Application Of Magnesium Research Articles

Application of potassium and magnesium on turmeric (Curcuma longa) to increase productivity in Inceptisols

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) is a tropical rhizomatous crop. However, inadequate nutrient management and nutrient mining has led to low productivity of fresh rhizome yield in the major turmeric growing regions in South India. In order to study the effect of potassium and magnesium on turmeric production and on its quality attributes of the crop under conditions of adequate supply of nitrogen and phosphorus, a pot experiment was carried out on the Irugur soil series (Inceptisols) in the western zone of Tamil Nadu. The experimental design was a randomized block design with six treatments: K1 − control (no potash), K2 − (40a + 4b), K3 − (80a + 8b), K4 − (120a + 12b), K5 − (160a + 16b), K6 − (200a + 20b) (akg of K2O ha−1/bkg of MgSO4 ha−1) replicated threefold. The treatment (K6) recorded highest tiller count (14 plant−1), rhizome yield (963 g plant−1), and curcumin content (4.28%), which was statistically significant to all other treatments. These results suggest that the turmeric crop grown under intensive cropping systems requires large amounts of potassium and to certain extent requires magnesium for increasing productivity, enhancing quality, and for maintaining nutrient ratios in turmeric crop.

Interaction of mineral salts with the skin: a literature survey

There is growing scientific evidence that the health, well-being and the attractiveness of the skin are strongly influenced by nutrition. Consumers recognize this and have supported the creation of a global cosmeceuticals market estimated in 2010 at $27.2 billion. Early in 2011, the US Department of Health and Human Services and Department of Agriculture issued the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2010. Twelve vitamins and nine minerals were recognized as essential. The minerals include calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, selenium, zinc, potassium and sodium. Although the topical benefits of several minerals such as zinc, magnesium and iron are recognized and, in some cases, approved by the FDA, the topical benefits of the others to the skin are largely unexplored and unexploited. This review attempts to summarize what has been published in the literature on the interactions of the eight of the nine essential elements with the skin.

Preparation and Application of Magnesium (II) 2,2,2-Trifluoroacetate as an Efficient Catalyst for the Catalytic Preparation of 1-Amidoalkyl-2-Naphthol Derivatives

Magnesium 2,2,2-trifluoroacetate [Mg(OOCCF3)2] has been prepared from the reaction of trifluoroacetic acid and magnesium chloride and was tested for its catalytic activity in the multi-component reaction of aldehydes, 2-naphthol and an amide (or urea). This methodology results in the synthesis of a variety of 1-amidoalkyl-2-naphthol derivatives in high yields. The catalyst can be recovered and recycled without a significant loss in the catalytic activity

Magnesium sulfate suppresses L-type calcium currents on the basilar artery smooth muscle cells in rabbits

Objectives: Although magnesium is a well-known treatment for vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage, its mechanism of action for cerebral vascular relaxation is not clear. In addition, it is known that L-type calcium (Ca2+) channels play a pivotal role in smooth muscle contraction. To investigate the role of L-type Ca2+ channels in the magnesium-induced relaxation of basilar smooth muscle cells, we examined the effect of magnesium sulfate on L-type Ca2+ currents using freshly isolated smooth muscle cells from rabbit basilar arteries.Method: Rabbits were anesthetized with ketamine (50 mg/kg) with xylazine (25 mg/kg) and exsanguinated. Smooth muscle cells were isolated from rabbit basilar arteries by enzyme treatment. Cells were stored at 4°C before use. Whole-cell patch clamp technique was used to identify L-type Ca2+ currents, using the potassium channel blocker, cesium chloride, and nimodipine and Bay K8644 as a blocker and activator of L-type Ca2+ channels, respectively.Results: Inward currents induced by step pulses were significantly reduced by nimodipine (n = 5, P<0·05) and increased by Bay K8644 (n = 5, P<0·05). The L-type Ca2+ currents (122±14·0 pA, n = 12) were significantly reduced by the application of 5 mM magnesium sulfate (28±4 pA, n = 12, P<0·05). The inward currents enhanced by Bay K8644 were further suppressed by the application of magnesium sulfate.Discussion: These results demonstrate that L-type Ca2+ channels are functionally expressed in rabbit basilar smooth muscle cells and suggest that L-type Ca2+ channels may play a pivotal role for magnesium-induced relaxation.

