded better results than other treatments. Mycorrhiza increases the number of grain in the ear, the number of rows in the ear, increases the plant's ability to absorb phosphorus, and the increase of mycorrhiza along with salicylic acid shows the maximum grain yield in maize. Finally, it can be concluded that the use of mycorrhiza and salicylic acid can be effective in increasing grain in the plant.

The Growth Performance of Pineapple Seedlings Planted with Mycorrhizae and Different Rates of Phosphorus Fertiliser

Pineapple stands as a promising crop with potential for widespread cultivation across Malaysia. Nevertheless, factors like the elevated cost of fertilisers and certain environmental challenges have acted as obstacles to pineapple production within the country. The application of mycorrhiza presents an opportunity to curtail fertilisers usage and thereby mitigate environmental strain. This study seeks to assess the impact of mycorrhiza on pineapple growth and determine an optimal Phosphorus (P) fertilisers rate that complements mycorrhizal activity, all while enhancing pineapple growth. A randomised block design with six replications was employed. The study maintained a consistent mycorrhiza application rate of 5 g/plant but varied the Phosphorus fertilisers rate. Data on leaf length, plant height, fresh weight, and dry weight were collected and subjected to analysis. The study, conducted over a four-month period at UiTM Jengka, Pahang, culminated in results analysed through Microsoft Excel and MINITAB. Notably, Treatment 3 displayed the most robust growth performance across leaf length, plant height, and fresh weight. However, Treatment 5 emerged as the optimal choice for enhancing dry plant weight.

Effect of mycorrhiza applications on nutrient uptake in Prunus rootstock under water stress conditions

Effect of mycorrhiza applications on nutrient uptake in Prunus rootstock under water stress conditions

Bitki Gelişimini Teşvik Eden Rizobakteri ve Mikoriza Uygulamalarının Zinnia elegans L. ve Dahlia variabilis L.’in Gelişimine Etkisi

This study was carried out to determine the effects of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza treatments on the development of Zinnia elegans L. ‘Zesty’ and Dahlia variabilis L. ‘Figaro Violet’ cultivars. In the study, a suspension was first prepared from bacterial isolates developed at 25±2 °C for 24 hours. The prepared suspensions were adjusted to an absorbance value of 0,3 at 600 nanometers in a spectrophotometer. D. variabilis seedlings were immersed in suspensions prepared from ZE-12, ZE-13 and ZE-12+ZE-13, Z. elegans seedlings were immersed in suspensions prepared from ZE-2, ZE-7, ZE-12, ZE-13, ZE-12+ZE-13 for 30 minutes. In addition, Z. elegans seedlings were kept in mycorrhiza prepared at a concentration of 5000 ppm for 10 seconds. At the end of the period, flower seedlings were planted in pots with a mixture of peat and perlite. As the control group, seedlings without rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza treatment were used in both cultivars. The experiment was established with 3 replications and 10 plants per replication. The applications made in the D. variabilis experiment remained the same as the control in all other parameters except root dry weight. ZE-13 application was effective on root dry weight. It was determined that the applications made in Z. elegans seedlings increased the flower stem thickness and the number of leaves, especially the ZE-13 application was the most effective application. In conclusion, with this study, it was revealed that rhizobacteria and mycorrhiza applications, which are of natural origin and do not harm the environment, have the potential to be used in ornamental plants cultivation, and that these applications should be expanded.

Interaction Between Mycorrhizae and Organic Amendments to Improve Growth and Phosphorus Uptake in Brinjal

Phosphorus (P) is the second most important macronutrient both for plants and other living organisms. However, due to its fixation with soil collides; it becomes unavailable to plants and hence cannot enter the food chain. The effect of combination of mycorrhizae and different organic amendments on P uptake and plant growth of brinjal (Solanum melongena) was evaluated in a pot trial, conducted at wire house of Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad. Each treatment was composed of one type of organic amendment (i.e. farmyard manure (FYM), biogas slurry (BGS), poultry manure and compost) at the rate of 1.5% w/w and mycorrhizae. Results showed that the combined application of mycorrhizae and organic amendment improved plant growth and enhanced P uptake. Improved root length, shoot height and leaf canopy was observed in FYM+mycorrhizae and BGS+mycorrhizae combinations. Similarly, enhanced P uptake improved photosynthetic activity and high biomass was observed in BGS+mycorrhizae combinations. The use of mycorrhizae and organic amendments appeared to be efficient in improving P uptake up to 53.45% and plant growth 64.32%. It is concluded that practicing this in the field can be cost effective approach and reduce environmental risk by reducing application of chemical fertilizers.