Comparison of biodegradable behaviors of AZ31 and Mg–Nd–Zn–Zr alloys in Hank's physiological solution

The main challenge for the application of magnesium and its alloy as degradable biomaterials lies in their high degradation rates in physiological environment. In the present work, the biodegradable behavior of a patent magnesium alloy Mg–Nd–Zn–Zr (JDBM) and a reference alloy AZ31 was systematically investigated in Hank's physiological solution. The corrosion rate of JDBM (0.28 mm/year) was much slower than that of AZ31 (1.02 mm/year) in Hank's solution for 240 h. After corrosion products were removed, smooth surface of the JDBM was observed by SEM observation compared to many deep pits on the surface of AZ31. Open-circuit potential and potentiodynamic polarization results manifested that pitting corrosion did not occurred on the surface of JDBM at the early period of immersion time due to the formation of a more protective and compact film layer suggested by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study. The corrosion rate of magnesium alloys was found to slow down in dynamic corrosion in comparison with that in the static corrosion. This provided the basis for scientific evaluation of in vitro and in vivo corrosion behavior for degradable biomagnesium alloy. The present results suggest that the new patent magnesium alloy JDBM is a promising candidate as degradable biomaterials and is worthwhile for further investigation in vivo corrosive environment.

Microstructure Characterization of AZ91D Magnesium Alloy Weldment Using Tungsten Inert Arc Welding Method

The problem during magnesium alloy welding is the key bottleneck of magnesium application in aerospace, aircraft, automotive and other industries. AZ91D magnesium welded joint is obtained using tungsten inert gas (TIG) welding method without filler materials and groove. The microstructure, morphology, composition and micro hardness distribution of welded joint are investigated using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM), EDAX and micro hardness experiment. The results show: (1) Well welded joint of AZ91D magnesium alloy using TIG welding method is obtained under the condition of welding current 152A, welding voltage 13.4V, welding velocity 6.5mm/s and 20L/min Argon shielding gas; (2) Microstructure of welded joint consisted of black matrix phase α-Mg, white eutectic α+Mg17Al12 and gray dendrite.

Effect of Soil Organic Matter Content and Nutrition Elements on Yield of Potato

A study of different levels of Nutrition Elements and the chemical properties of the soil was conducted to determine the yield performance of potato. Application of sulfur, potassium, and Magnesium significantly affected final height, dry matter content, and crispiness of potato. The final pH, organo-nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and magnesium content in the soil were significantly affected by S-K-Mg application.

Comparison of efficacy of intraarticular application of magnesium, levobupivacaine and lornoxicam with placebo in arthroscopic surgery

Arthroscopic knee surgery is done in outpatient settings; however, postoperative pain is a major barrier for discharge and limits early rehabilitation. The efficacy of intraarticular application of magnesium sulphate, levobupivacaine and lornoxicam, with placebo on postoperative pain after arthroscopic meniscectomy was evaluated. One hundred and twenty ASA status I-II patients undergoing elective arthroscopic meniscectomy were included in this randomized, single blind, prospective study. Group-M (GM) patients had intraarticular 500 mg of magnesium sulphate in 20 ml saline; group-P (GP) patients had intraarticular 20 ml saline; group-LB (GLB) patients had 100 mg levobupivacaine in 20 ml (0.5%); group-L (GL) patients had intraarticular 8 mg of lornoxicam in 20 ml saline before tourniquet deflation. Postoperative analgesia was maintained by iv tramadol PCA 0.3 mg kg(-1) bolus dose and 5 min lockout time during the first 4 h and later with paracetamol 500 mg. The NRS values at rest and at exercise and analgesic consumptions were evaluated at the end of the first, second and 4th hours and at the 12th, 24th and 48th hours by an anaesthesiologist who was blind to the solutions administered. All study groups provided analgesia when compared with GP. The first request of oral analgesic time was shorter in GP. Analgesic consumptions of GP were higher than other groups. Pain scores during 1, 2 and 4 h postoperatively were lower in all study groups than the GP. Administration of all the drugs provided better analgesia than placebo and the most effective one was lornoxicam.

KCNQ1-R539W Mutation Substitutes Cholesterol for Phosphatidylinositol-4, 5-Bisphosphate in Channel Regulation

Point mutation of nearby residues in ion channels can be associated with diametrically opposed clinical phenotypes despite the mutant channels exhibit similar biophysical characteristics. Hence a characterization of the channel structure/function at the amino-acid scale is required for better understanding of channel genotype/phenotype relationship. R555C and R539W KCNQ1 mutant channels are a good illustration of this idea: R555C mutation is associated with a fruste form of type 1 long QT syndrome, whereas R539W mutation is associated with sudden death. Puzzling enough, the genotype/phenotype relationship is difficult to understand because the mutated residues are in the same helix C module, they both concern arginine residues, both channels have the same biophysical properties, and the same sensitivity to short chain phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2).To better understand the genotype/phenotype relationship in the context of these mutations, we performed several tests in COS-7 cells expressing the WT or mutant channels and used tail-currents amplitudes as readout. We show that R539W is very peculiar: As opposed to WT and R555C channels, the R539W channel current is barely running down when available PIP2 is decreased, either by wortmannin application in whole-cell, or by magnesium application in inside-out configuration. Consistent with that, the R539W channel is also insensitive to extracellular osmolarity, known to modulate the channel activity via PIP2. These results suggest that KCNQ1-R539W mutation shortcuts PIP2 in the channel open pore stabilization. Both structural model prediction and functional analysis implicate membrane cholesterol in this effect. Indeed, structural model prediction suggests that the introduced tryptophan in R539W interacts with cholesterol. Both cyclodextrin application on R539W and substitution of R539 by residues other than tryptophan restore channel rundown, consistent with the supposed tryptophan-cholesterol interaction. We conclude that the R539W/cholesterol interaction substitutes for R539/PIP2 interaction in the channel open pore stabilization.

Cast-Forge Process for Al-Zn-Mg Alloy by Applying Semi Solid Injection to Preform Casting

Magnesium has the smallest specific gravity in the structural metallic material applied to automotive parts. It is expected to be suitable light material to meet the needs of a vehicle weight reduction in recent years. However, as magnesium alloy has low forgeability due to its crystal structure, forged magnesium application is quite few in automotive parts. Therefore, if the cast- forge method can be applied for magnesium alloy, it is expected to reduce the process number and improve the yield of the material. In this research, semi solid magnesium injection molding process has been studied as a method to obtain the perform with refined grain size of the crystal which is smaller than that of the method of gravity casting. In addition, the influence of various factors on the mechanical property has been examined. Moreover, this new cast -forge process which was combined with semi solid metal injection and forging was applied for actual automotive part. As a result, it was proved that the preform fabricated by semi solid injection had high forgeability and the studied new process had high potential as manufacturing process applied for actual structural member.

Cast-Forge Process for Al-Ca Series Magnesium Alloy Mold by Semi Solid Injection Molding

Magnesium has the smallest specific gravity in the structural metallic material applied to automotive parts. It is expected to be suitable light material to meet the needs of a vehicle weight reduction in recent years. However, magnesium alloy has low forgeability due to its crystal structure and low mechanical property at temperature over 373K compared with aluminum alloys. Therefore, magnesium application for automotive power-train part is quite few. On the other hand, Al-Ca series magnesium alloy has been developed by some researchers as low cost and heat resistant alloy. In addition, authors have developed the cast-forge process with semi solid injection molding process to improve the forgeability. The purpose of this research is to validate the feasibility of cast-forge process of Al-Ca series magnesium alloy applying the semi solid injection molding for preforming. Accordingly in this research, semi solid injection molded 4 mass%Al - 3mass%Ca magnesium alloy has been chosen because of a good heat resistant properties, and its forgeability and mechanical properties after forging has been studied. As a result, it is proved that 4 mass%Al-3mass%Ca magnesium alloy shows excellent forgeabilty and heat resistant compared to conventional magnesium alloys. It is expected that applying this new alloy to cast - forge process with semi solid injection molding and forging realizes low cost manufacturing process for automotive magnesium parts.

Applicability of Cast-Forge Process to Automotive Parts of Al-Zn-Mg Alloys (Effect of Grain Size on Strength)

Magnesium has the smallest specific gravity in the structural metallic material applied to automotive parts. It is expected to be suitable light material to meet the increasing requirements of a vehicle weight reduction in recent years. However, as magnesium alloy has low forgeability due to its crystal structure, the forged magnesium application is quite few in automotive parts. In this research, the effect of forging rate for the aluminum-zinc system magnesium alloy casting on the crystal grain size, the strength characteristic etc. have been investigated in order to clarify the possibility of the cast- forge method of the magnesium and apply this method to an actual parts in automotive car. As a result, it is proved that the cast- forge method has high possibility as the manufacturing process to be applied for magnesium parts. By using this developed process and designing preform with proper shape with CAE, the final dimension of part and higher strength can be attained at only one stage forging.