Effects of Compost, Fertilization, Rhizobacteria and Mycorrhiza Applications on Growth, Flowering and Bulb Quality of ‘Jan van Nes’ Tulip Varieties

Compost is usually made of biodegradable wastes. Today, compost, bio-agent bacteria and mycorrhizae are used as the key components of sustainable agriculture. This study was conducted to determine the effects of compost treatments alone and combined with bacteria, mycorrhiza and commercial fertilizers on growth, flower and bulb quality parameters of the ‘Jan van Nes’ tulip cultivar. Compost was made of grape pomace and set at different EC levels. Three different compost ratios (0%, 20% and 40%), three different EC levels (0.75, 1.10, and 1.45 dS/m) and combinations with or without bacteria and mycorrhizae were experimented. Flower stalk length, perianth length and vase life were identified as the most striking parameters for growth and flowering of tulip plants. The best outcomes in terms of flower stem length (34.20 cm), perianth length (44.85 mm) and vase life (7.00 days) were obtained from 0% compost treatments. Increasing compost ratios had adverse effects on plant growth and bacteria and mycorrhizae treatments alone did not provide any significant effects. However, combining with different compost ratios increased the effectiveness of bacteria and mycorrhiza. EC of 0.75 yielded better results than the other EC levels.

The Influence of Cow Manure and Mycorrhiza Application in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Growth on Pre Nursery

The Influence of Cow Manure and Mycorrhiza Application in Oil Palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) Growth on Pre Nursery

Decrease in population of Ditylenchus dipsaci in garlic cultivation with the application of mycorrhizae and organic fertilizers

Garlic is the main commodity of farmers in Tawangmangu, Central Java. The superior variety in the area is Tawangmangu Baru. Unfortunately this variety is susceptible to garlic root rot caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cepae. The infection of this pathogen was increased by the presence of the nematode Ditylenchus dipsaci. Besides the loss due to single infection, this nematode can predispose garlic to be susceptible to garlic root rot disease. Therefore, population decrease of D. capsaci is important as a component of integrated control of the two pests. Environmentally friendly control is a priority now and in the future, including biologically, such as the application of mycorrhizae and orgnically such as organic fertilizers. This paper reports a decrease in the population of D. dipsaci in garlic cultivation with the application of mycorrhizae and organic fertilizers. This research was conducted on farmer’s land in Tawangmangu Karanganyar Central Java at an altitude of 1000 m asl and Andosol soil type. The results showed that mycorrhizae, compost, and husk charcoal could decrease the population of D. capsaci. The effectiveness of nematode population decrease in the single treatment of mycorrhizae, compost, and husk charcoal were 18.45, 42.14, and 27.56%, respectively. While the combination of the three treatments gave the highest effectiveness value, namely 48.52%.

Amendment of mycorrhizae and its residual effect on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays) hybrids in coastal land

Abstract. Rustikawati, Suprijono E, Murcitro BG, Herison C, Sitohang SJ. 2022. Amendment of mycorrhizae and its residual effect on growth and yield of maize (Zea mays) hybrids in coastal land. Biodiversitas 23: 5600-5605. Maize (Zea mays L.) is known sensitive to less optimal environmental conditions. Maize cultivation in coastal land has low productivity due to the availability of low nutrients and the ability to hold groundwater. The addition of mycorrhizal fungi (MF) to the coastal land is expected to improve the root environment suitable for plants. This study aimed to evaluate growth and yield of maize hybrids grown in coastal areas amended with MF and examining its residual effect. The newly developed hybrids, CT34 and CT17, and a commercial check cultivar, BISI-18, were grown on a coastal land with the application of mycorrhizae at the rate of 0, 5, and 10 g.plant-1 in a factorial experiment with three replications. Observations were made on plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, leaf greenness, root fresh weight, ear length, ear diameter, number of grain rows, number of grain.ear-1, and grain weight.plant-1. Data were analyzed for ANOVA, and the mean comparisons were conducted with DMRT at a=5%. The results showed that there was no interaction effect between the maize hybrids and the rate of mycorrhizae on any observed variables. The new hybrid of CT34 showed almost similar growth to that of the check cultivar, BISI 18, but the yield was significantly lower. CT34 showed better performance than CT17 on all variables. The application of MF significantly increased stem diameter and root fresh weight, which in turn increased maize yields in the coastal land. Increasing the mycorrhizal rate up to 10 g.plant-1 in coastal lands was ineffective in increasing maize productivity compared to 5 g.plant-1. In a bioassay study on the mycorrhizal residues in the second season, the treatment of 10 g.plant-1 significantly increased maize growth by more than 100% compared to without mycorrhizae.