Effects of the Foliar Application of Magnesium and Zinc on the Yield and Quality of Three Grape Cultivars Grown in the Calcareous Soils of Iran

A completely randomized factorial block designed experiment was carried out at Maragheh region during 2007-2008 to evaluate the effects of the foliar applications of magnesium (Mg) and zinc (Zn) on the yield and quality of three grape cultivars. Factor one included three levels of Mg (0, 0.40 and 0.80% MgSO 4 x H 2 O); Factor two consisted of three levels of Zn (0, 0.20 and 0.40% ZnSO 4 .7H 2 O); and factor three involved three cultivars of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) namely ‘Sahebi’, ‘Soltani’ and ‘Ghezel’. The foliar applications were carried out in two stages, namely, during the enlargement of flower buds and three weeks after the flower petals dropped (late spring). Yield and quality characteristics such as total soluble solids (TSS), juice, pH and acidity were determined. The statistical analyses were performed using MSTATC software and Duncan tests. The analysis of variance demonstrated that the main effects of Mg, Zn and cultivars on yield were statistically significant at 1% level; and the interactive effects of the foliar application of Mg and Zn on the yield were significant at 5% level. The highest yield was obtained with the combined foliar applications of Mg and Zn-fertilizers. ‘Ghezel’ variety produced the highest yield of 47.11 tons ha -1 among the three cultivars. The main effects of Mg and Zn foliar application as well as of cultivars were significant. TSS contents were significant at 1% level. The highest pH values were obtained with the foliar application of Mg sulfate at 0.80% and Zn sulfate at 0.40%. Likewise, the main effects of foliar application of Mg and Zn were significant at 1% level in the lowering of juice acidity and K/Mg ratio. Foliar application did not decrease the K/Mg ratio to the desirable level, however in the deficient soils, foliar application was not enough. It means in additional of foliar application, soil application is also necessary for obtaining desirable grape yield and quality.

Effect of potassium, calcium and magnesium on yield, quality, and storage property of banana

Banana is a high potash-consuming crop. Potassium, nitrogen, calcium and magnesium are the four most vital nutrients for banana. And potassium, calcium and magnesium nutrient supplement one another. A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of potassium, calcium and magnesium application doses on banana plant growth, and fruit yield, quality and storage. The study shows that proper potassium, calcium and magnesium application doses promote banana growth, and enhance fruit yield and quality. And membrane lipid polyphenol oxidase activity and MDA content in peel, and amylase activity in pulp of banana fruit are debased under proper potassium, calcium and magnesium application doses. Various and simultaneous treatments also reduce weight loss during banana fruit storage, retarding ageing and increasing storability of banana fruit. To achieve high banana yield, quality and storability in Gaozhou City and the larger Guangdong Province, the simultaneous application of 990 kg·hm-2 of K2O, 37.5 kg·hm-2 of Mg and 90.0 kg·hm-2 of Ca are recommended.

Weak Neck of Musa sp. cv. Rastali: A Review on it’s Genetic, Crop Nutrition and Post Harvest

Weak neck is the physiological weakening at the pedicel of Musa sp. fruit that causes individual fruits to be released prematurely from the hand. The level of resistance to weak neck is different among groups of Musa sp. with A and B genomes, diploid, triploid and tetraploid. Musa sp. cv. Rastali is AAB genome, but this cultivar is sensitive to weak neck. Sensitivity to weak neck comes from the two A genomes. There is high probability that application of Magnesium (Mg), Boron (B) and Silicon (Si) may solve weak neck on Musa sp. cv. Rastali. Magnesium application increases chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis rate. Assimilate accumulation on fruit cells triggers cell elongation and cell wall thickening, especially in the neck zone. Boron plays an important role in regulating hormone and enzyme levels in plants. Sufficient boron in plant tissue impedes synthesis and activities of Pectate Lyase (PL) and pectinmethylesterase (PME), thus decreasing cell wall hydrolysis. Plant cells and tissues become stronger with Si application. This is caused by the formation of silica-cuticle double layer on the epidermis. Low temperature along with low relative humidity during storage and ripening decreases the activities of PL and PME. The reduction of PL and PME activities result in a decrease in pectin degradation rate and cell wall hydrolysis, thus reducing the occurrence of weak neck.