Removal of chromium from chromium-contaminated soil and physiological response of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) on treatments of biochar and mycorrhizae

Food safety and soil degradation were the reasons to treat contaminated soil. Shallots are high-value commodities, so cultivation is carried out intensively. Continuous use of agrochemicals can cause heavy metal contamination. This study aimed to investigate chromium removal, physiological characters, and yield of shallot (<em>Allium ascalonicum</em> L.) on biochar and mycorrhizae application on chromium-contaminated soil. A pot experiment was conducted at the screen house ex-farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Jenderal Soedirman University. The treatments tested consisted of two factors. The first factor was biochar dosage (B) consisting of 4 levels, i.e., B0 = without biochar, B1 = 1.2 g biochar kg<sup>-1</sup> of soil, B2 = 2.4 g biochar kg<sup>-1</sup> of soil, and B3 = 4.8 g biochar kg<sup>-1</sup> of soil. The second factor was mycorrhizae inoculation consisting of 3 levels, i.e., M0 = without mycorrhizae, M1 = 0.1 g mycorrhizae kg<sup>-1 </sup>of soil, M2= 0.2 g mycorrhizae kg<sup>-1</sup> of soil. The twelve treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with three replications. The results showed that the application of 1.2 g, 2.4 g, and 4.8 g biochar kg<sup>-1</sup> of soil had been able to increase plant height and the percentage of root infection. The application of mycorrhizae 0.1 g and 0.2 g mycorrhizae kg<sup>-1 </sup>of soil was able to increase plant height, percentage of root infection, and plant tissue P uptake. Both applications of biochar and mycorrhizae increased plant height and the percentage of root infection by mycorrhizae.

Manipulation of Senescence of Plants to Improve Biotic Stress Resistance

The physiological state, i.e., senescence or juvenility, of plants and plant organs can have strong effect on their reactions to pathogen attacks. This effect is mainly expressed as changes in the severity of disease symptoms. Generally, necrotrophic pathogens cause more severe symptoms on senescent than on juvenile plants, while biotrophs prefer juvenile tissues. Several factors of senescence have opposite effect on the two pathogen groups, such as decreased photosynthesis, decreased antioxidant capacity, remobilization of nutrients, changes in plant hormonal network, and in fluidity of cell membranes. Furthermore, senescent tissues are less tolerant to toxins and to cell-wall-degrading enzymes. On the other hand, pathogen infection itself has significant effect on the physiology of plants depending on the lifestyle of the pathogen and on the compatibility or incompatibility of the interaction with the plant. There are several possibilities to manipulate the physiological state of plants in order to improve their biotic and abiotic stress tolerance, such as removal of the terminal bud or high doses of nitrogen, external application of cytokinins or of inhibitors of ethylene action, as well as by spontaneous or directed mutation, in vitro selection, or manipulation by various transgenic approach. Even application of mycorrhiza can inhibit the senescence process of plants and improve their tolerance to stresses.

Mycorrhiza, Charcoal, and Rocket Salad Powder as Eco-friendly Methods for Controlling Broomrape Weed in Inter-planted Faba Bean with Flax

Till now, there is no complete program that could be implemented to eradicate the parasitic weeds such as broomrape because of their complex life cycle. Therefore, the current research aimed to find new and safe agricultural practices to solve, partially at least, the issues of broomrape in faba bean fields. The experiment was conducted for two winter seasons of 2018/2019 and 2019/2020 in naturally infested field with broomrape. Treatments involved application of mycorrhiza, charcoal and rocket salad powder, glyphosate–isopropylammonium herbicide, and weedy check applied whether with sole planting of faba bean and interplanting with flax. The experiment was designed in a strip plot based on completely randomized block arrangement with six replicates. Broomrape number and weight, infested faba bean plants, faba bean agronomic traits, and seed nutrient uptake were estimated. In both seasons, glyphosate whether with sole or interplanting patterns recorded the lowest values of broomrape number plot‒1 and broomrape weight plot‒1 without significant variation with charcoal and rocket salad applied in interplanted plots. The maximum increases in faba bean seed yield were observed with application of charcoal × sole or interplanting pattern and rocket salad × interplanting pattern in the 2018/2019 season as well as charcoal, mycorrhiza, and rocket salad with sole pattern in the 2019/2020 season. Charcoal, mycorrhiza, and rocket salad were effective practices whether under sole or interplanting patterns for improving nutrient uptake, especially in the first season. In the second season, rocket salad with sole or interplanting pattern was the stable interaction for enhancing all nutrient uptake. Reducing broomrape hazards expressed in low number and weight with less infested faba bean plants was confined by application of mycorrhiza, charcoal, and rocket salad powder whether with sole planting of faba bean and interplanting with flax. Hence, faba bean farmers are advised to apply such promising safe practices for sustaining faba bean cultivation in lands infested by broomrape.

The Functions of Biochar and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi to Increasing the Yield of Glutinous corn on sub-optimal land in a sustainability

This study aims to determine the role of biochar and mycorrhizal fungi in increasing soil fertility Inceptisols as suboptimal soil, which are poor in nutrients, low in carbon, and phosphorus, are suitable for planting of purple pulut corn (Zea mays ceratina Kulesh). This study used a randomized block design (RAK) with a factorial pattern of 3 replications, namely the dose of biochar (B) 0 t/h, 2 t/h, 4 t/h, and mycorrhizae (M) with a dose of 0 t/h, 0.2 t/h, 0.4 t/h. The data obtained were further tested with Duncan's multiple range test at a level of 5%. The application of biochar and mycorrhizae affected the number of leaves, days of flowering for males and females, and rows of This study aims to determine the role of rice husk biochar and mycorrhizal fungi in increasing soil fertility. Inceptisols, which are poor in nutrients, low in carbon, and phosphorus, are suitable for planting. There is an interaction in the administration of biochar 2 t/h + mycorrhiza 0.2 t/h on rows per row of purple pulut corn cobs. The application of biochar and mycorrhizae can overcome land infertility and provide the nutrients suitable for crops for supporting sustainable agriculture.

Field-Based Biochar, Pumice, and Mycorrhizae Application on Dryland Agriculture in Reducing Soil Erosion

Biochar, pumice, and mycorrhizae applications using direct testing methods in the field have not been widely carried out. The application of biochar in this study was used as a conservation material to control runoff and erosion. The research was conducted using a field plot during the peak of the rainy season (March-April) of 2021. The study was conducted in areas where the soil material is dominated by clay (>40%) and steep slope angles (>60%). The cropping pattern at the research site is generally cassava in the dry season and corn in the rainy season. Four 1 × 10 m field plots with corn stands were prepared with biochar, pumice, mycorrhizae, and control treatments. Runoff and sediment measurements were carried out by calculating the volume of water and suspension in the storage tank. The effect of three treatments was observed and measured through some soil characteristics such as bulk density (BD), specific gravity (SG), porosity, organic matter content (OM), cation exchange capacity (CEC), and aggregate stability. The highest rainfall in March and April reached 441 mm/month, with the highest intensity reaching 150 mm/week. Under intense rainfall, biochar application provides better performance than pumice and mycorrhizae. Runoff reduction from biochar is the highest, with 51.67%. On the other hand, pumice and mycorrhizae show a lower effectivity in decreasing runoff with 40.15% and 37.92%, respectively. The effectivity on lowering runoff translates to each ameliorant’s performance in reducing soil loss. Biochar decreases soil loss by 50.78%, while pumice and mycorrhizae decrease soil loss by 37.9% and 26.26%. The application of biochar reduced the rate of erosion by altering soil characteristics. Biochar application provides better soil characteristics by reducing BD and SG while at the same time increasing the porosity, OM, CEC, and aggregate stability. The changes provided by biochar can provide means to both soil conservation and increase in soil productivity.