The Influence of Magnesium Application on Physiological Properties, Growth and Yield in Rice

The Influence of Magnesium Application on Physiological Properties, Growth and Yield in Rice

Effect of sulphate-potassium magnesium on growth and nutrient absorption of peanut in poor-K acid soil

A pot experiment was carried out to determine the effects of sulphate-potassium magnesium fertilization level on the growth and nutrient absorption of peanut in poor-K acid sandy soil. The results show an improvement in economic and total biological yields of peanuts, which subsequently drop with increasing sulphate-potassium magnesium application levels in the soil. Peanut yield is highest at 513 mg sulphate-potassium magnesium per kg of soil (corresponding to 0.12 g K2O, 0.028 g Mg and 0.09 g S per kg soil), with economic and total biological yields improve by 20.2% and 32.2% respectively over CK. With increasing sulphate-potassium magnesium application level, the respective absorptions of K, Mg and S variously improve. The absorptions of K and S steadily improve, while the absorption of Mg initially increases and subsequently drops. Correlative interactive effects of absorption of K and Mg are positive. Peanut quality increases with increasing sulphate-potassium magnesium application level, and coarse protein and fat contents of nutlet variously improve over CK. The content of coarse protein steadily increases, whereas that of coarse fat steadily drops. This suggests that in the acid sandy soil with low level of K, middle level of Mg, and potential S stress, fertilizing peanuts with sulphate-potassium magnesium leads to a significant positive correlation between K and Mg absorption. However, the correlation between K and S absorption is not so obvious.

Development and application of magnetic magnesium for data storage in gentelligent products

A new concept aims at developing genetically intelligent (“gentelligent”) components, which bequeath production or application data to their next generation. For such an approach, it is desirable to store respective information on the component itself. This is accomplished by using its surface to store magnetic data on it. This way, the component itself can be used as its own information carrier throughout the manufacturing process and later throughout the working cycle. The chosen approach is to develop a magnetic magnesium (Mg), integrate it in an appropriate component, and subject the component to recording experiments.

Calcium and magnesium releasing capacity of Alfisols under tea in south India

Cobb–Douglas exponential function was employed to study the calcium and magnesium release pattern of south Indian tea soils. Calcium and magnesium releasing capacity of tea soils were studied by collecting soil samples from sixteen agro climatic zones of south Indian tea growing areas. Calcium and magnesium were extracted by repeat extraction method using 1 N ammonium acetate. The releasable calcium in the first extraction ranged between 280 and 1081 mg/kg while, releasable magnesium ranged from 33 to 126 mg/kg. The reduction in releasable calcium in the second extraction was 40–50% when compared to the first extraction almost in all the soils. The constant release of calcium was observed only after eighth extraction in most of the cases. Among all zones of south India the Coonoor zone of Nilgiris has recorded a maximum ‘a’ value and hence is least responsive to external application. The releasable magnesium decreased by about 50% in the second extraction itself which indicates that there should be regular application of magnesium otherwise it would become very much deficient. The magnesium content has become very low and almost constant in fifth or sixth extraction itself in majority of the cases. The ‘a’ value of all soils of south India can be grouped under responsive category for magnesium application, except for the Coonoor zone of the Nilgiris region. The Cobb–Douglas equation worked out for calcium and magnesium release indicated that the Latosols of south India could be grouped under highly responsive to medium responsive category towards externally applied calcium and magnesium nutrients.

The effect of magnesium and nitrogen on the quality parameters of winter wheat yield

The aim of the study was to determine the influence of foliar and soil magnesium fertilisation at two levels of nitrogen fertilisation, 74 and 114 kg N ha-1, on basic quality parameters of winter wheat yield. Four magnesium fertilisation objects were used: 1. the control without magnesium application, 2. foliar-applied 5% MgSO4 7 H2O + Wuxal top N, 3. foliar-applied 5% MgSO4 7 H2O, 4. soil-applied MgSO4 7 H2O. The studies demonstrated a favourable effect not only of nitrogen, but also magnesium, on the major part of the analysed quality traits. From particular magnesium fertilisation objects, the best effects were achieved by the soil application of magnesium, weaker effects after foliar application, in particular in the measures combined with foliar fertiliser Wuxal top N.