Vermicompost Enhances the Effectiveness of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, Cowpea Development and Nutrient Uptake

Background: Optimum plant nutrition with various organic and inorganic fertilizers such as synthetic fertilizer, compost, mycorrhiza and bacterial isolations have a pivotal role in agricultural production. This study was laid out to observe the combined impact of mycorrhiza and vermicompost treatments on plant growth and nutrient uptake of cowpea. Methods: The experiment was laid out under controlled greenhouse conditions at Tokat Gaziosmanpaþa University in 2021. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and vermicompost treatments were used in the experiment. The experiment was laid out in split-plot randomized complete design with three replications. Result: Individual performance of vermicompost amendment was more effective on nutrient uptake and seedling growth compared with alone mycorrhizal treatment and control. However, the combined application of mycorrhiza and vermicompost exhibited a remarkable synergistic impact on each other. In particular, combined application of vermicompost and mycorrhizal fungi induced leaf phosphorus content up to 72% over control seedlings. In conclusion, vermicompost both increased effectiveness of mycorrhizal fungi and also promoted nutrient uptake, dry matter accumulation and seedling growth in cowpea.

A Novel Bacillus safensis-Based Formulation along with Mycorrhiza Inoculation for Controlling Alternaria alternata and Simultaneously Improving Growth, Nutrient Uptake, and Steviol Glycosides in Stevia rebaudiana under Field Conditions.

The excess use of chemicals by farmers in the agroecosystems degrades soil quality, disturbs soil ecology, and increases soil salinity and health hazards in humans. Stevia rebaudiana is an important medicinal and aromatic crop whose leaves contain steviol glycosides (SGs). The Bacillus safensis NAIMCC-B-02323 strain STJP from the rhizosphere of S. rebaudiana producing salicylic acid (16.80 µg/mL), chitinase (75.58 U/mL), β-1,3-glucanase (220.36 U/mL), and cellulase (170 U/mL) was taken as a plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). The cell-free supernatant (CFS) from strain STJP showed significant biocontrol activity against Alternaria alternata (80%), suggesting the protective role of extracellular metabolite(s) against phytopathogens. Paneer whey-based bioformulation (P-WBF) was developed to exploit B. safensis STJP to enhance the growth, nutrient uptake, soil properties, stevioside content, and SGs biosynthesis in S. rebaudiana under an A. alternata-infested field. The combined treatment of P-WBF and mycorrhiza (Glomus fasciculatum ABTEC) significantly enhanced plant growth parameters after 90 days, in comparison with control. The symbiotic action (P-WBF and mycorrhiza) displayed much better results in terms of chlorophyll a and b (improved by 132.85% and 39.80%, respectively), protein (by 278.75%), flavonoid (by 86.99%), carbohydrate (by 103.84%), antioxidant (by 75.11%), and stevioside (by 120.62%) contents in plants as compared to the untreated set. Further, the augmentation of potassium (by 132.39%), phosphorous (by 94.22%), and zinc (by 111.11%) uptake in plant tissues and soil was also observed by the application of P-WBF and mycorrhiza. The expression of UGT74G1 and UGT85C2 genes related to SG biosynthesis was upregulated (2.7- and 3.2-fold, respectively) in plants treated with P-WBF and mycorrhiza as further confirmed by the accumulation of SGs. The results suggest that the application of P-WBF and mycorrhiza not only provides an ecofriendly and sustainable solution to improve stevioside content in S. rebaudiana by a nutrient-linked mechanism but also paves the way to enhanced production of stevioside.

Nutrient uptake and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) applied with mycorrhizal fungi using different doses of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers

Rainfed rice fields in general often lack water and nutrients that are difficult for their roots to reach. The Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (VAM) fungus can assist in absorbing water and nutrients to increase the efficiency of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The purpose of this study was to determine the uptake of N, P, and K nutrients and the yield of rainfed lowland rice applied with VAM at different doses of N and P. This study was conducted in rainfed rice fields in Demangan, Central Java, Indonesia, during 2019. This research was laid out in completely randomized block design with two factors and three replications. The first factor was nitrogen with a dose of 0, 45, 90, and 135 kg/ha, while the second factor was phosphorus at 0, 25, 50, and 75 kg/ha. The results showed that VAM could increase the uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium and increase yield using N and P fertilizers at 90 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha, respectively. This research shows that the use of N and P fertilizers at 90 kg/ha and 75 kg/ha, respectively, is sufficient to cultivate rainfed rice applied with mycorrhizal fungi. Based on the discussion, it can be concluded that the application of mycorrhizae is beneficial in rainfed rice cultivation because it can suppress the use of N and P fertilizers by increasing the uptake of N, P and K nutrients and increasing yields. In addition, in rice cultivation in rainfed rice fields, it is better to use mycorrhizae.

Profitability of Annual Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronium L.) Flower Production as Influenced by Application of Mycorrhiza and Vermicompost

To check the effect of mycorrhiza on growth and flowering of chrysanthemum, an open field experiment was conducted the effect of vermicompost and mycorrhizal treatments on profitability of Chrysanthemum coronarium L. Treatments comprises of 04 mycorrhiza treatments (No application, Glomus mosseae, Acaulospora laevis, Gigaspora margarita) and 04 vermicompost doses (0 g/ m2, 500 g/ m2, 750 g/ m2, 1 kg/ m2). The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. Chrysanthemum plants showed improved growth and flowering with the application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza. In the present investigations, economic analysis of different treatments reveals that application of treatment M3V2 (Gigaspora margarita + Vermicompost @ 750 g/m2) resulted in highest benefit cost ratio (5.83) closely followed by benefit cost ratio of the treatments; M2 V2 (Acaulospora laevis + Vermicompost @ 750 g/m2) and M1 V2 (Glomus mosseae + Vermicompost @ 750 g/m2).

Effect of Mycorhizal and Vermicompost Application on Growth and Quality Flower Production of Annual Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronium L.)

Annual Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum coronarium L.) is one of the most widely cultivated garden flowers and is highly suitable for loose flower, pot culture and bedding purposes. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different mycorrhizal strains and vermicompost on growth and flowering of Chrysanthemum coronarium. The treatments comprise of 4 mycorrhiza treatments (No application, Glomus mosseae, Acaulospora laevis, Gigaspora margarita) and 4 vermicompost doses (0 g/ m2, 500 g/ m2, 750 g/ m2, 1 kg/ m2). After one year experiment, results revealed that chrysanthemum plants showed improved growth and flowering with the application of vermicompost and mycorrhiza. The highest plant height (107.00 cm), maximum number of side shoots per plant (18.22), maximum number of flowers per plant (107.88), flower diameter and flowering duration (57.00 days) was recorded with the application of Glomus mosseae + vermicompost @ 1 kg/m2 while maximum flower weight (8.64 g), maximum flower yield (902.36 g) and shelf life (8.40 days) was recorded with Gigaspora margarita + vermicompost @ 1 kg/m2). Thus, integration of mycorrhiza and vermi-compost serve as a way for sustainable chrysanthemum flower production.

Seed Nutrient and Leaf Mineral Content of Jack Bean (Canavalia ensiformis L) Cultivated with Organic and Bio-fertilizers in Grumusol Soil

The aim of this study was to determine the seed nutrient content and leaf mineral status of jack bean cultivated in grumusol soil treated with bio-fertilizers and soil ameliorants. The research was conducted on marginal land in Playen Village, Yogyakarta, Indonesia which is at an altitude of 250 m above sea level. The experimental research was conducted with a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design. The first factor was the type of bio-fertilizers consisting of mycorrhiza and Rhizobium. The second factor was the kind of ameliorants consisting of chicken manure and green manure. The third factor was the dose of bio-fertilizers consisting of 10 g kg-1 seeds, and 20 g kg-1 seeds. Two treatments which were chicken manure and green manure both without bio-fertilizer were used as controls. The results indicated that a combination of green manure and Rhizobium 20 g kg-1 seeds produced the highest protein seed content (28.68 %). The green manure and Rhizobium 10 g kg-1 seeds resulted in the highest carbohydrate seed content (59.98%), while the combination of chicken manure and Rhizobium 10 g kg-1 seeds produced the highest lipid seed content (2.62 %). Moreover, the results indicated that application of chicken manure and mycorrhiza with a dosage of 20 g kg-1 seeds resulted in the highest leaf N content (4.04%), application of green manure and mycorrhiza 20 g kg-1 seeds resulted in the highest leaf P content (0.79%), whereas application of chicken manure and Rhizobium 10 g kg-1 seeds produced the highest leaf K content (1.41%). The application of chicken manure resulted in fewer nodules than green manure application.